DR Usama Konbr, 00201000236257, Drusamakonbr@f-Eng - Tanta.edu - Eg
DR Usama Konbr, 00201000236257, Drusamakonbr@f-Eng - Tanta.edu - Eg
DR Usama Konbr, 00201000236257, Drusamakonbr@f-Eng - Tanta.edu - Eg
eg
7
25
36
02
00
01
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on
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Dr
Dr Usama Konbr, 00201000236257, drusamakonbr@f-eng.tanta.edu.eg
57
ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ:
62
.1ﻣَﺪﺧﻞ ﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﺏ:
ﻳُﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﺄﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﺏ bricksﺭﺹ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﲜﻮﺍﺭ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻭﺭﺑﻄﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻧﺔ،
23
ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ( ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ.
0
ﻳُﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﻄﲔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺁﻻﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﲔ ﺃﺭﺧﺺ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻻ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻋﺎﺩﺓً ﻳُﺒﲎ
00
ﺣﺎﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﲔ ﺑﺴﻤﻚ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﻣﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﱴ ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ .ﺃﻣﺎ ﻃﺮﻕ
01 ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﺑﻪ ﻓﺘﺘﻠﺨﺺ ﰲ ﺍﻵﰐ:
ﺃ .ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ:
ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﺠﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﳉﺎﻑ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺎء ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻭﻳﺒﲎ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻂ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﲔ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﲰﻚ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻂ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ.
br,
ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﲔ ،ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺮﻙ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻂ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳉﻮﻳﺔ.
ﺟـ .ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﲔ:
aK
ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻔﻮﺭﻣﺔ ﺧﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺼﺐ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﲔ ﰒ ﺗﻔﻚ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺭﻣﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺟﻔﺎﻓﻪ.
ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺑﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﲔ ﻟﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺎ
am
ﻳُﺴﻤﻰ )ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ( ،ﻭﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻً ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻄﻴﻼﺕ ،ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ
ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺑﺘﺠﻔﻴﻔﻪ ﺃﻭ ﲝﺮﻗﻪ ﺃﻭ ﲟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺘﻪ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﴼ .ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻣﺼﻤﺘﴼ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻔﺮﻏﴼ ﻛﻤﺎ
ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺄﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ.
Us
Dr
][ 1
Dr Usama Konbr, 00201000236257, drusamakonbr@f-eng.tanta.edu.eg
57
ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻟﺼﻐﺮ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ. ü
ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻭﻭﺿﻌﻪ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻪ. ü
62
ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﻧﺔ. ü
ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻳﻖ )ﻟﺴﺒﻖ ﺣﺮﻗﻪ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺘﻪ(. ü
23
üﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﻮﻳﺔ.
0
3/1ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺗﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﺏ:
00
ﺍﻟﻌِﺪﺩ :Toolsﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺎ ﺇﺟﺮﺍء ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء.
ﺍﳌﺪﻣﺎﻙ :The courseﺻﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺒﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﺠﺮ.
01
ﺷِﻨﺎﻭﻱ :Stretcherﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺒﺎﱐ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻂ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻃﻮﳍﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻂ ﻛﻤﺜﻞ
ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻬﺎ 6ﺳﻢ ﻭﻃﻮﳍﺎ 25ﺳﻢ.
ﺁﺩﻳﺔ :Headerﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺒﺎﱐ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻂ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻂ ﻛﻤﺜﻞ
br,
ﻃﻴﺔ :Lapﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ Lapﺑﲔ ﻋﺮﻣﻮﺳﲔ ﺭﺃﺳﻴﲔ ﰲ ﻣﺪﻣﺎﻛﲔ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﲔ ﻭﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺭﺑﻊ ﺷﻨﺎﻭﻱ
ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ.
ﺗﺮﻭﻳﺴﺔ :Quoin Headerﺃﻭﻝ ﺁﺩﻳﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻭﻳﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺰﺭ.
am
ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﳊﻞ :Vertical Crackﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻣﺒﺎﱐ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻂ ﻭﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺷﺮﺥ
ﺭﺃﺳﻲ ﺎ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻀﻌﻔﻬﺎ ﻭﻳﻔﺼﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺷﻖ ﺛﻌﺒﺎﻥ.
Us
ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ :Brick Cutsﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻟﻠﻄﻮﺏ ﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﺑﻪ ﺃﳘﻬﺎ:
ﻛﻨﻴﺰﺭ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﺔ :Queen Closerﻣﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﻄﻮﳍﺎ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺁﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻛﺘﻒ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻂ
ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﻼﺷﻲ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻣﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ،ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﳊﻞ
Dr
ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻂ.
ﻛﻨﻴﺰﺭ ﺍﳌﻠﻚ :King Closerﻣﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﺸﻄﻮﻓﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺭﻛﻨﻬﺎ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻧﺼﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻨﺎﻭﻱ
ﻭﺍﻵﺩﻳﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ .ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺰﺭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﺭﻛﺎﻥ ﻛﺘﻒ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ.
][ 2
Dr Usama Konbr, 00201000236257, drusamakonbr@f-eng.tanta.edu.eg
ﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺑِﻄﻴﺢ :Stretcherﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺒﺎﱐ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻂ ﻣﻨﺒﻄﺤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺍﻗﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻄﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺷﻨﺎﻭﻱ
ﻭﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺑﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻬﺎ 6ﺳﻢ ﻭﻃﻮﳍﺎ 25ﺳﻢ.
57
ﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻃﺒﺎﻧﺔ :Headerﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺒﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻣﻨﺒﻄﺤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺍﻗﺪﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻄﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺁﺩﻳﺔ
ﻭﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺑﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻬﺎ 6ﺳﻢ ﻭﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ 12ﺳﻢ.
62
ﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻴﻔﻬﺎ :Rowlockﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻨﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻃﻮﺑﺔ )ﺳﻜﻴﻨﺔ( ﻭﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺑﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ
ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻬﺎ 12ﺳﻢ ﻭﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ 6ﺳﻢ.
23
ﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﳌﻴﻊ :Shinerﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺁﺩﻳﺔ ﺗﺮﻗﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻨﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺑﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻬﺎ 12ﺳﻢ ﻭﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ 25ﺳﻢ.
ﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺃﺳﻬﺎ :Sailorﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺁﺩﻳﺔ ﺗﺮﻗﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺃﺳﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻬﺎ 25ﺳﻢ ﻭﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ 12
0
ﺳﻢ.
00
ﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻋﺴﺎﻛﺮ :Soldierﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺗﺮﻗﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺃﺳﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺑﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻬﺎ 25ﺳﻢ ﻭﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ 6ﺳﻢ.
ﺃﺭﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ :Brick Bondsﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻃﺮﻕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻟﺮﺹ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺮﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻪ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺑﻨﺎء
01 ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﳉﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺳﻜﺔ.
br,
on
aK
am
Us
Dr
][ 3
Dr Usama Konbr, 00201000236257, drusamakonbr@f-eng.tanta.edu.eg
57
62
0 23
00
01
br,
on
aK
am
Us
Dr
[ 4]
Dr Usama Konbr, 00201000236257, drusamakonbr@f-eng.tanta.edu.eg
57
62
0 23
00
01
.2ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ :Brick Bonds
br,
ﺃﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﺎ :Aluminaﻫﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﲔ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺧﻠﻄﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﺎء ﺗُﺴﻬِﻞ ﺣﺮﻕ ﻋﺠﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﲡﻒ
ﺗﺘﺸﻘﻖ ﻭﺗﻌﻮﺝ.
ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻜﺎ :Silicaﻫﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﻭﲞﻠﻄﻬﺎ ﲟﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺻﻼﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﻮﺑﺔ ،ﲤﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻘﻖ
am
ﻭﺍﻻﻋﻮﺟﺎﺝ.
ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ :Iron Oxidﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ ﻟﻠﻄﻮﺏ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﺮﻗﻪ.
ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ :Calciumﻻ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﻣﺘﻜﻠﺴﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺠﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻛﻤﺜﻞ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻗﻊ
Us
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺇﱃ ﺟﲑ ﺣﻲ ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺭﺵ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺑﺎﳌﺎء ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﺘﺤﻮﻝ
ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺟﲑ ﻣﻄﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺿﻌﺎﻑ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ.
ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ :Sodiumﻻ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺗﻪ ﰲ ﻋﺠﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻷﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﲤﻠﻴﺤﻪ ﻭﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺳﻄﺤﻪ
Dr
][ 5
Dr Usama Konbr, 00201000236257, drusamakonbr@f-eng.tanta.edu.eg
57
ﻗﺪ ﻳُﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﺧﻀﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻠﺒِﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺭﻭﺥ ﻭﻳُﻌﺘﱪ ﺃﺭﺧﺺ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻧﻈﺮﴽ ﻟﺒﺪﺍﺋﻴﺘﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ.
62
ﻭﻳَﻜﺜﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻱ.
ﺃﻭﻻً :ﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﲏء:
23
ﻣﻦ ﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﲏء ﺃﻧﻪ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻼً ﻟﻠﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺫﻭ ﺳَﻌَﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ
ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﺑﺎﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻑء ﻣﺒﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﲏء ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺘﺎء ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺪﺍﻝ ﺟﻮﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻒ
ﻭﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﲰﻚ ﺣﺎﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﲏء ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺃﻳﻀﴼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻄﻲء
0
ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ.
00
ﺛﺎﻧﻴﴼ :ﺃﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﲏء:
ûﺣﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻻ ﺗﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ.
01
ûﺣﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﲏء ﻭﺍﻟﻄﲔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺟﻴﺪ ﳌﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ
ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺤﺎﻟﺐ ﻭﺗﻜﺎﺛﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱐ.
ûﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺗﺸﻘﻖ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳉﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﲎ.
br,
ûﻗﺼﺮ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﲏء ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻗﻮﺭﻧﺖ ﲟﺒﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ.
on
aK
am
][ 6
Dr Usama Konbr, 00201000236257, drusamakonbr@f-eng.tanta.edu.eg
57
ﻳُﺼﻨﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺧﻠﻄﺔ ﻋﺠﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﲏء ﰒ ﻳُﺠَﻔﻒ ﻭﳛﺮﻕ ﰲ ﻗﻤﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﻠﺪﻱ .ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ
ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﺍﻷﺣﺮﻑ ﻭﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺣﺮﻗﻪ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻈﻢ.
62
ﺏ .ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺿَﺮﺏ ﺳُﻔﺮﺓ :Drab Sofra Bricks
23
ﻳُﺼﻨﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻴﻨﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﳐﻠﻮﻃﺔ ﺑﻄﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻞ ﻭﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﻭﺍﻷﻛﺎﺳﻴﺪ ﻭﺍﳌﺎء ﻭﺗُﺴﺒﻚ
ﺑﻘﻮﺍﻟﺐ ﺧﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﰒ ﺗُﻀﺮﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴُﻔﺮﺓ )ﻃﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺧﺸﺒﻴﺔ( ﻹﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻮﺭﻣﺘﻪ ﰒ ﳚﻔﻒ ﻭﳛﺮﻕ
ﺑﻘﻤﺎﺋﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﻥ ﳎﻬﺰﺓ ،ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺿﻐﻄﴼ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻩ 45 :30ﻛﺠﻢ /ﺳﻢ.2
0
00
ﺟـ .ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻗَﻄﻊ ﺳِﻠﻚ :Wire Cut Brick
ﻳُﺼﻨﻊ ﻃﻮﺏ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻋﺠﻴﻨﺔ ﻃﻮﺏ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺳﻔﺮﺓ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻳُﺼﺐ ﻭﻳُﻘﻄﻊ ﲟﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺳﻠﻚ
01
ﺭﻓﻴﻊ ،ﰒ ﳚﻔﻒ ﻭﳛﺮﻕ ﰲ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﻥ ﳎﻬﺰﺓ .ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ
ﻭﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺮﻳﻖ ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺿﻐﻄﴼ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻩ 400 :100ﻛﺠﻢ /ﺳﻢ ،2ﻭﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻫﺬﺍ
ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﻏﲑﻩ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﲡﺰﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺑﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻗﻄﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻠﻚ ،ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﺳﺎﺗﻪ ﻋﺎﺩﺓً ﻋﻠﻰ
br,
ﻳُﺼﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻋﺠﻴﻨﺔ ﻃﻮﺏ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺮﺓ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻳﺼﺐ ﺑﻘﻮﺍﻟﺐ ﲢﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ .ﰒ ﳚﻔﻒ
ﻭﳛﺮﻕ ﰲ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﻥ ﳎﻬﺰﺓ ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺻﻼﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ ﻭﺃﻗﻠﻬﻢ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺻﴼ
aK
ﻟﻠﻤﺎء ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﲝﻮﺍﻓﻪ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ ﺷﻜﻠﻪ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺳﺎﺗﻪ .ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺿﻐﻄﴼ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﻦ 250
ﺇﱃ 600ﻛﺠﻢ /ﺳﻢ 2ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﺳﺎﺗﻪ 5.5×11×23ﺳﻢ ﺃﻭ 6×12×25ﺳﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ.
ﻫـ .ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﲑﺍﻛﻮﺗﺎ :Tear Cota Bricks
am
ﻫﻮ ﻃﻮﺏ ﺃﲪﺮ ﻣﻔﺮﻍ ﺧﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﺮ ﺍﳌﻜﻌﺐ ﻣﻦ 800 :600ﻛﺠﻢ .ﻳُﺼﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ
ﺻﻠﺼﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ،ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺌﺮﺍﻥ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ.
ﻳﺒﲎ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﴼ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻃﻴﻊ ﻭﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ .ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻛﺎﻵﰐ:
Us
ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﺴﻮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺎﱐ .ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺎﺳﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻮﻃﺔ
ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺠﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ .ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺿﻐﻄﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻩ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ 180ﻛﺠﻢ /ﺳﻢ.2
ﻓﺒﺠﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻟﻜﺴﻮﺓ ﺣﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﳌﺒﲎ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻘﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳉﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻳﻌﻄﻴﻬﺎ
ﺷﻜﻞ ﺧﺎﺹ .ﻭﻳُﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻃﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﳌﺒﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﳌﺰﺩﻭﺟﺔ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﳜﺘﻠﻒ
][ 7
Dr Usama Konbr, 00201000236257, drusamakonbr@f-eng.tanta.edu.eg
ﻃﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺗﻪ ،ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﻳُﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ
ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻟﻸﻣﻼﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺮﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻳُﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﺠﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻦ
57
ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺤﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺡ ﺍﳌﺤﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺎﻝ ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻳﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﺼﻘﻴﻊ ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ.
ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﺎﻧﺔ ﻃﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﴼ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ،ﺃﻣﺎ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻩ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ
62
ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﺃﻭ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻨﻪ .ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻊ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ 6×6×25ﺳﻢ ﺃﻭ 4×4×23ﺳﻢ .ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺼﻨﻊ ﻃﻮﺏ
ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻮﺏ ﻣﻠﺒﺲ ﺑﺎﳊﺠﺮ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻃﻮﺏ ﺧﻔﻴﻒ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺼﻞ
ﲰﻜﻪ ﺇﱃ 2ﺳﻢ.
23
ﺯ .ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻠﻲ :Toughly Bricksﻃﻮﺏ ﻣﻔﺮﻍ ﺑﻌﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳُﺼﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻃﻔﻠﻴﺔ ﺗُﺴﺘﺨﺮﺝ
ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﲟﺼﺮ ،ﻛﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺲ ﻭﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺑﻠﺒﻴﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺮﺏ ﺣﻠﻮﺍﻥ
0
00
01
br,
on
aK
am
Us
Dr
][ 8
Dr Usama Konbr, 00201000236257, drusamakonbr@f-eng.tanta.edu.eg
ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﻮﻡ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻄﺤﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻠﺔ ﻭﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﺠﻦ ﰒ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻟﺐ
ﺁﻟﻴﴼ ﻭﲢﺮﻕ ﰲ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﻥ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﺍﳌﺠﻬﺰﺓ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ.
57
2/2ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﳉﲑﻱ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻠﻲ :Sand Lime Bricks
62
ﻭﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺇﱃ :ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻠﻲ ،Solid Sand Bricksﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻠﻲ
ﺍﳋﻔﻴﻒ ،Light Sand Bricksﻭﻳُﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﰲ ﺑﻨﺎء
ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻟﺘﻜﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﴽ ﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ
23
ﺍﳉﻮﻳﺔ .ﻭﳚﺐ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﰲ ﻣﺒﺎﱐ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﰲ
ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻐﻤﻮﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎء ﻧﻈﺮﴽ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﳉﲑ ﰲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻪ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ
0
ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﻷﲪﺎﺽ.
00
1/2/2ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﳉﲑﻱ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻠﻲ:
2
§
üﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻠﻪ.
][ 9
Dr Usama Konbr, 00201000236257, drusamakonbr@f-eng.tanta.edu.eg
ﺗُﺼﻨﻊ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻔﺮﻏﺔ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻋﻴﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺎ .ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ
ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﻛﺎﺕ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﺋﻞ ﻟﻠﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺳﻔﺮﻩ ﰲ ﻣﺼﺮ ﺑﻌﺪﻣﺎ ﺃﻭﻗﻒ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻧﻈﺮﴽ
57
ﳌﻨﻊ ﲡﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻭﳍﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻛﺎﻵﰐ:
12×20×40ﺳﻢ. 10×20×40ﺳﻢ. 15×20×40ﺳﻢ، 20×20×40ﺳﻢ،
62
6×12×40ﺳﻢ. 20×10×40ﺳﻢ. 25×20×40ﺳﻢ،
ﺛﺎﻧﻴﴼ :ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﺍﳌﺼﻤﺖ :Solid Concrete Bricks
23
ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻟﻪ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ .ﻭﻳُﺴﻤﻰ ﰲ ﻣﺼﺮ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﻃﻮﺏ )ﺧﻼﻥ(.
0
2/3/2ﻓﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰲ ﺣﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﱐ :Control Joints
00
ﺗُﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻘﻮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺪﺙ ﲝﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﻭﻟﺘﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ
ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎﺵ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳉﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ .ﻓﺎﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻲ ﰲ ﺣﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﻫﺬﺍ
01
ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﲢﺪﺙ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﲤﺪﺩ ﺣﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﲤﺪﺩ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺄ ﺍﳌﻼﺻﻖ ﺎ.
ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻟﻠﺤﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺭﺃﺳﻴﴼ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺷﺮﺥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ
ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ:
br,
§ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻭﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺑﻴﻚ ﻭﺍﻷﺑﻮﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘﻮءﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺳﲑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ
ﺑﺎﳊﺎﺋﻂ.
aK
am
Us
Dr
] [ 10
Dr Usama Konbr, 00201000236257, drusamakonbr@f-eng.tanta.edu.eg
ﻛﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻓﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰲ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺥ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻂ ﺇﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ
ﺃﻭ ﺑﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻂ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ.
57
ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺑﺎﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﳚﺐ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻓﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﲢﻜﻢ ﳊﻮﺍﺋﻄﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ:
ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻐﲑ ﰲ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺃﻭ ﲰﻚ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻂ. §
62
ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻛﺘﺎﻑ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻂ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ. §
ﻋﻨﺪ ﻓﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺐ ﻟﻸﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻘﻒ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺎﺕ. §
23
ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻂ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺷﻜﻞ Tﺃﻭ Lﺃﻭ .U §
0
ﻳُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﰲ ﺑﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﱵ
00
ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ .ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ 1650ﺇﱃ
1750ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ .ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺳﺎﺕ 6×12×25ﺳﻢ ﺃﻭ 5.5×11×23ﺳﻢ ﺃﻭ
01
ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ.
br,
on
aK
am
Us
Dr
] [ 11
Dr Usama Konbr, 00201000236257, drusamakonbr@f-eng.tanta.edu.eg
57
ﻭﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺯﺟﺎﺝ ﻋﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﻧﻘﻲ ﻭﻣﻔﺮﻏﴼ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﻮﺍء
ﺟﺰﺋﻴﴼ ،ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺣﺮﻓﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ
62
ﻣﻘﻌﺮﺓ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﺸﻴﻘﻪ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﻛﺎﺕ ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ .ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﺳﺎﺎ
10×20×20ﺳﻢ ﺃﻭ 10×15×15ﺳﻢ .ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﻛﺎﺕ
23
ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﺍﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻭﺍﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺎﺗﺐ
ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ.
0
6/ 2ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺒﺴﻴﺔ :Gypsum Blocks
00
ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﻼﻁ ﺟﺒﺴﻲ ﻭﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﻛﺎﺕ ﺇﻣﺎ
ﻣﺼﻤﺘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻔﺮﻏﺔ ﻭﺑﺴﻤﻚ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﻦ 5ﺳﻢ ﺇﱃ 15
01
ﺳﻢ ،ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻄﻴﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ
ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﻛﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ 30ﺳﻢ ﻭﻃﻮﻝ 75ﺳﻢ.
ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﻛﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻃﻴﻊ
br,
ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺟﺎﻫﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻄﻴﺐ ﻛﻤﺜﻞ ﺃﺭﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺗﺰﻭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻼﻓﻪ.
ﻫﻲ ﳐﺮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻠﻮﻛﺎﺕ ﺟﺒﺴﻴﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺃﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻛﻮﻟﻴﺴﺘﺮﺍ ﺃﻭ ﻛﺎﻟﺴﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺗﺒﲎ
ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﻛﺎﺕ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻌﻄﻲ ﺣﺎﺋﻂ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺎﻃﻊ ﻣﺸﺮﺑﻴﺎﺕ .ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ
am
ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﻛﺎﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ.
Us
Dr
] [ 12
Dr Usama Konbr, 00201000236257, drusamakonbr@f-eng.tanta.edu.eg
57
ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺮﺑﻄﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺧﻼﻓﻪ .ﻭﻳﺼﻨﻊ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻣﻦ:
4ﺟﺰء ﺣﺼﻲ ﺣﺠﺮ ﺟﲑﻱ 1.5 +ﺟﺰء ﺑﻮﺩﺭﺓ ﺣﺠﺮ 2 +ﺟﺰء ﺃﲰﻨﺖ ﺑﻮﺭﺗﻼﻧﺪﻱ +ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ،ﰒ ﻳُﺸﻜﻞ ﺇﱃ
62
ﻃﻮﺏ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ .ﻭﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ 7ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﻣﺮﻃﺐ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﻣﻌﺮﺿﴼ ﻟﻠﻬﻮﺍء
ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ.
23
9/2ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻠﱵ :Asphalt Bricks
0
ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻠﱵ ﻳُﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﻛﺴﻮﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺳﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱐ ﻭﺭﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺒﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ
ﺟﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ،ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻠﱵ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻫﻮ:
00
5 × 12.5 × 30ﺳﻢ ﻳُﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﻄﺮﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﻳُﺴﻤﻰ ﻃﻮﺏ ﺣﻠﻤﻲ.
3 × 10 × 20ﺳﻢ ﻳُﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﻄﺮﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﳋﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﻳُﺴﻤﻰ ﻃﻮﺏ ﺧﻔﻴﻒ.
01
10/2ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﳋﻔﻴﻒ :Lightweight Bricks
br,
ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺼﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻳﻖ ﰲ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ 860ﻩ ﻡ.
ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ :ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺭﺻﻪ ﻭﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﻭﻧﺸﺮﻩ ﻭﺛﻘﺒﻪ ﻭﺗﺜﺒﻴﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻣﲑ ﺃﻭ ü
ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺸﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻼﻭﻭﻅ ﲞﻼﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻌﺚ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﻠﻮﺛﺎﺕ ﺧﻄﺮﻩ ﺗﻀﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ.
Us
.3ﺃﺭﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ:
Dr
] [ 13
Dr Usama Konbr, 00201000236257, drusamakonbr@f-eng.tanta.edu.eg
ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﻳﻀﴼ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﻨﺎﻭﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﻓﻴﻪ ﺗﺸﻴﺪ ﻣﺒﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﺪﺍﻣﻴﻚ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ
57
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻨﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ .ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲰﻜﻬﺎ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ.
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2/3ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ ﺍﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰﻱ :English Bond
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ﺗﺸﻴﺪ ﺣﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﻣﺒﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺎﺎ ﻣﺪﻣﺎﻙ ﺷﻨﺎﻭﻱ ﰒ ﻳﺒﲎ ﻓﻮﻗﻬﺎ
ﻣﺪﻣﺎﻙ ﺁﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺰﺭ ﻟﻜﻲ ﳝﻨﻊ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﻋﺮﺍﻣﻴﺲ ﺍﳌﻮﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺧﻮﻓﴼ ﻣﻦ
ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﳊﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻂ.
on
ﻭﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﺳﻬﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﻭﺃﺣﺴﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﻭﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ،ﻭﺣﺎﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﳌﺒﲏ ﺬﻩ
ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﳍﺎ ﻗﻮﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻱ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ .ﻭﺭﺹ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ
aK
ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﺨﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺎﺑﻼﻫﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ.
am
Us
Dr
] [ 14
Dr Usama Konbr, 00201000236257, drusamakonbr@f-eng.tanta.edu.eg
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[ 15 ]
Dr Usama Konbr, 00201000236257, drusamakonbr@f-eng.tanta.edu.eg
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Dr
[ 16 ]
Dr Usama Konbr, 00201000236257, drusamakonbr@f-eng.tanta.edu.eg
ﺗﺸﻴﺪ ﺣﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﻣﺒﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺎﺎ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺪﻣﺎﻙ ﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺁﺩﻳﺔ
57
ﻭﲜﺎﻧﺒﻬﺎ ﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺷﻨﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺰﺭ ﻟﻜﻲ ﳝﻨﻊ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﳊﻞ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ
ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﻂ .ﻭﻳﺸﻴﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﴼ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﻪ ﺯﺧﺮﻓﻴﺔ .ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺑﻨﺎء ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺬﻩ
62
ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻮﻁ ﻛﺎﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ ﺍﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰﻱ ﻧﻈﺮﴽ ﻟﻜﺜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻣﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ
ﲢﺪﺙ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﴼ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲰﻜﻬﺎ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻮﺑﺔ.
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] [ 17
Dr Usama Konbr, 00201000236257, drusamakonbr@f-eng.tanta.edu.eg
ﺗﺸﻴﺪ ﺣﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﻣﺒﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺎﺎ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﺪﺍﻣﻴﻚ ﺷﻨﺎﻭﻱ ﰒ ﻳﺒﲎ
57
ﻓﻮﻗﻬﺎ ﻣﺪﻣﺎﻙ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺁﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻂ .ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺰﺭ ﳌﻨﻊ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﳊﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻂ .ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﳚﺐ
ﻋﻤﻞ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﻣﺴﺎﻗﻂ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺪﺍﻣﻴﻚ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ.
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ﻳﺸـــﻴـﺪ ﻃﻮﺏ ﺣﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺒـﺎﱐ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘـﺔ ﺧـﺎﺻـــﺔ ﺃﻳﻀـــﴼ ﲝﻴـﺚ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﺟﻬـﺎـﺎ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻃﻮﺑـﺎﺕ
ﺷـﻨﺎﻭﻱ ﻭﲜﺎﻧﺒﻬﻢ ﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺁﺩﻳﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺳـﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺰﺭ ﳌﻨﻊ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﳊﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻂ .ﻭﻋﻠﻰ
ﺫﻟﻚ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﻣﺴﺎﻗﻂ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺪﺍﻣﻴﻚ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ.
] [ 18
Dr Usama Konbr, 00201000236257, drusamakonbr@f-eng.tanta.edu.eg
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ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﻣﺴﺎﻗﻂ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺪﺍﻣﻴﻚ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ
ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ ،ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﺜﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺭﺑﺎﻉ ﻃﻮﺑﺔ
ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﳊﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻂ.
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Dr Usama Konbr, 00201000236257, drusamakonbr@f-eng.tanta.edu.eg
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ﻫﻮ ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ.
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Dr Usama Konbr, 00201000236257, drusamakonbr@f-eng.tanta.edu.eg
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ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ 1ﺳﻢ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺎﺩ )ﲰﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻣﻮﺱ( ،ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﻧﺔ
ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﻧِﻘَﺎﻁ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ:
62
ﺃﻭﻻً :ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﻧﺔ:
23
ﺃ .ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺿﻐﻮﻁ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ
ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻟﺐ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﳍﺎ.
ﺏ .ﻟﺼﻖ ﻭﺭﺑﻂ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻟﺐ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﻭﺟﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺳﻜﺔ.
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ﺝ .ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﻣﺎﻧﻌﺔ ﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻟﺐ.
ﳊﻤﺮﺓ )ﻣﻄﺤﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ( ﺃﻭ ﳐﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﻕ ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ :ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﻭﻛﺴﺮ ﺍﳊﺠﺮ ﻭﺍ ُ
)ﺍﻟﻘُﺼْﺮﻣِﻠﻠﻲ( ﻭﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﻼً ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﴼ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻪ ،ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳉﺰء ﺍﳋﺎﻣﻞ
aK
ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﻧﺔ ،ﻭﻳﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﻈﻴﻔﴼ ﺧﺎﻟﻴﴼ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﻭﺍﻷﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﻄﲔ ،ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﺝ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺣِﺮﺷﴼ ﻏﲑ ﻧﺎﻋﻢ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﲔ ﰒ ﺩﻋﻚ ﳛﺪﺙ
ﺻَﺮﻳﺮﴽ.
am
ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻪ ،ﻭﺗﺘﻠﺨﺺ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﲪﺔ ﰲ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ
ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﻗﻮﺍﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ.
ﺟـ .ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ:
Dr
ﻭﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺧﻠﻂ ﺍﳌﻮﻧﺔ ﻧﻈﻴﻔﺔ ﲤﺎﻣﴼ ﻭﺧﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﺒﺔ ﺑﻨﺴﺐ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﻧﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺄ ﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ،ﻭﻋﻤﻮﻣﴼ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻧﻘﺎء
ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻧﻘﺎء ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺒﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﺏ.
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Dr Usama Konbr, 00201000236257, drusamakonbr@f-eng.tanta.edu.eg
57
ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﺠﻴﻞ ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻚ ...ﺇﱁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﲑ ﻣُﻀﻌِﻔﻪ ﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﻧﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ،
ﻭﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻀﺎﻑ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣُﻠﻮِﻧﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻻﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻮﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ.
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.5ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎء ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﺏ:
23
ﻭﲞﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﺏ ،ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎء ،ﻣﻨﻬﺎ:
0
1/5ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ :The moisture-insulating layer
00
ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﻟﻠﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺘﻴﺔ
ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺃﺭﺽ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﳐﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ،ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﱵ
ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺄﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﺼﻤﺖ.
01
2/5ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ:
br,
ﻭﻳُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ
ﻇﺮﻭﻓﻬﺎ ﺍﳉﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ.
ﺃ .ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ :ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺎﱐ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺟﻴﺪ ﺍﳊﺮﻕ ﻭﺧﺎﻟﻴﴼ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ
on
ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ،ﻭﳍﺬﺍ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻣﻠﻲ ﺍﻷﲰﻨﱵ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﳜﺘﺎﺭ
ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﰲ ﺑﻨﺎء ﺣﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﳌﺜﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ .ﻭﺑﻮﺟﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ ﳚﺐ
ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻣﺼﻤﺘﴼ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺒﲎ ﻣﺸﻴﺪﴽ ﺑﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻠﺔ.
Us
ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﲟﻘﺎﺭﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ Indoorsﻭﻟﺬﺍ ﳚﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﱵ
ﳝﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻮﻳﺔ ،weatheringﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ
ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﳌﻨﻊ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎﺵ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺿﻐﻮﻁ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻧﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻳﺔ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺔ.
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