DR Usama Konbr, 00201000236257, Drusamakonbr@f-Eng - Tanta.edu - Eg

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 23

Dr Usama Konbr, 00201000236257, drusamakonbr@f-eng.tanta.edu.

eg

7
25
36
02
00
01
br,
on
aK
am
Us
Dr
‫‪Dr Usama Konbr, 00201000236257, drusamakonbr@f-eng.tanta.edu.eg‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ]‪ [1‬ﺃ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﺏ ‪:Masonry Construction‬‬

‫‪57‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬

‫‪62‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﻣَﺪﺧﻞ ﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﺏ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳُﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﺄﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﺏ ‪ bricks‬ﺭﺹ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﲜﻮﺍﺭ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻭﺭﺑﻄﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻧﺔ‪،‬‬

‫‪23‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ( ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 1/1‬ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ‪:‬‬

‫‪0‬‬
‫ﻳُﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﻄﲔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺁﻻﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﲔ ﺃﺭﺧﺺ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻻ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻋﺎﺩﺓً ﻳُﺒﲎ‬

‫‪00‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﲔ ﺑﺴﻤﻚ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﻣﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﱴ ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻃﺮﻕ‬
‫‪01‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﺑﻪ ﻓﺘﺘﻠﺨﺺ ﰲ ﺍﻵﰐ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﺠﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﳉﺎﻑ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺎء ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻭﻳﺒﲎ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻂ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﲔ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﲰﻚ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻂ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪.‬‬
‫‪br,‬‬

‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻸ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ‪:‬‬


‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻳُﺒﲎ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺠﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﰒ ﻳُﻤﻸ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ‬
‫‪on‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺮﻙ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻂ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳉﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟـ‪ .‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﲔ‪:‬‬
‫‪aK‬‬

‫ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻔﻮﺭﻣﺔ ﺧﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺼﺐ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﲔ ﰒ ﺗﻔﻚ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺭﻣﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺟﻔﺎﻓﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺑﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﲔ ﻟﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺎ‬
‫‪am‬‬

‫ﻳُﺴﻤﻰ )ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻً ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻄﻴﻼﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ‬
‫ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺑﺘﺠﻔﻴﻔﻪ ﺃﻭ ﲝﺮﻗﻪ ﺃﻭ ﲟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺘﻪ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﴼ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻣﺼﻤﺘﴼ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻔﺮﻏﴼ ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺄﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪Us‬‬
‫‪Dr‬‬

‫]‪[ 1‬‬
‫‪Dr Usama Konbr, 00201000236257, drusamakonbr@f-eng.tanta.edu.eg‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ]‪ [1‬ﺃ‬

‫‪ 2/1‬ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﺏ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻻﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ü‬‬

‫‪57‬‬
‫ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻟﺼﻐﺮ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ü‬‬
‫ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻭﻭﺿﻌﻪ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ü‬‬

‫‪62‬‬
‫ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﻧﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ü‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻳﻖ )ﻟﺴﺒﻖ ﺣﺮﻗﻪ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺘﻪ(‪.‬‬ ‫‪ü‬‬

‫‪23‬‬
‫‪ ü‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪0‬‬
‫‪ 3/1‬ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺗﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﺏ‪:‬‬

‫‪00‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌِﺪﺩ ‪ :Tools‬ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﺟﺮﺍء ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺪﻣﺎﻙ ‪ :The course‬ﺻﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺒﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﺠﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪01‬‬
‫ﺷِﻨﺎﻭﻱ ‪ :Stretcher‬ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺒﺎﱐ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻂ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻃﻮﳍﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻂ ﻛﻤﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻬﺎ ‪ 6‬ﺳﻢ ﻭﻃﻮﳍﺎ ‪ 25‬ﺳﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺁﺩﻳﺔ ‪ :Header‬ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺒﺎﱐ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻂ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻂ ﻛﻤﺜﻞ‬
‫‪br,‬‬

‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻬﺎ ‪ 6‬ﺳﻢ ﻭﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ ‪ 12‬ﺳﻢ‪.‬‬


‫ﻋﺮﺍﻣﻴﺲ ﺍﳌﻮﻧﺔ ‪ :Mortar Joints‬ﺍﳌﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺻﻘﺔ ﳌﺒﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﺠﺮ ﻭﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺇﱃ‪:‬‬
‫‪on‬‬

‫‪ ü‬ﻋﺮﺍﻣﻴﺲ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺔ ‪.Bed Joints‬‬


‫‪ ü‬ﻋﺮﺍﻣﻴﺲ ﺭﺃﺳﻴﺔ ‪.Vertical Joints‬‬
‫‪aK‬‬

‫ﻃﻴﺔ ‪ :Lap‬ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ ‪ Lap‬ﺑﲔ ﻋﺮﻣﻮﺳﲔ ﺭﺃﺳﻴﲔ ﰲ ﻣﺪﻣﺎﻛﲔ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﲔ ﻭﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺭﺑﻊ ﺷﻨﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﻭﻳﺴﺔ ‪ :Quoin Header‬ﺃﻭﻝ ﺁﺩﻳﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻭﻳﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺰﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪am‬‬

‫ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﳊﻞ ‪ :Vertical Crack‬ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻣﺒﺎﱐ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻂ ﻭﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺷﺮﺥ‬
‫ﺭﺃﺳﻲ ‪‬ﺎ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻀﻌﻔﻬﺎ ﻭﻳﻔﺼﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺷﻖ ﺛﻌﺒﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪Us‬‬

‫ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ‪ :Brick Cuts‬ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻟﻠﻄﻮﺏ ﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﺑﻪ ﺃﳘﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﻛﻨﻴﺰﺭ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﺔ ‪ :Queen Closer‬ﻣﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﻄﻮﳍﺎ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺁﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻛﺘﻒ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﻼﺷﻲ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻣﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪Dr‬‬

‫ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻂ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻨﻴﺰﺭ ﺍﳌﻠﻚ ‪ :King Closer‬ﻣﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﺸﻄﻮﻓﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺭﻛﻨﻬﺎ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻧﺼﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻨﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻵﺩﻳﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺰﺭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﺭﻛﺎﻥ ﻛﺘﻒ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ‪.‬‬

‫]‪[ 2‬‬
‫‪Dr Usama Konbr, 00201000236257, drusamakonbr@f-eng.tanta.edu.eg‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ]‪ [1‬ﺃ‬

‫ﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺑِﻄﻴﺢ ‪ :Stretcher‬ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺒﺎﱐ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻂ ﻣﻨﺒﻄﺤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺍﻗﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻄﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺷﻨﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺑﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻬﺎ ‪ 6‬ﺳﻢ ﻭﻃﻮﳍﺎ ‪ 25‬ﺳﻢ‪.‬‬

‫‪57‬‬
‫ﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻃﺒﺎﻧﺔ ‪ :Header‬ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺒﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻣﻨﺒﻄﺤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺍﻗﺪﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻄﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺁﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺑﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻬﺎ ‪ 6‬ﺳﻢ ﻭﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ ‪ 12‬ﺳﻢ‪.‬‬

‫‪62‬‬
‫ﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻴﻔﻬﺎ ‪ :Rowlock‬ﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻨﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻃﻮﺑﺔ )ﺳﻜﻴﻨﺔ( ﻭﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺑﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻬﺎ ‪ 12‬ﺳﻢ ﻭﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ ‪ 6‬ﺳﻢ‪.‬‬

‫‪23‬‬
‫ﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﳌﻴﻊ ‪ :Shiner‬ﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺁﺩﻳﺔ ﺗﺮﻗﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻨﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺑﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻬﺎ ‪ 12‬ﺳﻢ ﻭﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ ‪ 25‬ﺳﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺃﺳﻬﺎ ‪ :Sailor‬ﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺁﺩﻳﺔ ﺗﺮﻗﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺃﺳﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻬﺎ ‪ 25‬ﺳﻢ ﻭﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ ‪12‬‬

‫‪0‬‬
‫ﺳﻢ‪.‬‬

‫‪00‬‬
‫ﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻋﺴﺎﻛﺮ ‪ :Soldier‬ﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺗﺮﻗﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺃﺳﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺑﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻬﺎ ‪ 25‬ﺳﻢ ﻭﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ ‪ 6‬ﺳﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺭﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ‪ :Brick Bonds‬ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻃﺮﻕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻟﺮﺹ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺮﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻪ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺑﻨﺎء‬
‫‪01‬‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﳉﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺳﻜﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪br,‬‬
‫‪on‬‬
‫‪aK‬‬
‫‪am‬‬
‫‪Us‬‬
‫‪Dr‬‬

‫]‪[ 3‬‬
Dr Usama Konbr, 00201000236257, drusamakonbr@f-eng.tanta.edu.eg

‫ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﺏ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‬ ‫[ ﺃ‬1] ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬

57
62
0 23
00
01
br,
on
aK
am
Us
Dr

[ 4]
‫‪Dr Usama Konbr, 00201000236257, drusamakonbr@f-eng.tanta.edu.eg‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ]‪ [1‬ﺃ‬

‫‪57‬‬
‫‪62‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬
‫‪00‬‬
‫‪01‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ‪:Brick Bonds‬‬
‫‪br,‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬


‫‪on‬‬

‫‪ 1/2‬ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﲏ ‪:Clay Bricks‬‬


‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﲏ ﺍﳉﻴﺪ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ‪:‬‬
‫‪aK‬‬

‫ﺃﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﺎ ‪ :Alumina‬ﻫﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﲔ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺧﻠﻄﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﺎء ﺗُﺴﻬِﻞ ﺣﺮﻕ ﻋﺠﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﲡﻒ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺸﻘﻖ ﻭﺗﻌﻮﺝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻜﺎ ‪ :Silica‬ﻫﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﻭﲞﻠﻄﻬﺎ ﲟﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺻﻼﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﲤﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻘﻖ‬
‫‪am‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻻﻋﻮﺟﺎﺝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ‪ :Iron Oxid‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ ﻟﻠﻄﻮﺏ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﺮﻗﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ ‪ :Calcium‬ﻻ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﻣﺘﻜﻠﺴﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺠﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻛﻤﺜﻞ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻗﻊ‬
‫‪Us‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺇﱃ ﺟﲑ ﺣﻲ ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺭﺵ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺑﺎﳌﺎء ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﺘﺤﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺟﲑ ﻣﻄﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺿﻌﺎﻑ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ‪ :Sodium‬ﻻ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺗﻪ ﰲ ﻋﺠﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻷﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﲤﻠﻴﺤﻪ ﻭﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺳﻄﺤﻪ‬
‫‪Dr‬‬

‫ﺑﺒﻮﺩﺭﺓ ﻣﻠﺢ ﺃﺑﻴﺾ‪.‬‬


‫ﺍﳌﻐﻨﺴﻴﻮﻡ ‪ :Magnesium‬ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻔﺮ ﻟﻠﻄﻮﺏ ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺗﻪ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﲤﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻛﺎﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺠﻨﻴﺰ ‪ :Manganese‬ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺩ ﻟﻠﻄﻮﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ‪ :Potassium‬ﻣﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺧﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ‪.‬‬

‫]‪[ 5‬‬
‫‪Dr Usama Konbr, 00201000236257, drusamakonbr@f-eng.tanta.edu.eg‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ]‪ [1‬ﺃ‬

‫ﻭﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﲏ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﴼ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻮﻋﲔ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﳘﺎ‪:‬‬

‫‪ 1/1/2‬ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﲏء ‪:Adobe Bricks‬‬

‫‪57‬‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﻳُﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﺧﻀﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻠﺒِﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺭﻭﺥ ﻭﻳُﻌﺘﱪ ﺃﺭﺧﺺ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻧﻈﺮﴽ ﻟﺒﺪﺍﺋﻴﺘﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‪.‬‬

‫‪62‬‬
‫ﻭﻳَﻜﺜﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻً‪ :‬ﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﲏء‪:‬‬

‫‪23‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﲏء ﺃﻧﻪ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻼً ﻟﻠﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺫﻭ ﺳَﻌَﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‬
‫ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﺑﺎﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻑء ﻣﺒﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﲏء ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺘﺎء ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺪﺍﻝ ﺟﻮﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻒ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﲰﻚ ﺣﺎﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﲏء ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺃﻳﻀﴼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻄﻲء‬

‫‪0‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪00‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﴼ‪ :‬ﺃﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﲏء‪:‬‬
‫‪ û‬ﺣﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻻ ﺗﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪01‬‬
‫‪ û‬ﺣﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﲏء ﻭﺍﻟﻄﲔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺟﻴﺪ ﳌﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺤﺎﻟﺐ ﻭﺗﻜﺎﺛﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱐ‪.‬‬
‫‪ û‬ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺗﺸﻘﻖ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳉﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﲎ‪.‬‬
‫‪br,‬‬

‫‪ û‬ﻗﺼﺮ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﲏء ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻗﻮﺭﻧﺖ ﲟﺒﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪on‬‬
‫‪aK‬‬
‫‪am‬‬

‫‪ 2/1/2‬ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ ‪:Red Bricks‬‬


‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﻱ ﻭﺿﺮﺏ ﺳﻔﺮﺓ ﻭﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ‬
‫‪Us‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺒﻮﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﲑﺍﻛﻮﺗﺎ ﻭﻃﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻔﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺮﻡ‪.‬‬


‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ‪:‬‬
‫§ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻸﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺄﺧﻮﺫ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﺠﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ‪.‬‬
‫‪Dr‬‬

‫§ ﲡﻬﻴﺰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺧﻠﻄﻬﺎ‪.‬‬


‫§ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻥ‪.‬‬

‫]‪[ 6‬‬
‫‪Dr Usama Konbr, 00201000236257, drusamakonbr@f-eng.tanta.edu.eg‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ]‪ [1‬ﺃ‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﴼ‪ :‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﻱ ‪:Ballade Bricks‬‬

‫‪57‬‬
‫ﻳُﺼﻨﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺧﻠﻄﺔ ﻋﺠﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﲏء ﰒ ﻳُﺠَﻔﻒ ﻭﳛﺮﻕ ﰲ ﻗﻤﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﻠﺪﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﺍﻷﺣﺮﻑ ﻭﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺣﺮﻗﻪ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻈﻢ‪.‬‬

‫‪62‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺿَﺮﺏ ﺳُﻔﺮﺓ ‪:Drab Sofra Bricks‬‬

‫‪23‬‬
‫ﻳُﺼﻨﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻴﻨﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﳐﻠﻮﻃﺔ ﺑﻄﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻞ ﻭﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﻭﺍﻷﻛﺎﺳﻴﺪ ﻭﺍﳌﺎء ﻭﺗُﺴﺒﻚ‬
‫ﺑﻘﻮﺍﻟﺐ ﺧﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﰒ ﺗُﻀﺮﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴُﻔﺮﺓ )ﻃﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺧﺸﺒﻴﺔ( ﻹﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻮﺭﻣﺘﻪ ﰒ ﳚﻔﻒ ﻭﳛﺮﻕ‬
‫ﺑﻘﻤﺎﺋﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﻥ ﳎﻬﺰﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺿﻐﻄﴼ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻩ ‪ 45 :30‬ﻛﺠﻢ‪ /‬ﺳﻢ‪.2‬‬

‫‪0‬‬
‫‪00‬‬
‫ﺟـ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻗَﻄﻊ ﺳِﻠﻚ ‪:Wire Cut Brick‬‬
‫ﻳُﺼﻨﻊ ﻃﻮﺏ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻋﺠﻴﻨﺔ ﻃﻮﺏ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺳﻔﺮﺓ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻳُﺼﺐ ﻭﻳُﻘﻄﻊ ﲟﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺳﻠﻚ‬
‫‪01‬‬
‫ﺭﻓﻴﻊ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﳚﻔﻒ ﻭﳛﺮﻕ ﰲ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﻥ ﳎﻬﺰﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻭﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺮﻳﻖ ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺿﻐﻄﴼ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻩ ‪ 400 :100‬ﻛﺠﻢ‪ /‬ﺳﻢ‪ ،2‬ﻭﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﻏﲑﻩ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﲡﺰﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺑﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻗﻄﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻠﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﺳﺎﺗﻪ ﻋﺎﺩﺓً ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪br,‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪ 6×12×25 :‬ﺳﻢ‪ 5.5×11×23 ،‬ﺳﻢ‪.‬‬


‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺲ ‪:Pressed Bricks‬‬
‫‪on‬‬

‫ﻳُﺼﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻋﺠﻴﻨﺔ ﻃﻮﺏ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺮﺓ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻳﺼﺐ ﺑﻘﻮﺍﻟﺐ ﲢﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‪ .‬ﰒ ﳚﻔﻒ‬
‫ﻭﳛﺮﻕ ﰲ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﻥ ﳎﻬﺰﺓ ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺻﻼﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ ﻭﺃﻗﻠﻬﻢ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺻﴼ‬
‫‪aK‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎء‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﲝﻮﺍﻓﻪ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ ﺷﻜﻠﻪ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺳﺎﺗﻪ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺿﻐﻄﴼ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﻦ ‪250‬‬
‫ﺇﱃ ‪ 600‬ﻛﺠﻢ‪ /‬ﺳﻢ‪ 2‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﺳﺎﺗﻪ ‪ 5.5×11×23‬ﺳﻢ ﺃﻭ ‪ 6×12×25‬ﺳﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫـ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﲑﺍﻛﻮﺗﺎ ‪:Tear Cota Bricks‬‬
‫‪am‬‬

‫ﻫﻮ ﻃﻮﺏ ﺃﲪﺮ ﻣﻔﺮﻍ ﺧﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﺮ ﺍﳌﻜﻌﺐ ﻣﻦ ‪ 800 :600‬ﻛﺠﻢ‪ .‬ﻳُﺼﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺻﻠﺼﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺌﺮﺍﻥ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺒﲎ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﴼ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻃﻴﻊ ﻭﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻛﺎﻵﰐ‪:‬‬
‫‪Us‬‬

‫‪ 9×19×19‬ﺳﻢ‪ 5×30×30 ،‬ﺳﻢ‪ 20×30×30 ،‬ﺳﻢ‪ 9×30×30 ،‬ﺳﻢ‪ 15×20×30 ،‬ﺳﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭ‪ .‬ﻃﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﻬﺎﺕ ‪:Facing Bricks‬‬


‫‪Dr‬‬

‫ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﺴﻮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺎﱐ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺎﺳﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻮﻃﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺠﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺿﻐﻄﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻩ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ 180‬ﻛﺠﻢ‪ /‬ﺳﻢ‪.2‬‬
‫ﻓﺒﺠﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻟﻜﺴﻮﺓ ﺣﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﳌﺒﲎ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻘﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳉﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻳﻌﻄﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺧﺎﺹ‪ .‬ﻭﻳُﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻃﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﳌﺒﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﳌﺰﺩﻭﺟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﳜﺘﻠﻒ‬

‫]‪[ 7‬‬
‫‪Dr Usama Konbr, 00201000236257, drusamakonbr@f-eng.tanta.edu.eg‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ]‪ [1‬ﺃ‬

‫ﻃﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﻳُﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻟﻸﻣﻼﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺮﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻳُﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﺠﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻦ‬

‫‪57‬‬
‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺤﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺡ ﺍﳌﺤﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺎﻝ ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻳﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﺼﻘﻴﻊ ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﺎﻧﺔ ﻃﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﴼ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻩ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ‬

‫‪62‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﺃﻭ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻊ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪ 6×6×25‬ﺳﻢ ﺃﻭ ‪ 4×4×23‬ﺳﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺼﻨﻊ ﻃﻮﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻮﺏ ﻣﻠﺒﺲ ﺑﺎﳊﺠﺮ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻃﻮﺏ ﺧﻔﻴﻒ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺼﻞ‬
‫ﲰﻜﻪ ﺇﱃ ‪ 2‬ﺳﻢ‪.‬‬

‫‪23‬‬
‫ﺯ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻠﻲ ‪ :Toughly Bricks‬ﻃﻮﺏ ﻣﻔﺮﻍ ﺑﻌﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳُﺼﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻃﻔﻠﻴﺔ ﺗُﺴﺘﺨﺮﺝ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﲟﺼﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺲ ﻭﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺑﻠﺒﻴﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺮﺏ ﺣﻠﻮﺍﻥ‬

‫‪0‬‬
‫‪00‬‬
‫‪01‬‬
‫‪br,‬‬
‫‪on‬‬
‫‪aK‬‬
‫‪am‬‬
‫‪Us‬‬
‫‪Dr‬‬

‫]‪[ 8‬‬
‫‪Dr Usama Konbr, 00201000236257, drusamakonbr@f-eng.tanta.edu.eg‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ]‪ [1‬ﺃ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﻮﻡ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻄﺤﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻠﺔ ﻭﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﺠﻦ ﰒ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻟﺐ‬
‫ﺁﻟﻴﴼ ﻭﲢﺮﻕ ﰲ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﻥ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﺍﳌﺠﻬﺰﺓ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪.‬‬

‫‪57‬‬
‫‪ 2/2‬ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﳉﲑﻱ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻠﻲ ‪:Sand Lime Bricks‬‬

‫‪62‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺇﱃ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻠﻲ ‪ ،Solid Sand Bricks‬ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻔﻴﻒ ‪ ،Light Sand Bricks‬ﻭﻳُﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﰲ ﺑﻨﺎء‬
‫ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻟﺘﻜﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﴽ ﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬

‫‪23‬‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﰲ ﻣﺒﺎﱐ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻐﻤﻮﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎء ﻧﻈﺮﴽ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﳉﲑ ﰲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻪ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬

‫‪0‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﻷﲪﺎﺽ‪.‬‬

‫‪00‬‬
‫‪ 1/2/2‬ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﳉﲑﻱ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ‪ 250 :120‬ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﺳﻢ‪.2‬‬


‫‪01‬‬ ‫§‬
‫ﺛﻘﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﲟﻘﺎﺭﻧﺘﻪ ﺑﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﺼﻞ ﻭﺯﻧﻪ ‪ 2‬ﻃﻦ‪ /‬ﻡ‪.3‬‬ ‫§‬
‫ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺻﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء ﻳﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ‪.%18‬‬ ‫§‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ﻟﻼﻧـﺤﻨﺎء ﺗﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ‪ 30‬ﻛﺠﻢ‪ /‬ﺳﻢ ‪.‬‬
‫‪br,‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫§‬

‫‪ 2/2/2‬ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﳉﲑﻱ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻠﻲ‪:‬‬


‫‪on‬‬

‫‪ ü‬ﺧﻔﺔ ﻭﺯﻧﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻠﻲ‪.‬‬


‫‪ ü‬ﻧﺴﺒﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﺰﻟﻪ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ‪.‬‬
‫‪aK‬‬

‫‪ ü‬ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻠﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 3/2/2‬ﻋﻴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﳉﲑﻱ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻠﻲ‪:‬‬


‫‪am‬‬

‫‪ û‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ﺍﳌﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ‪.‬‬


‫‪ û‬ﺷﺪﺓ ﻣﻴﻮﻟﻪ ﻟﻼﻧﻜﻤﺎﺵ‪.‬‬
‫‪ û‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﺑﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻭﺍﻷﺻﻔﺮ ﻭﺍﻷﲪﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻫﱯ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﻀﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪Us‬‬

‫‪ 3/2‬ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﱐ ‪:Concrete Bricks‬‬


‫ﻳُﺼﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻄﺔ ﻛﺴﺮ ﺍﳊﺠﺮ ﺍﳉﲑﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺒﺚ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﺮﻣﻞ ﻭﺍﻷﲰﻨﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ‬
‫‪Dr‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻴﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ 1/3/2‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﱐ‪:‬‬


‫ﺃﻭﻻً‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻏﺔ ‪:Hollow Concrete Bricks‬‬

‫]‪[ 9‬‬
‫‪Dr Usama Konbr, 00201000236257, drusamakonbr@f-eng.tanta.edu.eg‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ]‪ [1‬ﺃ‬

‫ﺗُﺼﻨﻊ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻔﺮﻏﺔ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻋﻴﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻ‪‬ﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﻛﺎﺕ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﺋﻞ ﻟﻠﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺳﻔﺮﻩ ﰲ ﻣﺼﺮ ﺑﻌﺪﻣﺎ ﺃﻭﻗﻒ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻧﻈﺮﴽ‬

‫‪57‬‬
‫ﳌﻨﻊ ﲡﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﳍﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻛﺎﻵﰐ‪:‬‬
‫‪ 12×20×40‬ﺳﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 10×20×40‬ﺳﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 15×20×40‬ﺳﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫‪ 20×20×40‬ﺳﻢ‪،‬‬

‫‪62‬‬
‫‪ 6×12×40‬ﺳﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 20×10×40‬ﺳﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫‪25×20×40‬ﺳﻢ‪،‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﴼ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﺍﳌﺼﻤﺖ ‪:Solid Concrete Bricks‬‬

‫‪23‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻟﻪ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻳُﺴﻤﻰ ﰲ ﻣﺼﺮ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﻃﻮﺏ )ﺧﻼﻥ(‪.‬‬

‫‪0‬‬
‫‪ 2/3/2‬ﻓﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰲ ﺣﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﱐ ‪:Control Joints‬‬

‫‪00‬‬
‫ﺗُﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻘﻮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺪﺙ ﲝﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﻭﻟﺘﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎﺵ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳉﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻲ ﰲ ﺣﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫‪01‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﲢﺪﺙ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﲤﺪﺩ ﺣﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﲤﺪﺩ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺄ ﺍﳌﻼﺻﻖ ‪‬ﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻟﻠﺤﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺭﺃﺳﻴﴼ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺷﺮﺥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪br,‬‬

‫§ ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘَﻤﺪُﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻂ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﳌﻼﺻﻘﺔ ﳍﺎ‪.‬‬


‫§ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻂ ﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪on‬‬

‫§ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻭﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺑﻴﻚ ﻭﺍﻷﺑﻮﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘﻮءﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺳﲑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳊﺎﺋﻂ‪.‬‬
‫‪aK‬‬
‫‪am‬‬
‫‪Us‬‬
‫‪Dr‬‬

‫] ‪[ 10‬‬
‫‪Dr Usama Konbr, 00201000236257, drusamakonbr@f-eng.tanta.edu.eg‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ]‪ [1‬ﺃ‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻓﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰲ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺥ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻂ ﺇﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺑﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻂ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪57‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺑﺎﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﳚﺐ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻓﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﲢﻜﻢ ﳊﻮﺍﺋﻄﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻐﲑ ﰲ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺃﻭ ﲰﻚ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻂ‪.‬‬ ‫§‬

‫‪62‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻛﺘﺎﻑ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻂ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫§‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﻓﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺐ ﻟﻸﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻘﻒ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫§‬

‫‪23‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻂ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ T‬ﺃﻭ ‪ L‬ﺃﻭ ‪.U‬‬ ‫§‬

‫‪ 4/2‬ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ‪:Fire Bricks‬‬

‫‪0‬‬
‫ﻳُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﰲ ﺑﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﱵ‬

‫‪00‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ ‪ 1650‬ﺇﱃ‬
‫‪ 1750‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺳﺎﺕ ‪ 6×12×25‬ﺳﻢ ﺃﻭ ‪ 5.5×11×23‬ﺳﻢ ﺃﻭ‬
‫‪01‬‬
‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ‪.‬‬
‫‪br,‬‬
‫‪on‬‬
‫‪aK‬‬
‫‪am‬‬
‫‪Us‬‬
‫‪Dr‬‬

‫] ‪[ 11‬‬
‫‪Dr Usama Konbr, 00201000236257, drusamakonbr@f-eng.tanta.edu.eg‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ]‪ [1‬ﺃ‬

‫‪ 5/ 2‬ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻴﺔ ‪:Glass Blocks‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻔﲔ ﻣﺘﻼﺻﻘﲔ ﲢﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﺎﱄ ﻭﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ‬

‫‪57‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺯﺟﺎﺝ ﻋﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﻧﻘﻲ ﻭﻣﻔﺮﻏﴼ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﻮﺍء‬
‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴﴼ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺣﺮﻓﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫‪62‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﻌﺮﺓ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﺸﻴﻘﻪ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﻛﺎﺕ ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﺳﺎ‪‬ﺎ‬
‫‪ 10×20×20‬ﺳﻢ ﺃﻭ ‪ 10×15×15‬ﺳﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﻛﺎﺕ‬

‫‪23‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﺍﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻭﺍﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺎﺗﺐ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ‪.‬‬

‫‪0‬‬
‫‪ 6/ 2‬ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺒﺴﻴﺔ ‪:Gypsum Blocks‬‬

‫‪00‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﻼﻁ ﺟﺒﺴﻲ ﻭﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﻛﺎﺕ ﺇﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺼﻤﺘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻔﺮﻏﺔ ﻭﺑﺴﻤﻚ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﻦ ‪ 5‬ﺳﻢ ﺇﱃ ‪15‬‬
‫‪01‬‬
‫ﺳﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻄﻴﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﻛﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ‪ 30‬ﺳﻢ ﻭﻃﻮﻝ ‪ 75‬ﺳﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﻛﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻃﻴﻊ‬
‫‪br,‬‬

‫ﺍﳋﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺆﻗﺘﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﳊﺮﻳﻖ‪.‬‬


‫ﻭﻻ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﺒﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺑﺢ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺸﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﻛﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪on‬‬

‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺟﺎﻫﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻄﻴﺐ ﻛﻤﺜﻞ ﺃﺭﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺗﺰﻭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻼﻓﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 7/ 2‬ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﺑﻴﺔ ‪:Screen Blocks‬‬


‫‪aK‬‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﳐﺮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻠﻮﻛﺎﺕ ﺟﺒﺴﻴﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺃﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻛﻮﻟﻴﺴﺘﺮﺍ ﺃﻭ ﻛﺎﻟﺴﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺗﺒﲎ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﻛﺎﺕ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻌﻄﻲ ﺣﺎﺋﻂ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺎﻃﻊ ﻣﺸﺮﺑﻴﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ‬
‫‪am‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﻛﺎﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪Us‬‬
‫‪Dr‬‬

‫] ‪[ 12‬‬
‫‪Dr Usama Konbr, 00201000236257, drusamakonbr@f-eng.tanta.edu.eg‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ]‪ [1‬ﺃ‬

‫‪ 8/2‬ﻃﻮﺏ ﺍﳊﺠﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ‪:Artificial Stone Bricks‬‬


‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳُﺴﻤﻰ ﺑـﺤﺠﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻭﻟﻪ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻳُﺒﲎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻜﺴﻮﺓ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫‪57‬‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺮﺑﻄﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺧﻼﻓﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺼﻨﻊ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻣﻦ‪:‬‬
‫‪ 4‬ﺟﺰء ﺣﺼﻲ ﺣﺠﺮ ﺟﲑﻱ ‪ 1.5 +‬ﺟﺰء ﺑﻮﺩﺭﺓ ﺣﺠﺮ ‪ 2 +‬ﺟﺰء ﺃﲰﻨﺖ ﺑﻮﺭﺗﻼﻧﺪﻱ ‪ +‬ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﻳُﺸﻜﻞ ﺇﱃ‬

‫‪62‬‬
‫ﻃﻮﺏ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ‪ 7‬ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﻣﺮﻃﺐ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﻣﻌﺮﺿﴼ ﻟﻠﻬﻮﺍء‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ‪.‬‬

‫‪23‬‬
‫‪ 9/2‬ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻠﱵ ‪:Asphalt Bricks‬‬

‫‪0‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻠﱵ ﻳُﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﻛﺴﻮﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺳﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱐ ﻭﺭﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺒﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺟﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻠﱵ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻫﻮ‪:‬‬

‫‪00‬‬
‫‪ 5 × 12.5 × 30‬ﺳﻢ ﻳُﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﻄﺮﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﻳُﺴﻤﻰ ﻃﻮﺏ ﺣﻠﻤﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 3 × 10 × 20‬ﺳﻢ ﻳُﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﻄﺮﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﳋﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﻳُﺴﻤﻰ ﻃﻮﺏ ﺧﻔﻴﻒ‪.‬‬
‫‪01‬‬
‫‪ 10/2‬ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﳋﻔﻴﻒ ‪:Lightweight Bricks‬‬
‫‪br,‬‬

‫ﻗﺪ ﻳُﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﻠﻮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﳋﻔﻴﻒ ﻭﻟﻪ ﳑﻴﺰﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬


‫‪ ü‬ﻋﺰﻝ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪ :‬ﻳُﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﳋﻔﻴﻒ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﺎﱄ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫‪on‬‬

‫ﻣﻮﻓﺮﴽ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬


‫ﻋﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ‪ :‬ﻳُﻌﻄﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﺎﱄ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫‪ü‬‬
‫ﺑﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺡ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﻭﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪aK‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ‪ :‬ﻳُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﻷﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‬ ‫‪ü‬‬


‫ﰲ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﲎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻳﻖ‪ :‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌُﻜﻮِﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﳋﻔﻴﻒ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻳﻖ ﻭﻏﲑ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻌﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪ü‬‬
‫‪am‬‬

‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺼﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻳﻖ ﰲ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪860‬ﻩ ﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‪ :‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺭﺻﻪ ﻭﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﻭﻧﺸﺮﻩ ﻭﺛﻘﺒﻪ ﻭﺗﺜﺒﻴﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻣﲑ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫‪ü‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺸﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻼﻭﻭﻅ ﲞﻼﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻌﺚ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﻠﻮﺛﺎﺕ ﺧﻄﺮﻩ ﺗﻀﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪Us‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺃﺭﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ‪:‬‬
‫‪Dr‬‬

‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻃﺮﻕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻟﺮﺹ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ‪ .‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬

‫] ‪[ 13‬‬
‫‪Dr Usama Konbr, 00201000236257, drusamakonbr@f-eng.tanta.edu.eg‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ]‪ [1‬ﺃ‬

‫‪ 1/3‬ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ‪:Running Bond‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﻳﻀﴼ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﻨﺎﻭﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﻓﻴﻪ ﺗﺸﻴﺪ ﻣﺒﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﺪﺍﻣﻴﻚ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ‬

‫‪57‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻨﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲰﻜﻬﺎ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬

‫‪62‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬
‫‪00‬‬
‫‪01‬‬
‫‪ 2/3‬ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ ﺍﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰﻱ ‪:English Bond‬‬
‫‪br,‬‬

‫ﺗﺸﻴﺪ ﺣﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﻣﺒﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﺪﻣﺎﻙ ﺷﻨﺎﻭﻱ ﰒ ﻳﺒﲎ ﻓﻮﻗﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺪﻣﺎﻙ ﺁﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺰﺭ ﻟﻜﻲ ﳝﻨﻊ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﻋﺮﺍﻣﻴﺲ ﺍﳌﻮﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺧﻮﻓﴼ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﳊﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻂ‪.‬‬
‫‪on‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﺳﻬﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﻭﺃﺣﺴﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﻭﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺎﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﳌﺒﲏ ‪‬ﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﳍﺎ ﻗﻮ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻱ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﺹ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ‬
‫‪aK‬‬

‫‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﺨﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺎﺑﻼﻫﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪.‬‬
‫‪am‬‬
‫‪Us‬‬
‫‪Dr‬‬

‫] ‪[ 14‬‬
Dr Usama Konbr, 00201000236257, drusamakonbr@f-eng.tanta.edu.eg

‫ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﺏ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‬ ‫[ ﺃ‬1] ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬

57
62
23
0
00
01
br,
on
aK
am
Us
Dr

[ 15 ]
Dr Usama Konbr, 00201000236257, drusamakonbr@f-eng.tanta.edu.eg

‫ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﺏ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‬ ‫[ ﺃ‬1] ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬

57
62
23
0
00
01
br,
on
aK
am
Us
Dr

[ 16 ]
‫‪Dr Usama Konbr, 00201000236257, drusamakonbr@f-eng.tanta.edu.eg‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ]‪ [1‬ﺃ‬

‫‪ 3/3‬ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻤﻨﻜﻲ ‪:Flemish Bond‬‬

‫ﺗﺸﻴﺪ ﺣﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﻣﺒﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺪﻣﺎﻙ ﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺁﺩﻳﺔ‬

‫‪57‬‬
‫ﻭﲜﺎﻧﺒﻬﺎ ﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺷﻨﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺰﺭ ﻟﻜﻲ ﳝﻨﻊ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﳊﻞ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺸﻴﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﴼ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﻪ ﺯﺧﺮﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺑﻨﺎء ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﻂ ‪‬ﺬﻩ‬

‫‪62‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻮﻁ ﻛﺎﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ ﺍﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰﻱ ﻧﻈﺮﴽ ﻟﻜﺜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻣﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﲢﺪﺙ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﴼ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲰﻜﻬﺎ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬
‫‪00‬‬
‫‪01‬‬
‫‪br,‬‬
‫‪on‬‬
‫‪aK‬‬
‫‪am‬‬
‫‪Us‬‬
‫‪Dr‬‬

‫] ‪[ 17‬‬
‫‪Dr Usama Konbr, 00201000236257, drusamakonbr@f-eng.tanta.edu.eg‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ]‪ [1‬ﺃ‬

‫‪ 4/3‬ﺭﺑﺎﻁ ﺣﺎﺋﻂ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ‪:English Garden Wall Bond‬‬

‫ﺗﺸﻴﺪ ﺣﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﻣﺒﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﺪﺍﻣﻴﻚ ﺷﻨﺎﻭﻱ ﰒ ﻳﺒﲎ‬

‫‪57‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻗﻬﺎ ﻣﺪﻣﺎﻙ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺁﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻂ‪ .‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺰﺭ ﳌﻨﻊ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﳊﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﳚﺐ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﻣﺴﺎﻗﻂ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺪﺍﻣﻴﻚ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ‪.‬‬

‫‪62‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬
‫‪00‬‬
‫‪01‬‬
‫‪br,‬‬
‫‪on‬‬
‫‪aK‬‬
‫‪am‬‬
‫‪Us‬‬

‫‪ 5/3‬ﺭﺑﺎﻁ ﺣﺎﺋﻂ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻤﻨﻜﻴﺔ ‪:Flemish Garden Wall Bond‬‬


‫‪Dr‬‬

‫ﻳﺸـــﻴـﺪ ﻃﻮﺏ ﺣﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺒـﺎﱐ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘـﺔ ﺧـﺎﺻـــﺔ ﺃﻳﻀـــﴼ ﲝﻴـﺚ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﺟﻬـﺎ‪‬ـﺎ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻃﻮﺑـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺷـﻨﺎﻭﻱ ﻭﲜﺎﻧﺒﻬﻢ ﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺁﺩﻳﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺳـﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺰﺭ ﳌﻨﻊ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﳊﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﻣﺴﺎﻗﻂ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺪﺍﻣﻴﻚ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ‪.‬‬

‫] ‪[ 18‬‬
‫‪Dr Usama Konbr, 00201000236257, drusamakonbr@f-eng.tanta.edu.eg‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ]‪ [1‬ﺃ‬

‫‪ 6/3‬ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ ﺍﳍﻮﻟﻨﺪﻱ ‪:Dutch Bond‬‬

‫‪57‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﻣﺴﺎﻗﻂ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺪﺍﻣﻴﻚ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ‪ ،‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﺜﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺭﺑﺎﻉ ﻃﻮﺑﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﳊﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻂ‪.‬‬

‫‪62‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬
‫‪00‬‬
‫‪01‬‬
‫‪br,‬‬
‫‪on‬‬
‫‪aK‬‬
‫‪am‬‬
‫‪Us‬‬
‫‪Dr‬‬

‫] ‪[ 19‬‬
‫‪Dr Usama Konbr, 00201000236257, drusamakonbr@f-eng.tanta.edu.eg‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ]‪ [1‬ﺃ‬

‫‪ 7/3‬ﺭﺑﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻫﺐ ‪:Monk Bond‬‬

‫‪57‬‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪62‬‬
‫‪0‬‬‫‪23‬‬
‫‪00‬‬
‫‪01‬‬
‫‪br,‬‬
‫‪on‬‬
‫‪aK‬‬
‫‪am‬‬
‫‪Us‬‬
‫‪Dr‬‬

‫] ‪[ 20‬‬
‫‪Dr Usama Konbr, 00201000236257, drusamakonbr@f-eng.tanta.edu.eg‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ]‪ [1‬ﺃ‬

‫‪ .4‬ﺍﳌﻮﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﺏ ‪:Mortar‬‬


‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺻﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗَﺮﺑُﻂ ﺑﲔ ﻗﻮﺍﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﴼ ﻭﺭﺃﺳﻴﴼ ﻭﻻ‬

‫‪57‬‬
‫ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ‪ 1‬ﺳﻢ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺎﺩ )ﲰﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻣﻮﺱ(‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﻧِﻘَﺎﻁ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪62‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻً‪ :‬ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﻧﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪23‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺿﻐﻮﻁ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻟﺐ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﳍﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﻟﺼﻖ ﻭﺭﺑﻂ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻟﺐ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﻭﺟﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺳﻜﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪0‬‬
‫‪00‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﻣﺎﻧﻌﺔ ﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻟﺐ‪.‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﴼ‪ :‬ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻮﻧﺔ‪:‬‬


‫‪01‬‬
‫ﻳُﺮﺍﻋﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﻧﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﺰﺟﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻘﻠﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻳُﺮﺍﻋﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ ﺟﻴﺪﴽ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻭﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪br,‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﴼ‪ :‬ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﻧﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺮﻛﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻴﻊ ‪:Fine Aggregate‬‬


‫‪on‬‬

‫ﳊﻤﺮﺓ )ﻣﻄﺤﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ( ﺃﻭ ﳐﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﻭﻛﺴﺮ ﺍﳊﺠﺮ ﻭﺍ ُ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﻘُﺼْﺮﻣِﻠﻠﻲ( ﻭﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﻼً ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﴼ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳉﺰء ﺍﳋﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫‪aK‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﻈﻴﻔﴼ ﺧﺎﻟﻴﴼ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﻭﺍﻷﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻄﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﺝ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺣِﺮﺷﴼ ﻏﲑ ﻧﺎﻋﻢ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﲔ ﰒ ﺩﻋﻚ ﳛﺪﺙ‬
‫ﺻَﺮﻳﺮﴽ‪.‬‬
‫‪am‬‬

‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻼﺻﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻼﲪﺔ ‪:Adhesives‬‬


‫ﻛﺎﻷﲰﻨﺖ ﺑﺄﻧﻮﺍﻋﻪ )ﺃﲰﻨﺖ ﺑﻮﺭﺗﻼﻧﺪﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﺃﻭ ﻛﺮﻧﻚ ‪ ...‬ﺇﱁ( ﺃﻭ ﺍﳉﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳉﲑ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻞ‬
‫‪Us‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻠﺨﺺ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﲪﺔ ﰲ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﻗﻮﺍﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟـ‪ .‬ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‪:‬‬
‫‪Dr‬‬

‫ﻭﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺧﻠﻂ ﺍﳌﻮﻧﺔ ﻧﻈﻴﻔﺔ ﲤﺎﻣﴼ ﻭﺧﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﺒﺔ ﺑﻨﺴﺐ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﻧﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺄ ﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻤﻮﻣﴼ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻧﻘﺎء‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻧﻘﺎء ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺒﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﺏ‪.‬‬

‫] ‪[ 21‬‬
‫‪Dr Usama Konbr, 00201000236257, drusamakonbr@f-eng.tanta.edu.eg‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ]‪ [1‬ﺃ‬

‫ﺭﺍﺑﻌﴼ‪ :‬ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺎﺕ ‪:Additions‬‬


‫ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺧﻮﺍﺻﻬﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ‬

‫‪57‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﺠﻴﻞ ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻚ ‪ ...‬ﺇﱁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﲑ ﻣُﻀﻌِﻔﻪ ﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﻧﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻀﺎﻑ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣُﻠﻮِﻧﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻻﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻮﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ‪.‬‬

‫‪62‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎء ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﺏ‪:‬‬

‫‪23‬‬
‫ﻭﲞﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎء‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬

‫‪0‬‬
‫‪ 1/5‬ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ‪:The moisture-insulating layer‬‬

‫‪00‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﻟﻠﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺃﺭﺽ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﳐﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺄﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﺼﻤﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪01‬‬
‫‪ 2/5‬ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪br,‬‬

‫ﻭﻳُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ‬
‫ﻇﺮﻭﻓﻬﺎ ﺍﳉﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ‪ :‬ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺎﱐ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺟﻴﺪ ﺍﳊﺮﻕ ﻭﺧﺎﻟﻴﴼ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫‪on‬‬

‫ﻣﻊ ﺑﻴﺎﺿﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺑﻴﺎﺽ‪.‬‬


‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻠﻲ ﺍﻷﲰﻨﱵ‪ :‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺎﺽ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺪﻭﻧﻪ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪aK‬‬

‫‪ 3/5‬ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻟﻠﺤﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ )‪:(Partition‬‬


‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻋﺪﺍ ﺣﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻞ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﻂ‬
‫‪am‬‬

‫ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﳍﺬﺍ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻣﻠﻲ ﺍﻷﲰﻨﱵ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﳜﺘﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﰲ ﺑﻨﺎء ﺣﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﳌﺜﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻮﺟﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ ﳚﺐ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻣﺼﻤﺘﴼ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺒﲎ ﻣﺸﻴﺪﴽ ﺑﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪Us‬‬

‫‪ 4/5‬ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﻭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺒﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻧﺪﺓ‪:‬‬


‫ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﻗﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺳﻮﺍء ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻞ ‪ Moisture‬ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫‪Dr‬‬

‫ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﲟﻘﺎﺭﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ‪ Indoors‬ﻭﻟﺬﺍ ﳚﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﳝﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻮﻳﺔ ‪ ،weathering‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﳌﻨﻊ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎﺵ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺿﻐﻮﻁ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻧﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻳﺔ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫] ‪[ 22‬‬

You might also like