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Some Impact of Nanomaterials in Aerospace Engineering

Chapter · February 2021

DOI: 10.1201/9781003160946-3

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 Nanomaterials and
Nanocomposites
Characterization, Processing, and
Applications

Edited by
B. Sridhar Babu and Kaushik Kumar
 2 Some Impact of
Nanomaterials in
Aerospace Engineering
V. Dhinakaran, M. Swapna Sai, and
M. Varsha Shree
Chennai Institute of Technology

CONTENTS
2.1 Introduction..................................................................................................... 17
2.2 Nanomaterial Structure................................................................................... 19
2.3 Surface Properties of Nanomaterials and CNTs in Aerospace....................... 19
2.4 Microscopy Methods of Nanomaterials..........................................................20
2.5 Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)......................................................... 21
2.6 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)................................................................... 22
2.6.1 Radar Absorbing Materials................................................................. 22
2.6.2 Nanochassis......................................................................................... 22
2.7 Prominence of Nanomaterials in Aerospace Industry..................................... 22
2.8 CNT Structures for Aerospace Components...................................................25
2.8.1 Future Scope........................................................................................25
2.8.2 Cons of Nanomaterials........................................................................26
2.8.3 Conclusion...........................................................................................26
References................................................................................................................. 27

2.1 INTRODUCTION
Nanomaterials are now a large industry because of their superior synthesis pro-
cesses and increased control, and new properties of materials developed at the
nanoscale indicate that this field is evolving with micronutrients as the mixture of
reinforced nanoparticles in the source material. Nanoparticles are no more than a
dry form of solid metal in small quantities [1]. They are actually very small in size
(1 nm = 10 −9 m) and possess elevated electrical, thermal, corrosion resistance, and
mechanical properties. They have a large surface area, and their surface-to-volume
ratio property enhances the rate of heat transfer as the available surface area increases.
Much research is being done in the field of behavioral analysis of nanoparticles in a
variety of situations or applications [2]. The nanomaterials of various forms such as
nanoparticles, nanofibers, and nanofilms are extensively employed in various manu-
facturing sectors such as energy systems, construction of parts, biomedical devices,

17
18 Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites

chemicals, electronic sensors, agricultural felds, aerospace, automotives, paints,

and cosmetics. The process of re-engineering of materials and its equipment is well
known to be nanotechnology by monitoring substance at the molecular range [3].
Nanotechnology is the strategy, manufacturing technique and involves the applica-
tion of nanoscale materials in modern macro- and microsystems by considering the
basic associations among structural properties and materials. It works on nanometer-
scale materials and innovative science from micrometers to several macrometers [4].
The use of nanomaterials in various aircraft components is represented in Figure 2.1.
The production of nanomaterials and nano-sized structures is an important aspect
of nanotechnology, and its true application is probable only when nanostructured
materials with the desired properties such as size, chemical composition, morphol-
ogy, and physical behavior are available. The manufacture of micronutrients began
a long time ago, but nanotechnology has been a distinct scientifc feld for the past
10 years [6]. With its rapid development, it is diffcult to cover all areas of this inno-
vative science; however, it should be noted that many scientifc felds in nanotech-
nology, such as engineering and science, are generally distinct from each other and
can work together in the development of nanotechnology systems and devices [7].
At the nano-level, gravity is very low, electrostatic forces are inverted, and quantum
effect occurs. In addition, the cells get reduced in size, the proportion of molecules
on the surface increases compared to the interior, and this produces novel properties
[8]. While current researchers in nanoscience and nanotechnology are exploring the
features of this novel technology at the nanoscale, we can change the macro-features
and produce signifcantly new materials and processes [9].

FIGURE 2.1 Nanotechnology in aerospace [5].

Nanomaterials in Aerospace Engineering 19

2.2 NANOMATERIAL STRUCTURE

The structure of carbon nanotubes is clearly defned as one or more coaxial cylindrical
plates of graphite, usually measuring 100 and tens of nanometers in outer diameter,
and ending with two semi-end domes [10]. The fullerene structure C60 can be found
in the manufacture of carbon nanotubes. While the buckthorn is extended to form a
stretched and slight tube about 1 nm (10 −9 m) in diameter, it gives the uncomplicated
shape of carbon nanotubes [11]. The basic element is graphite, which is formed one
after another by the van der Waals forces, and it takes a two-dimensional coordinate
structure throughout the sequence of processing to bend the planes of graphite is con-
ceivable to generate a tube-shaped unifed structure which is not made available in
nature, commonly known as carbon nanotube [12]. In particular, two forms of carbon
nanotubes are single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs), consisting of a single linear tubular
unit, and multiwalled nanotubes (MWNTs) that are silica with respect to 0.34 nm apart
distance which are made of tubes between different planes of graphite [13]. Therefore,
carbon nanotubes can be seen as a graphite sheet wrapped in a tube unlike the dia-
mond structure (sp2 hybridization), and each carbon atom forms a 3D diamond cubic
crystal structure, while graphite (sp3 hybridization) is arranged like 2D sheet carbon
atoms with each carbon atom possessing three closest structures [14]. The classifcation
of nanomaterials based on dimensions is shown in Figure 2.2. A sheet of graphite is
placed in the cylinders to form carbon nanotubes, and its properties rely upon the struc-
tural atomic arrangement, tube diameter, distance of the tubes, and the morphology or
nanostructure [16]. The utilization of dissimilar production methods and precise devel-
opmental constraints, it is probable to acquire potential carbon nanotube morphology
and properties for versatile applications in many scientifc sectors of engineering [17].

2.3 SURFACE PROPERTIES OF NANOMATERIALS

AND CNTs IN AEROSPACE
The size of the particles also has an excessive effect on their structural and mechani-
cal properties, and there is no much difference in properties when a particle is at
an unpacked state [18]. But, when a particle attains a size lesser than 100 nm, the
properties of the nanoparticle change. The properties of a particle are resolved by
the quantum size factors such as mechanical, magnetic, chemical, optical, thermal,
and electrical [19]. These color changes are ascribed to alterations in their group type
from connected to disconnected, owing to the isolated effect [20]. These effects of
quantum in the nanoscaling are the primary reasons for tunability properties, and
by merely tuning the size of the particle, we could do some modifcations in their
physical properties [21]. The functional properties of some nanomaterials are shown
in Figure 2.3. A material’s surface chemistry changes as the sample size is reduced;
a particle’s morphology, size, reactivity, surface area, surface charge, and potential
must be considered during toxicity characterizations [23]. The last two character-
istics, surface charge and potential, are of special importance because they control
the stability of nanoparticles in solution [24,25]. General oxidative stress can also
occur when nanomaterials enter the body. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), discovered
only 20 years ago, are perhaps the most widely known and used nanomaterials due to
20 Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites

FIGURE 2.2 Arrangement of nanomaterials based on number of dimensions [15].

their carbon (C–C) bond interactions producing hexagonal lattice structures in which
each atom bonds with three others, leaving an extra electron per atom to reinforce the
bonds [26]. The CNTs gain much attraction in the aerospace industry as the carbon
nanotubes along with the composite materials can be fastened to obtain the material
considerably tougher, impervious to damage, and great strength on comparing to
other advanced composites.

2.4 MICROSCOPY METHODS OF NANOMATERIALS

Nanomaterials play a major role, which are now a big industry. Improved synthesis
processes and increased control and new properties of materials developed at
the nanoscale indicate that this feld is thriving. Although the prefx “nano” is
included in nanometer materials, it is easy to see how micro-nanoscale materials
occur. Most of these nano-sized particles can only be seen with an electron micro-
scope such as transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron
microscope (SEM), scanning tunneling microscope (STM), and atomic energy
microscope (AFM) [27].
Nanomaterials in Aerospace Engineering 21

FIGURE 2.3 Properties of nanomaterials [22].

2.5 SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPE (STM)

Scanning tunneling microscope (concept of quantum tunneling) operates by examin-
ing at the tip of an identical strident metal wire on the surface of a microscope. By
allowing the tip at a very close distance to the surface of the microscope and concern-
ing an electrical voltage to the tip or pattern, we can paint the shallow at a very low
level to fx the individual molecules [28]. When a conductor tip is brought close to the
surface for testing, a bias (voltage difference) applied between the two allows electrons
to enter the tunnel through the vacuum between them. The resulting tunneling power
is the purpose of fow tip location, pragmatic voltage, and local density of the states
(LDOS). The information is obtained by scrutinizing the current as the tip position on
the surface is scanned and usually displayed as an image. STM is an inspiring technol-
ogy because it necessitates very spotless and frm surfaces, sharp tips, and frst-rate
and refned electronics, excellent vibration isolation and many enthusiasts tend to build
their own microscopes [29].
22 Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites

2.6 ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY (AFM)

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a surface scanning technique with sub-
nanometer-scale resolution. The AFM technology designates a set of methods used
for nondestructive surface studies at the nanoscale whose resolution is 103 times
better than the resolution limit of optical microscopy. AFM is widely used at the
nanoscale to collect data for topographic (surface) study along with various mechani-
cal, functional, and electrical properties. It is commonly used to visualize the surface
topography by recording the position of the sample relative to the tip and then the
probe height, which allows for variation in mechanical, functional, and electrical
properties along with continuous probe–pattern interaction [30].

2.6.1 RADAR ABSORBING MATERIALS

The curiosity in radar absorbing materials (RAM) has extended to the business sector
as they can be used to minimize electromagnetic interference due to the recent devel-
opments in electromagnetic devices entering the RF frequency range. Short carbon
fber-reinforced composites (CFRC) are ideally suited for the development of thin
multipurpose RAM. Owing to their high execution of electrical and thermal qualities
at comparatively low concentrations, composites dependent on polymers and carbon
nanofllers have received signifcant interest in both academic and industrial societ-
ies. Extraordinary interest has been given to carbon nanostructure-flled polymer
nanocomposites as electromagnetic absorbers in both military and civil applications
in terms of their ability to modify electromagnetic and molecular properties at com-
paratively low quantities of nanofllers, and their lightweight, outstanding thermal
tolerance, and high mechanical characteristics [31].

2.6.2 NANOCHASSIS
One of the most ambitious priorities of the car industry is to incorporate light alloy
bodywork. The latest cars will have been made heavier by introducing new mechanical
parts and protective technology and by increasing comfort. To mitigate the fact, it has
been possible to combine nanoparticles with less and light material to achieve the same
mechanical resistance and lighter weight. This can vastly increase the characteristics such
as strength, elasticity, and/or dimension fexibility, as well as unique characteristics such
as indoor fre resistance and outdoor weather resistance. Another alternative offered is the
plastic bodywork; along with the metal sections, they undergo electrostatic painting [32].

2.7 PROMINENCE OF NANOMATERIALS

IN AEROSPACE INDUSTRY
Though nanomaterials are not extensively employed in aerospace manufacturing to
date, their applications are predictable to be utilized in operationally complex com-
pound panels within a few years. Carbon-based nanomaterials, including graphene,
buckyballs, single- and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs and MWCNTs),
carbon nanoparticles, and carbon nanofbers, are the most explored composite addi-
tives [33]. These nanomaterials can be combined with polymer matrix that is used in
most composites and pragmatic along with the fuid during resin transfer molding.
Nanomaterials in Aerospace Engineering 23

After the curing process, they are embedded in the now solid polymer along with
the standard macroscopic reinforcement materials, such as carbon fber, fberglass,
Kevlar fber, and honeycomb mesh [34]. The resulting composites are weightless and
durable, with great mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties. It is expected that
applications will include composite health monitoring and self-healing, greater air-
craft brake disks that could disintegrate heat more profciently, and strong interactive
windscreens with dicing properties [35]. Figure 2.4 represents the application of nano-
materials in aerospace with environmental health and safety alarms. Nanomaterials
can also be used for exploiting new technologies in the aircraft industry, such as
increased safety and security, weight capacity, fuel catalysts, damping, bonding and
curing of adhesives, lubrication, air fltering, jet engine block, communication and
mobility, and reduced emissions and noise [36]. If the particles are electrically con-
ductive, they can also improve the conductivity of the composite panel, allowing
current to pass through the panel and into the surrounding structure, making it less
vulnerable to damage from electrical discharge. Nanomaterials can also aid in elec-
tromagnetic shielding of sensitive components [37]. Aircraft engines are another sub-
ject for nanotechnology research. Some composites such as clay and ZrO associated
with Y2O3 have exceptional heat resistance and can be used in the nacelles or exhaust
ports of aircraft engines. Engine components can be coated in nanoflms that reduce
friction and promote self-cleaning [38]. Nanosensors and strain gauges deployed in
the interior of the engine and outer surface of the aircraft can give detailed readings
in the regions of varying heat and pressure, providing a valuable feedback to mon-
itoring systems. Composite manufacturing, even in the absence of nanomaterials,
involves a hazardous work environment. Polymer composite matrix chemicals give
off noxious fumes while they cure, and cleaning fnished composites may involve
acetone, methyl chloride, aliphatic amines, and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) [39].
Exposure to these chemicals can lead to nausea, dizziness, vomiting, upper respira-
tory tract irritation, breathing diffculty, eye burns, and kidney and liver damage.
Machining fber-reinforced composites releases micro- and nanofbers, which can
be linked to lung cancer, asthma, mesothelioma, and pulmonary fbrosis. Those par-
ticles that are less than 6 µm in diameter are considered respirable, meaning that they
can be taken into the lungs and other sensitive organs [40]. Those particles that are
not inhaled can still be absorbed through the skin or eyes if they make contact, and
careless transfer of materials containing these particles can lead to ingestion. In addi-
tion to its health consequences, microfber dust is a fre hazard because particulate
materials dispersed in air can explode. Among the nanotech applications, compos-
ite materials with carbon nanotube and graphene attachments have been regarded
as promising prospects. In this review, an unbiased look at the progress of carbon
nanocomposites has been designed to produce high-strength, low-density, high-
conductivity nanoparticles. It provides an overview on the alternative approaches
that can lead to potentially useful nanotube and graphene composites, highlighting
the economic challenges that occur in the industry also, and this research work opens
up the signifcant advances made in carbon nanocomposite over the past years and
the discovery of new carbon nanocomposite processing technologies to improvise
the functional impact of nanotube and graphene composites by providing a proper
method of synthesis and improving the production of diverse composite based on
carbon nanomaterials.
24 Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites

FIGURE 2.4 Nanomaterials in aerospace application and environmental health and

safety alarms.
Nanomaterials in Aerospace Engineering 25

2.8 CNT STRUCTURES FOR AEROSPACE COMPONENTS

The special rigidity and tensile strength of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) make them suit-
able for use with polymer composites as reinforcement components. With the inclu-
sion of carbon nanotubes, the strength and steadiness of a polymer substance can be
signifcantly improved with limited weight increases. It may also improve a material’s
ability to withstand fame and vibration. However, in the last several years the price of
nanotubes has plummeted drastically due to many attempts to realize mass processing
of CNTs. This trend is anticipated to continue with refned nanotube synthesis tech-
niques and additional production facilities. In a recent analysis article, four essential cri-
teria were established for the successful fber strengthening of composites: large aspect
ratio, interfacial stress transfer, strong dispersion, and alignment. The carbon nanotubes
usually have a very high aspect ratio. Many CNTs are on the order of a micrometer,
while certain centimeters-long individual CNTs are synthesized. Because of their pecu-
liar electric and structural features, carbon nanotubes are also not related to each other
frmly. Consequently, a degree of interfacial stress propagation is limited to possible
increases and enhancements of the mechanical characteristics of nanotube composites.
A lot of research has been carried out to correct this issue by chemical functionality
and carbon nanotube surface modifcation. For effcient and successful load transfers
to nanotube, it is necessary to diffuse CNTs within the matrix. The infuence of stress
accumulation is decreased, and uniform stress distributions are decreased. The two key
problems of dispersion are to isolate CNTs from each other and combine them with the
polymer matrix equally. One of the most common means is to reinforce CNTs within a
solvent. Shear mixing and magnetic stirring are also commonly used to mix nanotubes
within a polymer. The matrix alignment of the CNTs can be the least important of all
four nanotube composite criteria, since the criteria on alignment are mostly decided by
the expected use. The most effective improvement in the fber path will be the strongly
directed fbers, but the cross-dimensions will not change to a minimum.

2.8.1 FUTURE SCOPE

In the automotive industry, nanotechnology plans a surge. This technology can have
an important infuence on the growing desire to optimize cars. Numerous future
trends for smart cars will be identifed in the range of nanotechnology. This is a
progressive improvement in the features of new automobiles. There are electroni-
cally regulated sections, e.g., fuel injection, emission of exhausts, antilock brakes,
automatic air-conditioning, headlight control, mechanical seat change, lateral con-
trol, and electronic hanging. Furthermore, it should be remembered that it is there-
fore better, as it includes a degree of artifcial intelligence to compensate for driving
mistakes. The car of the future will be connected to the other nearby vehicles and
enhance the vision range. In the upcoming vehicle innovation, one of the fundamen-
tal capacities to remain universal competitive is nanotechnological skills. The devel-
opment of nanotechnology would be all automotive subsystems. It requires the use
of specialized nanoparticles in tires, refective screen and mirror coatings, nanopar-
ticle-enforced polymer and metals and adhesive primers, advanced technology in
the fuel cell and storage of hydrogen, catalytic nanoparticles as a fuel additive, etc.
26 Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites

High-tech vehicles include headlights that automatically follow the street, and radar
and heat sensors that recognize and assist people, animals, and objects on roads. This
is a work of engineering, and manufactures are able to strip the assembly line from
their state-of-the-art vehicles, to satisfy the increasing demand.

2.8.2 CONS OF NANOMATERIALS

In addressing the pros and cons of nanotechnology, we also need to point out what
the negative aspect of this technology can be seen as: The possible loss of jobs in
traditional farming and manufacturing is included in the list of disadvantages of this
technology and its development. Atomic weapons can still be more reachable and
more harmful and infuential. Nanotechnology can also make them more usable.
Nanoscience also raised the health risk, as nanoparticles can cause inhalation com-
plications due to their small size and a number of other deadly diseases can also
quickly harm us by inhaling in the air for just 60 s. Nanotechnology is actually very
costly and will cost you a lot of money to create. It is also very diffcult to make,
which is why nanotechnology goods are possibly costlier. The levels of life have
been higher by nanotechnologies, but at the same time, pollution, like water contami-
nation, has risen. Nanotechnology contamination is referred to as nano-pollution.
For living creatures, this form of contamination is highly harmful. There is also
little literature on the drawbacks of nanoparticles. There are only a handful of lit-
erature studies more focused on the distribution of medications. The formation of
nanoparticles for drugs having a wide use as a detergent of polyvinyl alcohol that
pose a toxicity problem. Nanoparticles have limited targeting capabilities, which is
why it is not possible to discontinue the procedure And the cytotoxicity and alveolar
infammation indicate drug delivery with nanoparticles. The autonomic dysfunction
condition by nanoparticles has a clear effect on the heart and vascular activity, par-
ticulate growth nanoparticles, unpredictable propensity to bubble, erratic polymeric
transport mechanics, and often eruption of release. Researchers keep following the
activities of nanoparticles without really understanding how their inventions could
infuence them. When technologies exceed human knowledge and understanding,
underlying risks always exist. The ability to manipulate materials on a molecular
basis is a great talent that may lead to abuse if left in the wrong hands. The possibility
of a terrorist using this technology to produce lightweight, undetectable biological or
nuclear weapons is especially alarming. The major concern is that these substances
are engineered for one or more people to be potentially dangerous.

2.8.3 CONCLUSION
The nanocomposite or nanotechnology has a great potential in aerospace engineer-
ing which provides the outcome of material at high strength, weightless products,
and resistance to corrosion with enhanced toughness and durability properties.

• The nanomaterials can be operated at a minimum maintenance and can be

recycled again by making use of resources more effciently, in turn increas-
ing the productivity.
Nanomaterials in Aerospace Engineering 27

• In aerospace engineering, the nanoparticles, nanofbers, and nanoflms have

enhanced electrical and thermal properties, cleaning, safer coating, resis-
tant to corrosion, potential to toxicity facilities in various felds of aircraft
components.
• The surface coating of aircraft parts protects from severe hazards more eff-
ciently, and if not handled with proper care, it may be dangerous. The use
of a nanomaterial structure in the manufacturing of airplanes makes it easy
and convenient to repair.
• The operational cost is comparatively low and they can possess specifc
benefts and performance characteristics in comparison with the conven-
tional metals and composites commonly used in the fabrication of various
aerospace components.

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