PICTURE READ!

Instruction: Analyze the pictures

and describe what the
researcher is doing.
 THE RESEARCH
VARIABLES AND
THE TYPES OF
RESEARCH
 ESSENTIAL LEARNING PURPOSES:

A.Differentiate Quantitative and Qualitative

approaches;
B. Analyze a situation/scenario to identify its
underlying research variables; and,
C.Identify different research methods and
designs appropriate for their own study.
 ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS:
1. What is the difference between Qualitative
and Quantitative Research?
2. What are the types of Variables?
3. What is a research design?
4. When do you use Quantitative Research
design?
5. When do you Qualitative Research Design?
5
 QUANTITATIVE
VS. QUALITATIVE
APPROACHES
Generally, there are two main ways or
approaches of doing research; the
Quantitative Approach and the
Qualitative Approach. Here are major
differences between the two.
What is a Quantitative
Research?
 Quantitative Research
 is all about numbers and figures.
 It is used to quantify opinions, attitudes,
behaviors, and other defined variables with
the goal to support or refute hypotheses
about a specific phenomenon, and potentially
contextualize the results from the study
sample in a wider population (or specific
groups).
What is a Qualitative
Research?
 Qualitative Research
is considered to be particularly suitable for
exploratory research.
It is primarily used to discover and gain an
in-depth understanding of individual
experiences, thoughts, opinions, and
trends, and to dig deeper into the problem
at hand.
14
The Variables ll
Phenomenon
Take note!

Before you can choose between tens and

hundreds of research design. You must
first be familiar with the concept of
Variables and the Central Phenomenon.
What is a variable?
 Variable
 is a characteristic or attribute of an
individual or an organization that
researchers can measure or observe; and
varies among individuals or organizations
studied.
 They are the things you must identify if you
want to conduct a quantitative study.
 Variable
 They are the key ideas that researchers
seek to collect information on to address
the purpose of their study.

 the distinctions of CHARACTERISTICS, and

ATTRIBUTES.
 Then, what is
Characteristics
and Attributes?
 CHARACTERISTICS

a feature or quality belonging typically to a

person, place, or thing and serving to
identify it. Sample would be gender, grade
level, age, or income level.
 ATTRIBUTES
represents how an individual or individuals
in an organization feel, behave, or think.
Sample would be Individuals have self-
esteem, engage in smoking, or display the
leadership behavior of being well
organized.
What are kinds of
Research
Variables?
 Kinds of Research
Variables?
• Independent Variable
• Dependent Variable
• Intervening Variable
• Control Variable
• Confounding/spurious Variable
Does the amount of sunlight affect
the speed of goldfish growth?

To test this, you need to buy

various small fish and place them
in rooms that receive varying
amounts of sunlight. The length of
the fish in different rooms will be
measured weekly for six months.
 Independent Variable

It is an attribute or characteristic that

influences or affects an outcome or
dependent variable.
In our scenario, the SUNLIGHT because it
has the capacity to impact the growth of the
fish.
 Independent Variable
Try this!
Effectiveness of Online Teaching in Public and
Private Schools in General Santos City

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE: Online Teaching

 Dependent Variable

is an attribute or characteristic that is

dependent on or influenced by the
independent variable.
In our sample, it is the FISH that relies on
the sun; the variable that is being affect by
the rays of the sun.
 Dependent Variable
Try this!
Effectiveness of Online Teaching in Public and
Private Schools in General Santos City

DEPENDENT VARIABLE: Effectiveness

 Intervening Variable

 Hinders the independent and dependent

variables but the effects can either
strengthen or weaken the independent or
dependent variable.
 Intervening Variable
Try this!
Effectiveness of Online Teaching in Public and
Private Schools in General Santos City
INTERVENING VARIABLE: QUALITIES OF
TEACHERS AND INSTRUCTIONAL
FACILITIES
 Control Variable:

 is another type of independent variable that

researchers measure for the purposes of
eliminating it as a possibility, but it is not a central
variable of concern in explaining the dependent
variables or outcomes.
 Control Variable:

In our sample, types of water (clean or not), type

of food given to the fish, size of the bowl, etc.
because they have the capacity to affect the
growth of the fish but is not the main concern of
the researcher.
 Confounding/Spurious Variable

are attributes or characteristics that the

researcher cannot directly measure because
their effects cannot be easily separated from
those of other variables, even though they may
influence the relation between the independent
and the dependent variable.
 Confounding/Spurious Variable

They can ruin an experiment and give you

useless results.
In our sample, weather could be the
confounding variable.
 Let’s TRY it!

Instructions: In the following

statement/scenario, identify the
independent and dependent
variable.
Scenario 1:

Upon seeing the food, the dog started to

salivate.

IV: The food DV: The salivation reaction

of the dog
Scenario 2:

Lina always fails to submit her school

projects on time, since she lacks motivation.

DV: Timely submission

IV: Motivation
of school projects
WHAT IS A CENTRAL
PHENOMENON?
 Central Phenomenon
or simply Phenomenon – is a fact or
situation that is observed to exist or
happen.
Unlike variables which are often very
specific (i.e. address, test score, name),
Central Phenomenon are broad and general
concepts that researchers want to explore
or understand in a Qualitative Study.
What are Research
designs?
 RESEARCH DESIGNS

are more specific types of research that

provides clear guidance on how to conduct a
study.
Some research design even has their
subtypes of research designs. But we will just
focus on the main types of quantitative and
qualitative research designs.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS
• Experimental
• Descriptive
• Correlational
• Comparative
 EXPERIMENTAL

is a method to isolate and identify the

cause of something.
Using this method, you test an idea
(practice or procedure) to determine
whether it influences an outcome or
dependent variable.
 EXPERIMENTAL
You use an experiment when you want to
establish possible cause and effect between
your independent and dependent variables.
In Darlene’s experiment, she tested whether
the inclusion of mobile legend to the School
Intramural activities changes the participation
behavior of the students.
 Survey
is a procedure in quantitative research in
which investigators administer a survey to a
sample or to the entire population of people
to describe the attitudes, opinions,
behaviors, or characteristics of the
population.
 Survey
 In this procedure, survey researchers collect
quantitative, numbered data using
questionnaires (e.g., mailed questionnaires) or
interviews (e.g., one-on-one interviews) and
statistically analyze the data to describe
trends about responses to questions and to
test research questions or hypotheses.
 Survey
They also interpret the meaning of the data by
relating results of the statistical test back to
past research studies.
Surveys help identify important beliefs and
attitudes of individuals, such as HTC Senior
High School students’ beliefs about the
positive aftermath of including mobile legend
as one of intramural activities.
 DESCRIPTIVE

 is a type of research that

describes a population, situation,
or phenomenon that is being
studied.
 DESCRIPTIVE

 It focuses on answering the how, what,

when, and where questions, rather than the
why. It is very useful when conducting
research whose aim is to identify
characteristics, frequencies, trends,
correlations, and categories.
 DESCRIPTIVE
For example, an investor considering an
investment in the ever-changing Philippines
housing market needs to understand what
the current state of the market is, how it
changes (increasing or decreasing), and
when it changes (time of the year) before
asking for the why.
 Correlational

is a type of research method that

involves observing two variables in
order to establish a statistically
corresponding relationship between
them.
 Correlational

Its objective is to relate variables

rather than manipulate the
independent variables (which is
observed in an experimental research).
Correlational
Sample Correlational research Question:
Is the inclusion of Mobile Legend related to the
active interest of students to participate in
School’s Intramural events? In other words,
does the inclusion of Mobile Legend as one of
the events during school intramural predict
the level of interest of the students to
participate in the said awaited event?
Comparative
 research is conducted mainly to explain and
gain a better understanding of the causal
processes involved in the creation of an
event, feature or relationship usually by
bringing together variations in the
explanatory variable or variables. emphasized
on the “explanation of differences, and the
explanation of similarities”.
Comparative
 Sample comparative research is when
comparing Intramural event with and
without Mobile Legend,
 The difference between COVID-19 to
SARS-CoV-2,
 The customs and social practices of
rural people with urban people, etc.
 WHAT ARE
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
DESIGNS?
 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS
• Phenomenology
• Narrative
• Grounded Theory
• Ethnography
• Case Study
 Phenomenology
 helps us to understand the meaning
of people's lived experiences.

 It explores what people experienced

and focuses on their experience of a
phenomena.
 Phenomenology
 One good thing about this design is that it
can be used across discipline but looking for
a suitable participant can be difficult.
 An in-depth conversation with a small
number of participants who have
experienced the phenomenon can be the
main data source of this research design
 Phenomenology
Asks: What is the essence of a phenomenon as
it is experienced by the people, and what does
it mean to them?
Sample: if you want to explore the COVID-19
survivor experiences under the isolation
facility, or the lived experiences of the family of
the victims of extra judicial killings.
 Narrative
is all about collecting and telling a story or
stories in detail.

Researchers write narratives about

experiences of individuals, describe a life
experience, and discuss the meaning of the
experience with the individual.
 Narrative
Usually, a narrative research design is
focused on studying an individual person.
The researcher becomes the interpreter of the
individual's stories, as opposed to a
community. The researcher seeks out
information through interviews, family stories,
journals, field notes, letters, autobiography,
conversations, photos and other artifacts.
 Grounded Theory

is a systematic, qualitative procedure used to

generate a theory that explains, at a broad
conceptual level, a process, an action, or an
interaction about a substantive topic.
 It is basically used to study people’s
experience with a process and creates a
theory of how that process works.
 Grounded Theory

Sample research question is

• “What is the process involved in
apprehending students for
weapon possession in their high
schools?”
 Grounded Theory

• To study this question, she plans to

explore a process, the process of
apprehending students for carrying
weapons. Study of this process will help
her understand one aspect of carrying
weapons in the school.
 Grounded Theory

 Identify 10 people to interview: 5

students who were actually caught
and 5 teachers or administrators who
were involved in the apprehensions.
 Grounded Theory

• After interviewing these individuals, it

is time to analyze the data for themes
(or categories). She arranges these
categories into a visual model of the
process. She develops a theory of the
process of “being apprehended” for
weapon possession.
 Ethnography

are qualitative research procedures for describing,

analyzing, and interpreting a culture-sharing
group’s shared patterns of behavior, beliefs, and
language that develop over time.
The researcher will observe the group, then
describe and interpret the shared and learned
patterns.
 Ethnography

Ethnography really requires the researcher to

become immersed in the lives of the individuals
being studied, this is called participant
observation.
 Ethnography

Asks this question: “What are the shared beliefs,

values, and attitudes of the HTC’s SHS students on
the inclusion of Mobile Legend as one of the
intramural events?” By answering this question, the
researcher will gain a deep understanding about
how students’ interest towards the mobile game
sparks a high level of participation.
 Case Study
 is about studying a phenomenon within its
context. It is an appropriate research design
when you want to gain concrete, contextual,
in-depth knowledge about a specific real-
world subject.
It allows you to explore the key characteristics,
meanings, and implications of the case.
 Case Study

Sample: You want to have a case study on

how can Mobile legend arouse the passive
participation of the students during intramurals
or What features of mobile legend led students
to voluntarily participate in school intramural.
 Questions
or
Clarifications!
 ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS:
1. What is the difference between Qualitative
and Quantitative Research?
2. What are the types of Variables?
3. What is a research design?
4. When do you use Quantitative Research
design?
5. When do you Qualitative Research Design?
THE END!