BIOCHEMISTRY

Why Biochemistry? – the process that allow them to grow, multiply, age, and die, are all
biochemistry in nature.
What is biochemistry and where does it take place?
 Biochemistry is the chemistry of living organism.
 Biochemist study the chemical reactions that occur at the molecular level of
organisms
 Biochemistry really combines aspects of all the fields of chemistry
And Biochemistry is also similar to molecular biology; both fields study living systems
at the molecular level, but biochemist concentrate on the chemical reactions
that occur.
 Salts- always attracts water ( to much water in body can cause a retraction of
kidney, mahihirapan mag urinate)
Biochemical Substance – is a chemical substance found within a living organisms.
Divided into 2 groups:
1.) Bioinorganic substance- includes water and inorganic salts.
2.) Bioorganic substance- include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid.

The beginnings of biology: Origin of life

 The most widely accepted cosmological theory of the origin of the universe is the BIG
BANG, a cataclysmic explosion.
 According to BIG-BANG cosmology, all the matter in the universe was originally
confined to a comparatively small amount of space

The rest of the chemical elements are thought to have been formed in three
ways:
1.) By thermonuclear reactions that normally take in stars,
2.) Explosion of stars ( SUPERNOVA)
3.) By the action of the cosmic rays outside the stars since the formation of the galaxy

Levels of structural organization

Types of living cells

  Cells are in two types PROKARYOTES and EUKARYOTES (viruses also bear
some similarities to cells but these are limited. In fact many scientist don’t consider
viruses “living”)
 Prokaryotic cells are the simplest type of cells. Many one celled organisms are
prokaryotes.
 The simplest way to distinguish between these two types of cells is that a prokaryotic
cells contains no well-defined nucleus, whereas the opposite is true for a eukaryotic
cell.

PROKARYOTES- are mostly bacteria. Besides the lack of nucleus, a prokaryotic cell has
few well-defined structures. The prokaryotic call has three components: a cell wall, an outer
membrane, and a plasma membrane this wall allows a controlled passage of material and out
of the cell

Mitosis- separation should be identical

EUKARYOTES- are animals, plants, fungi and..

 In addition to having a nucleus eukaryotic cells have a number of membrane-
enclosed known as organelles

EUKARYOTES PROKARYOTES
DNA
CHROMOSOMES
NUCLEUS
ORGANELLES
The primary components of animal cells include
Plasma membrane- seperates the material inside the cell from everything
outside the cell. Plasma or cytoplasm is the fluid inside the cell.
>The cost of ticket is energy, Passive transport doesn’t required ticket.
 >Passive transport methods include diffusion, osmosis, and filtration.
CENTRIOLES – behaves as the cells “ train conductor” they organize structural
components of the cell life microtubules which can help more than cells parts during
division.

CELL OF HUMAN BEING

PARTS OF THE CELL

Endoplasmic reticulum- main part of the cell factory. This structure has two basic
regions known as the RER which contains ribosomes and SER which does not.
- Responsible for the protein synthesis
Golgi apparatus- serves as cells portal systems. It looks about like a maze, and within it
materials produced by the cells are packaged in vesicles- small membranes- enclosed sacs. -
Response stopped
-The Golgi apparatus is an organelle in eukaryotic cells that is
responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids.
Lysosomes – cells landfills. They contain digestive enzymes that breakdown substance that
may harm the cell.
-The main function of lysosomes is to help with cell metabolism by ingesting and
dissolving unwanted parts of the cell, cell debris or foreign substances that have entered the cell.
Mitochondria - The main function of mitochondria, which are organelles also known as the
powerhouse of the cell, is to produce energy. While they’re present in the thousands in each cell of the
body, the exact number varies in different cell types. They are responsible for generating 90 percent of
the energy that we need for all other functions of the body. They use the oxygen that we inhale and
convert the nutrients of food into energy.
Nucleus- By housing the cell's genome, the nucleus serves both as the repository of genetic
information and as the cell's control center. DNA replication, transcription, and RNA
processing all take place within the nucleus, with only the final stage of gene expression
(translation) localized to the cytoplasm.
Nucleolus- The nucleolus is a spherical structure found in the cell's nucleus whose primary
function is to produce and assemble the cell's ribosomes. The nucleolus is also where
ribosomal RNA genes are transcribed.
Ribosomes- A ribosome is an intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein, and it
is the site of protein synthesis in the cell. The ribosome reads the messenger RNA (mRNA)
sequence and translates that genetic code into a specified string of amino acids, which grow
into long chains that fold to form proteins.
Small Vacuoles- A vacuole is a membrane-bound cell organelle. In animal cells, vacuoles
are generally small and help sequester waste products.
.known as simple vacuoles, including storage, transport of materials the
stored materials may be for later or may be waste material that the cell no longer needs

PLANT CELL- Plant cells are eukaryotic cells that vary in several fundamental factors from
other eukaryotic organisms. Both plant and animal cells contain a nucleus along with similar
organelles. One of the distinctive aspects of a plant cell is the presence of a cell wall outside
the cell membrane.

Photosynthesis- photosynthesis, the process by which green plants and certain other
organisms transform light energy into chemical energy. During photosynthesis in green
plants, light energy is captured and used to convert water, carbon dioxide, and minerals into
oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds.
Photosynthesis- occurs in the chloroplasts of the plant cell. It is the process of preparing
food by the plants, by utilising sunlight, carbon dioxide and water. Energy is produced in the
form of ATP in the process.
Cell Wall- a rigid layer which is composed of polysaccharides cellulose, pectin and
hemicellulose. located outside the cell membrane. comprises glycoproteins and polymers
such as lignin, cutin, or suberin. primary function of the cell wall is to protect and provide
structural support to the cell. The plant cell wall is also involved in protecting the cell against
mechanical stress and providing form and structure to the cell. It also filters the molecules
passing in and out of it. The formation of the cell wall is guided by microtubules. It consists
of three layers, namely, primary, secondary and the middle lamella. The primary cell wall is
formed by cellulose laid down by enzymes.
Cell membrane- semi-permeable membrane that is present within the cell wall. Composed
of a thin layer of protein and fat. plays an important role in regulating the entry and exit of
specific substances within the cell. cell membrane keeps toxins from entering inside, while
nutrients and essential minerals are transported across.
Nucleus- is a membrane-bound structure that is present only in eukaryotic cells. vital
function of a nucleus is to store DNA or hereditary information required for cell division,
metabolism and growth.
 Nucleolus: It manufactures cells’ protein-producing structures and ribosomes.
 Nucleopore: Nuclear membrane is perforated with holes called nucleopore that allow
proteins and nucleic acids to pass through.
Plastids- membrane-bound organelles that have their own DNA. necessary to store starch
and to carry out the process of photosynthesis. also used in the synthesis of many molecules,
which form the building blocks of the cell.
vital types of plastids:
 Leucoplasts - found in the non-photosynthetic tissue of plants. They are used for the storage
of protein, lipid and starch.
- lipid- FATS
 Chloroplasts - an elongated organelle enclosed by phospholipid membrane. The chloroplast
is shaped like a disc and the stroma is the fluid within the chloroplast that comprises a circular
DNA. Each chloroplast contains a green coloured pigment called chlorophyll required for
the process of photosynthesis. The chlorophyll absorbs light energy from the sun and
uses it to transform carbon dioxide and water into glucose.
  Chromoplasts - are heterogeneous, coloured plastid which is responsible for pigment
synthesis and for storage in photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. Chromoplasts have red,
orange and yellow coloured pigments which provide colour to all ripe fruits and flowers.
Central Vacuole- occupies around 30% of the cell’s volume in a mature plant cell.
Tonoplast is a membrane that surrounds the central vacuole. vital function of the central
vacuole apart from storage is to sustain turgor pressure against the cell wall. The central
vacuole consists of cell sap. It is a mixture of salts, enzymes and other substances.
Golgi Apparatus- found in all eukaryotic cells, which are involved in distributing
synthesised macromolecules to various parts of the cell.
Ribosomes- are the smallest membrane-bound organelles which comprise RNA and
protein. They are the sites for protein synthesis, hence, also referred to as the protein
factories of the cell.
Mitochondria- are the double-membraned organelles found in the cytoplasm of all
eukaryotic cells. They provide energy by breaking down carbohydrate and sugar molecules,
hence they are also referred to as the “Powerhouse of the cell.”
Lysosome- are called suicidal bags as they hold digestive enzymes in an enclosed
membrane. They perform the function of cellular waste disposal by digesting worn-out
organelles, food particles and foreign bodies in the cell. In plants, the role of lysosomes is
undertaken by the vacuoles. Contains digestive enzymes to destroy waste materials
Endoplasmic Reticulum- Transport proteins in order the cells to use this proteins.
Golgi Complex- post-translational modification and glycosidation of lipids.