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Research in Multidisciplinary Subjects (Volume-12) ISBN: 978-81-966799-8-9

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Research in Multidisciplinary Subjects (Volume-12) ISBN: 978-81-966799-8-9

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Research in Multidisciplinary Subjects (Volume-12) ISBN: 978-81-966799-8-9

Research in
Multidisciplinary
Subjects
(Volume-12)

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Research in Multidisciplinary Subjects (Volume-12) ISBN: 978-81-966799-8-9

Title: Research in Multidisciplinary Subjects (Volume-12)

Editor’s: Chief Editor- Biplab Auddya, Editor- Mr.Yadav Kamaji Gaikwad,

Dr. Monika Sharma, Gurpreet Kaur, Dr. A. Anitha, Dr. Chandrakant
Dorlikar, M. Bhuvaneswari

Published By: The Hill Publication

Publisher’s Address: Purulia, West Bengal, 723121
Publishing Month & Year: November, 2023
Edition Details: I
ISBN: 978-81-966799-8-9
Price: Rs.400

© Copyright, 2023, Biplab Auddya

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form by any means, photocopying,
electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, manual, recording or
otherwise, without the prior written consent of this book Chief Editor.

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Research in Multidisciplinary Subjects (Volume-12) ISBN: 978-81-966799-8-9

Research in Multidisciplinary Subjects

(Volume-12)
Chief Editor
Biplab Auddya
Student
Netaji Subhas Open University, West Bengal
Editors
Mr.Yadav Kamaji Gaikwad
Teacher
Z.P.C.P.S.Pangra Shinde, Tq. Basmath, Dist. Hingoli, Maharashtra

Dr. Monika Sharma

Associated Professor
The Technological Institute of Textile and sciences, Bhiwani

Gurpreet Kaur
Assistant Professor (Dean Administration)
Guru Teg Bahadur Institute of Management and Technology, Dakha,
Ludhiana

Dr. A. Anitha
Guest Lecture
Government Arts and Science College, Gingee, Tamil Nadu

Dr. Chandrakant Dorlikar

Head Post Graduate Department of Geology
M.G.College Armori, District- Gadchiroli, Maharashtra, India, 441208

M. Bhuvaneswari
Assistant Professor and Head
Department of Corporate Secretaryship
Soka Ikeda College of Arts and Science for Women, Chennai

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Research in Multidisciplinary Subjects (Volume-12) ISBN: 978-81-966799-8-9

About Book
Multidisciplinary Research/Approach/Subject/Education is a unique part of education. By this
education students learn and collect knowledge/ideas from different disciplines.

The present edited book volume is based on the Multidisciplinary Research and introduces on different
important topics by research paper/article contributors like: A Study on Scheme of Panchayat Raj
institutions and Pregnancy in rural area with special reference to Chamarajanagara district, Life Skill
Education and Community Participation: Empowering Individuals and Strengthening Societies,
AMBEDKAR'S CRITIQUE OF CASTE-BASED POLITICS AND ITS RELEVANCE IN MODERN
INDIA, CUSTOMER OPINION TOWARDS IMPACT OF GST IN FAST MOVING CONSUMER
GOODS IN SIVAKASI, A STUDY ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF BICYCLES
MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Bio-LOGICAL- The Egalitarian Perspective, The Art of Employee
Satisfaction: Decoding the Secrets to Organisational Success, Design and analysis of retaining wall,
Unveiling the Power of the Marketing Mix: Exploring the Impact on Individuals in India's Banking
Sector - An Empirical Investigation, ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGY
AND ITS IMPACT ON TRANSFORMATION OF HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, The
Transformative Role of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: Revolutionizing Patient Care and
Treatment, The Impact of Social Media on Mental Health: Understanding the Effects and Finding
Balance, The Benefits and Challenges of Remote Work for Employers and Employees, The Power of
Exercise: Exploring the Relationship between Physical Activity and Mental Health, The Impact of
Covid-19 on the Educational Sector: Challenges, Adaptations, and Opportunities, Revolutionizing
Education: An Introduction to Artificial Intelligence in Education, Shilpa-Shastra is a Real Treasure of
Indian Mythological Literature, Transformative Role of Artificial Intelligence in Scientific Research: A
Comprehensive Review, Eccentricity of ABC index for some graphs, ISSUES RELATED TO CRIME
AGAINST WOMEN IN MODERN INDIA, METHODOLOGY OF DRAINAGE MORPHOMETRY
IN RIVER BASIN WATERSHED.

Thanks to The Hill Publication, all Editors and all Research Paper Contributors of this Book {Research
in Multidisciplinary Subjects (Volume-12)}.

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Contents
Sl. Page
Research Paper/Article
No. No.
A Study on Scheme of Panchayat Raj institutions and Pregnancy in
1. rural area with special reference to Chamarajanagara district. 1-5
(Bhavya .P1, Dr. M.P. Somashekar2)
Life Skill Education and Community Participation: Empowering
2. Individuals and Strengthening Societies 6-8
(Dr Shiva Shukla1, Mr Rashpal Singh2)
AMBEDKAR'S CRITIQUE OF CASTE-BASED POLITICS AND
3. ITS RELEVANCE IN MODERN INDIA 9-13
(Mr.YADAV KAMAJI GAIKWAD)
CUSTOMER OPINION TOWARDS IMPACT OF GST IN FAST
4. MOVING CONSUMER GOODS IN SIVAKASI 14-17
(Dr. T.JEBASHEELA1, Dr. C. ANUPRIYA2)
A STUDY ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF
5. BICYCLES MANUFACTURING COMPANY 18-21
(M.Bhuvaneswari)
Bio-LOGICAL- The Egalitarian Perspective
6. 22-24
(Shubha Shah)
―The Art of Employee Satisfaction: Decoding the Secrets to
7. Organisational Success.‖ 25-28
(Dr. Mohammad Khalil Ahmad1, Sunita Charanjit Saini2)
Design and analysis of retaining wall
8. 29-35
(Swatantra Gopal)
Unveiling the Power of the Marketing Mix: Exploring the Impact on
9. Individuals in India's Banking Sector - An Empirical Investigation 36-40
(Pooja Ravindra Shetty1, Dr Mohd. Khalil Ahmed2)
ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGY AND
ITS IMPACT ON TRANSFORMATION OF HUMAN RESOURCES
10. 41-44
MANAGEMENT
(K.Gayathri1, Dr.K.Majini Jes Bella2)
The Transformative Role of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare:
11. Revolutionizing Patient Care and Treatment 45-49
(Ravikant Dixit1, Aditya Tomer2)

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The Impact of Social Media on Mental Health: Understanding the

12. Effects and Finding Balance 50-53
(Ravikant Dixit1, Swati Rajaura2)
The Benefits and Challenges of Remote Work for Employers and
13. Employees 54-58
(Ravikant Dixit1, Harsh Panwar2)
The Power of Exercise: Exploring the Relationship between Physical
14. Activity and Mental Health 59-62
(Ravikant Dixit1, Aditi Garg2)
15. The Impact of Covid-19 on the Educational Sector: Challenges,
Adaptations, and Opportunities 63-67
(Ravikant Dixit1, Gaurav Tyagi2)
16. Revolutionizing Education: An Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 68-71
in Education
(Ravikant Dixit1, Arjun Singh2)
17. Shilpa-Shastra is a Real Treasure of Indian Mythological Literature 72-74
(Dr. Abdul Salam Khan)
18. Transformative Role of Artificial Intelligence in Scientific Research: 75-77
A Comprehensive Review
(Gurpreet Kaur1, Harinder Pal Singh2)
19. Eccentricity of ABC index for some graphs 78-81
(R.Rajeswari1, R.Geetha2)
20. ISSUES RELATED TO CRIME AGAINST WOMEN IN MODERN 82-85
INDIA
(Ms Madhuri Shukla , Dr Mahasweta Sengupta2)
1

21. METHODOLOGY OF DRAINAGE MORPHOMETRY IN RIVER 86-87

BASIN WATERSHED
(Dr. C. P. Dorlikar)

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A Study on Scheme of Panchayat Raj institutions and

Pregnancy in rural area with special reference to
Chamarajanagara district.
Bhavya .P1, Dr. M.P. Somashekar2
Research scholar, P.G Department of Social work JSS College of Art‘s Commerceand Science Ooty Road Mysore-251
Assistant Professor and HOD JSS College of Art‘s, Commerce and Science, Ooty Road, Mysore-252
Abstract
The 73rd constitutional amendment was passed with the intention of promoting better governance and giving
political space to marginalized groups in society, such as pregnant women, scheduled castes, and scheduled tribes.
Panchayat Raj institutions have long been seen as a means to achieve good governance. The current study aimed to
determine the scope of the panchayat program for pregnant women elected representatives and the issues they
confront. Thirty women and men who were selected as representatives from two or four districts of
Chamarajanagara were included in the sample. Simple random selection techniques were used to choose the
participants from various blocks. A questionnaire was the information-gathering tool. The study's conclusions
showed that neither the institution that provided the service was aware of the issues connected the women of the
village.
Keywords: Schedule caste, Schedule tribes, Pregnant women, Panchayat Raj.
Introduction
In the nation, panchayat raj is not a novel situation. It has been drawn in history for over a millennium. Its
origins can be traced back to prehistoric Indian institutions when villages were small republics overseen by their
panchayat Raj. During this time, women and pregnant women were not prohibited from entering politics; rather, a
patriarchal environment made them disinterested in the field.
The British nearly brought an end to these ancient republics and the participation of women in politics with
their merciless approach to revenue collection and the implementation of the Zamindari land tenure system.
Because they believed that a "vote of women" would be premature in Indian society, the British continued to forbid
women from attending school. Even with a constitution that included idealistic concepts like equity and equality
after independence, social justice has not yet been attained. Even after 59 years of independence, India had a
female prime minister for a very short period of time.
The system later became known as panchayat Raj, and it was first introduced on October 2, 1959, at
Nagaur in Rajasthan by then-prime minister pandit Jawaharalal Neharu. It was the first village panchayat in India,
and it was located in Bagdari village. The system was first introduced on October 2, 1959. The first state to create
gramme panchayats was Rajastan. The first village in the Nagaur district to have a gramme panchayat constituted
was Bagari, on October 2, 1959. and for what reason was the panchayat Raj established? The purpose of the
panchayat Raj is to foster local self-government in villages, districts, and zones. And Balwant Rai Mehta is the
father of the panchayat. The man known as the father of panchayat Raj is Balwant Rai Mehtaorganisations.
Additionally, Panchayat Raj Article 243B is mentioned.created in each state panchayat at the village, intermediate,
and district levels in compliance with this part's provisions and the 73rd amendment to the Panchayat Raj law. This
amendment grants a state election commission, which is made up of a state election commissioner nominated by
the governor, superintendence over the preparation of doctoral rolls and control over the conduct of all panchayat
elections. Panchayat Raj Giriraj sing, the current chairman, stated in 1993 that the organisation has seen a bumpy
and unpredictable ride since the 73rd Amendment Act went into effect.
Service and schemes of Panchayat Raj Institution:
1. The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS).
2. The Swachh Bharat Mission's rural drinking water and sanitation program.
3. Connectivity in rural areas.
4. The Sambhutha.
5. Grama Vikasa, the Chief Minister.
6. Vikasa drama.
7. Gramodaya Suvarna.
A woman who is pregnant goes through a period of around nine months during which the foetus, or her
baby, grows inside her body. The woman's body goes through specific physiological changes to promote the
growth of the baby. Through the placenta, the foetus receives all the nutrients needed from the mother's body for

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growth. Pregnancy, therefore, is a time of significant nutritional demands along with morphological, anatomical,
and physiological changes. Being pregnant is a special occasion that reflects efficiency and connects the current
generation with the future. Pregnancy is special in that it is the one moment when another person's well-being is
directly dependent upon it. Pregnancy-related nutritional needs are clear from-the fact that nutrients from the
mother's food or a specific environmental element affect the development of maternal and fetal tissues, which
ultimately influences the outcome of a human pregnancy. Whether this process continues in a regular
lifestyle depends on the pregnant woman's nutritional understanding during the early stages of embryological
development.
The signs of Pregnancy
1. For women who have a regular monthly cycle, the earliest and most reliable sign of pregnancy is a missed
period. Sometimes women who are pregnant have a very light period. Other signs of pregnancy, besides simple
bleeding, are as follows.
2. Feeling sick: pregnant women may feel sick or even be sick. This is commonly known as ‗morning sickness,
but it can happen at any time of the day. If you are sick all the time and cannot keep anything down,
3. Changes of breasts: when you get pregnant, your breasts may become larger and feel tender, like they might do
before your period. The veins may show up more, and the nipples may darken and stand out.
4. Needing to pass urine more frequently- pregnancy may cause you to wake up at night.
5. Being constipated
6. An increased vaginal discharge without any soreness or irritation.
7. Feeling tired.
8. "Going off" certain things, for example, tea, coffee, tobacco, smoke, or fatty food
Constitutional Provisions of Pregnant Women
1. The Maternity Benefit Act, 1961(Amended in 1995).
2. Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961.
3. The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1974.
4. The Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition Act, 1976).
Objectives of the study
1. To assess the pre level of knowledge on maternity benefit scheme jananisuraksha yojana among eligible
pregnant mother.
2. To find the impact of awareness programme on pregnancy scheme.
3. To find out the association of pretest awareness programme on jananisuraksha yojana among the eligible
pregnant mother.
Data collection/ Methodology
The respondents for this study includes students from social work department in chamarajanagara
university suvarnagangotri chamarajanagara and other rural participant . The purpose of the study is together
information of students panchayat raj institution and pregnancy scheme
This research is based on qualitative research where researcher has prepared self-constructed questionnaire
on Google form to find out the various parameters of ― A Study on Scheme of PanchayatRajinstitutions and
Pregnancy in rural area with special reference to chamarajanagara district.‖ The questionnaire consists of seven
statement which having multiple choice. The respondents had to fill the one multiple choice option in Google
form.
Data analysis and interpretation:
The researcher has 10 years of experience in teaching at chamarajanagara university, suvarnagangotri
chamarajanagara. This experience created me a lot of questions about present post graduate students and rural
participants . there fore the aim of conducting this study is to gain knowledge of scheme of panchayat Raj
institution and pregnancy scheme. Students and partition-er point of view of students after collection of data, the
analysis and interpretation are follows.
 Name……….
 Email id…….
 Ph.no
Table-1 shows of Gender
GENDER RESPONDENDS PERCENTAGE
Male 12 40
Female 18 60

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Total 30 100

Gender: From the above table show, that majority of respondents belongs to the gender of female that is
60%
Table-2 sows aware above panchayat scheme in pregnancy.
AWARE ABOUT PANCHAYATH RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
SCHEME IN PREGNANCY
Yes 28 93.33
No 02 6.66
Total 30 100

Aware about panchayat scheme in pregnancy:

From the above table shows that majority of respondents belongs to the aware panchayat scheme in
pregnancy that is 93.33%.
Table- 3 shows aware about a ASHA worker service in rural area.
AWARE ASHA WORKER SERVICE IN RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
RURAL AREA
Yes 29 96.66
No 1 3.33
Total 30 100

Aware ASHA Worker:

From the about Table shows this majority of respondents belongs to the aware ASHA worker service in
rural area that is 96.66%.

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Table-4 shows rural development.
RURAL DEVELOPMENT RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Cultural development 00 00
Social development 03 10
Political development 00 00
All 27 90
Total 30 100

Rural development:
From the about table shows that majority of respondents belongs to the rural development that is 90%.
Table-5 shows aware about pregnant women scheme.
PREGNANT WOMEN SCHEME RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
PRADHANA MATRIMATRU
VANDANA
Matrushree Scheme 2 6.66
Matrulakshmi Meternity Benifit 00 00
KCR KIT FACILITY (K 00 00
CHANDRASHEKAR RAO LAUCHED
KCR KIT SCHEME)
All 28 93.33
Total 30 100

Pregnant women scheme:

From the above table shows that majority of respondents belongs to the aware about pregnant women
scheme that is 93.33.
Table-6 shows satisfied gram panchayat work.
PANCHAYATH WORK RESPONDENTS PECENTAGES
Yes 27 90
No 3 10
Total 30 100

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Safisfied gram panchayat work:

From the above table shows that majority of respondents belongs to the satisfied gram panchayat work that is 90%.
Findings of the study
 The majority (60%) of the respondents are female.
 The majority (93.83) of the respondents said aware about panchayat scheme in pregnancy.
 The majority (96.66) of the respondents said aware ASHA(Accredited Social Health Activist) worker service
in rural area.
 The majority (90%) of respondents said work rural development is cultural, social and political development.
 The majority (93.33%) of respondents said pregnant women scheme pradhana matrimatru vandana aware
about scheme highest number of respondents yes.
 The majority(90%) of respondents know rural development
 The majority (90%) of respondents know panchayat Raj work.
Conclusion
Panchayat Raj Institution of rural self governance in india. The 73rd Constitutional Amendment has
mandated the state governments for strengthening help the rural development and poverty alleviation and also
pregnancy scheme study shows the current state of utilization of maternal benefit scheme by women attending the
BPHCs (Bureau of Primary Health Care) for maternal and child care service.
Reference
1. Chowdhury AMR, Bhuiya A. 2004. The wider impacts of BRAC poverty alleviation programme in Bangladesh. J
IntDev; 16: 369–86.
2. Chowdhury, A. Mushtaque R., et al. 2013. "The Bangladesh paradox: exceptional health achievement despite
economic poverty."The Lancet 382.9906: 1734- 1745.
3. Coates, J., Frongillo, E., Rogers, B., Webb, P., Wilde, P., and Houser, R. 2006. ―Commonalities in the experience
of household food insecurity across cultures: what are measures missing?‖ The Journal of Nutrition. 136: 1438S-
1448S.
4. Coffey, D., Gupta, A., Hathi, P., Spears, D., Srivastav, N. and Vyas, S., 2015. Culture And the health transition:
Understanding sanitation behavior in rural north India. International Growth Centre. Working Paper, April.40
5. Cons, J. and Paprocki, K. 2010.―Contested credit landscapes: microcredit, selfHelp, and self-determination in
rural Bangladesh.‖Third World Quarterly. 31(4): 637-654.
6. Sweta Misra. (1994), Democratic Decentralization in India, Mittal Publications, New Delhi.
7. V.N. Alok and P.K. Chaubey (2010), Panchayats in India, Measuring Devolution by States: Macmillan Publishers
India Ltd, Delhi P.M. Bakshi (2004), The Constitution of India: Universal Law Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd, Delhi.
8. Ministry of Panchayati Raj, ―The States of the Panchayats – 2007-08.
9. Ministry of Panchayati Raj (2006), ―The States of the Panchayats- A Mid Term Review and Appraisal-22/11/06.
10. Different articles and reports, Ministry of Panchayati Raj - Government of India, Available on
http://www.panchayat.nic.in:
11. Different articles and reports, Ministry of Panchayati Raj – State Governments of India, Available on state
ministry website.
12. Final Report on ―Social Audit Gram Sabha & Panchayati Raj‖, Planning Commission Of India, Vision
Foundation, October 2005
13. W.R. Derrick Sewell & J T Coppock. (1977), Public Participation in Planning, John Wiley & Sons.

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Life Skill Education and Community Participation:

Empowering Individuals and Strengthening Societies
Dr Shiva Shukla1, Mr Rashpal Singh2
Associate Professor, Guru Kashi University, Talwandi Sabo1
Research Scholar, Guru Kashi University, Talwandi Sabo2
Abstract
Life skill education holds immense importance in today's complex and rapidly changing world. These skills are not
only essential for personal development but also contribute significantly to an individual's overall well-being,
employability, and ability to navigate the challenges of life effectively. These skills empower individuals to make
better choices, build healthier relationships, succeed in their careers, and lead more fulfilling lives. Therefore,
integrating life skill education into educational curricula and promoting its importance in society is crucial for the
well-being and success of individuals and communities. In this paper, the investigators seek to compare and
contrast life skill education with community participation and estimate the challenges they might face.
Key Words: Life Skill Education, Community Participation and Technology.
Introduction
Life skill education and community participation are two crucial components that play a pivotal role in
shaping individuals and societies. Life skills encompass a range of abilities that enable individuals to effectively
navigate the challenges of everyday life, while community participation involves active involvement in various
aspects of community life. In this paper, we will explore the significance of life skill education and community
participation, their interdependence, and their positive impact on personal development and societal progress.
I.Life Skill Education
Life skills are the essential abilities that enable individuals to adapt and thrive in the ever-changing
world(WHO,2017). Life skill education gives individuals the tools to manage their emotions, make informed
decisions, communicate effectively, and solve problems. It encompasses a wide range of skills (UNICEF,2016),
including but not limited to:
Communication Skills: Effective communication is fundamental in personal and professional relationships. Life
skill education teaches individuals how to express themselves clearly, listen actively, and resolve conflicts through
constructive dialogue(Stiehl, 2007).
Decision-Making Skills: Life is full of decisions, both big and small. Life skill education helps individuals
develop critical thinking and decision-making skills, enabling them to assess options, weigh consequences, and
make informed choices(Schleicher, 2017).
Emotional Intelligence: Understanding and managing one's emotions is essential for mental and emotional well-
being. Life skill education fosters emotional intelligence, enabling individuals to handle stress, build resilience, and
empathize with others.
Problem-Solving Skills: Life is replete with challenges, and problem-solving skills are invaluable. Life skill
education equips individuals with the ability to identify problems, analyze root causes, and develop effective
solutions (Goldstein, 2019).
Self-Awareness and Self-Esteem: Knowing oneself is a vital life skill. Life skill education promotes self-
awareness, helping individuals identify their strengths and weaknesses, while also nurturing self-esteem and self-
confidence (Jayasheela & Nataraja, 2022)
Time Management and Organization: Managing time and resources efficiently is crucial for personal and
professional success. Life skill education teaches individuals how to set goals, prioritize tasks, and create effective
schedules.
II. Community Participation
Community participation refers to active involvement in one's community or society. It goes beyond mere
physical presence and encompasses engagement, contribution, and collaboration. Community participation takes
various forms, including volunteering, civic engagement, and grassroots activism. The significance of community
participation is multifaceted:
Strengthening Social Bonds: Community participation fosters a sense of belonging and connectivity among
individuals. It creates opportunities for people to build meaningful relationships and social networks, reducing
feelings of isolation and loneliness(Nag, 2005).
Fostering Civic Responsibility: Engaging in community activities instills a sense of civic responsibility and
encourages individuals to take an active interest in the well-being of their community and society as a whole.

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Promoting Social Cohesion: Active community participation helps bridge social divides by bringing people from
diverse backgrounds together. It promotes understanding, tolerance, and unity among community members
(Bennett& Franks,2000).
Addressing Local Issues: Communities face various challenges, from environmental issues to social inequalities.
Active participation allows individuals to address these issues collectively, finding innovative solutions and
advocating for change.
Building Leadership Skills: Community participation provides opportunities for individuals to develop leadership
skills, as they often take on roles of responsibility and decision-making within community organizations.
III. The Interdependence of Life Skill Education and Community Participation
Life skill education and community participation are closely intertwined, with each reinforcing the other in
several ways:
Life Skills Facilitate Effective Community Participation: Life skills such as communication, decision-making,
and problem-solving are essential for meaningful engagement in community activities. Individuals with strong life
skills are better equipped to collaborate, communicate their ideas, and contribute effectively to community
projects.
Community Participation Enhances Life Skills: Active involvement in community activities can be a practical
training ground for individuals to apply and further develop their life skills. For example, volunteering may require
effective communication and teamwork, which are essential life skills.
Community Engagement Promotes Social and Emotional Learning: Engaging with the community exposes
individuals to a wide range of experiences and emotions. This can enhance emotional intelligence, resilience, and
empathy—key components of life skills.
Life Skills Empower Individuals to Be Change Agents: Individuals with a strong foundation in life skills are
better prepared to initiate positive changes within their communities. They can identify local issues, develop
solutions, and mobilize community support effectively.
IV. The Impact of Life Skill Education and Community Participation
The impact of life skill education and community participation extends to both personal development and
societal progress:
A. Personal Development
Improved Quality of Life: Life skill education equips individuals with the tools to manage their personal and
emotional well-being, resulting in a higher quality of life and greater life satisfaction.
Enhanced Employability: Many life skills, such as communication, time management, and problem-solving, are
highly valued by employers. Individuals with strong life skills are often more employable and adaptable in the
workplace.
Increased Resilience: Life skill education helps individuals develop resilience, enabling them to bounce back
from setbacks and cope effectively with life's challenges(Whiting, 2003).
Better Health Outcomes: Emotional intelligence and stress management skills contribute to better mental and
physical health outcomes. Individuals who can manage their emotions are less likely to experience chronic stress-
related illnesses.
B. Societal Progress
Stronger Communities: Communities with active and engaged members tend to be more cohesive, resilient, and
capable of addressing local issues and challenges.
Social Innovation: Community participation often leads to the development of innovative solutions to local
problems. These innovations can have broader applications and benefit society as a whole.
Civic Engagement: Active participation in one's community often extends to engagement in broader civic and
political activities. This contributes to a more informed and engaged citizenry.
Social Inclusion: Community participation promotes social inclusion by involving individuals from diverse
backgrounds and ensuring that their voices are heard and valued.
Addressing Social Issues: Communities that are actively engaged are more likely to address and mitigate social
issues such as poverty, inequality, and environmental concerns.
V. Challenges and Considerations
While the benefits of life skill education and community participation are evident, there are challenges and
considerations to be aware of:
Accessibility: Not all individuals have equal access to life skill education and opportunities for community
participation. Socioeconomic disparities can limit access to resources and experiences that foster these skills.

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Cultural Sensitivity: Life skill education and community participation programs must be culturally sensitive and
tailored to the specific needs and values of each community.
Sustainability: Maintaining community engagement over the long term can be challenging. Strategies for
sustaining participation and preventing burnout are essential.
Evaluation and Measurement: Assessing the impact of life skill education and community participation
programs requires reliable metrics and evaluation methods.
Inclusivity: Ensuring that community participation is inclusive of all members, regardless of age, gender, race, or
ability, is crucial for its success.
VI. Conclusion
Life skill education and community participation are essential pillars of personal development and societal
progress. Life skills empower individuals to navigate the challenges of life effectively, while community
participation fosters a sense of belonging, social cohesion, and the opportunity to contribute to positive change.
The interdependence of these two concepts highlights the mutually reinforcing relationship between individual
well-being and community thriving. To build stronger, more resilient societies, it is crucial to invest in life skill
education and create opportunities for active community participation, ensuring that these benefits reach all
members of our diverse communities.
References
1. World Health Organization. (2017). Life Skills Education for Children and Adolescents in Schools.
https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/63552
2. UNICEF. (2016). The Importance of Life Skills Education in Schools.
https://www.unicef.org/mena/stories/measuring-life-skills-towards-transformative-vision-education
3. Schleicher, A. (Ed.). (2017). Skills for a Changing World: National Perspectives and the Global Movement.
https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED583031
4. Goldstein, M. S. (2019). The Role of Life Skills in Personal Development.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02673843.2018.1479278
5. Jayasheela, D., & Nataraja, S. (Eds.). (2022). Life Skills Education: Conception and
Practice.https://www.himpub.com/documents/Chapter1825.pdf
6. Stiehl, J. (2007). Life Skills Development through Adventure Education.
https://www.academia.edu/en/51726312/Learning_transferable_skills_through_adventure_education_The_role
_of_an_authentic_process
7. Nag, S. (2005). Community Participation and Empowerment in Primary Education: A Case Study.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/097318490400100211
8. Bennett, A. C., & Franks, A. L. (2000). The Importance of Community Participation in Development Projects.
https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/850911468766244486/pdf/multi-page.pdf
9. Whiting, J. L. (2003). Youth Participation in Community Development: Implications and Possibilities for
Extension. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/109821400302400103
10. National League of Cities. (2005). Building Stronger Communities Through Civic Engagement.
https://www.walderfoundation.org/news/building-stronger-communities-through-civic-engagement-and-
leadership-development

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Research in Multidisciplinary Subjects (Volume-12) ISBN: 978-81-966799-8-9

AMBEDKAR'S CRITIQUE OF CASTE-BASED

POLITICS AND ITS RELEVANCE IN MODERN INDIA
Mr.YADAV KAMAJI GAIKWAD
PRIMARY TEACHER
ZPCPS PANGRA SHINDE, TQ-BASMATH,DIST-HINGOLI,MAHARASHTRA
ABSTRACT
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar's critique of caste-based politics in India, articulated through seminal works like "Annihilation
of Caste," remains profoundly relevant in the modern context. This abstract explores into the enduring significance
of Ambedkar's ideas, exploring their relevance in contemporary India. Ambedkar vehemently challenged the
deeply rooted caste system, emphasizing its detrimental effects on social progress. The critique, grounded in the
pursuit of social justice and equality, provides a critical lens through which to examine the persisting challenges of
caste-based politics. In today's India, where caste identities continue to influence political strategies, social
interactions, and economic opportunities, Ambedkar's insights serve as a guiding light. By understanding and
applying Ambedkar's vision, modern India can pave the way towards a society, ensuring that the principles of
social justice and equality are supported in the nation's political and social spaces.
Keywords:- Ambedkar, Caste system, Caste-based politics, Caste politics
INTRODUCTION
Ambedkar (1948) stated in their study that political system is the social stratification which is based upon
the identities that influence the political behaviour, records, and power dynamics for the society. The phenomenon
is set with promising features across the countries, especially in India where caste system is traditionally played an
important role in shaping and political landscapes. Different scholars evaluated the studies based upon the caste
politics which explore the historical roots and its high impact on democracy, justice, and governance. The literature
review syncs the key findings from different works, take the offering insights in the complex nature of caste-based
politics. Mandelbaum (1970), explained that cased based politics spread its roots in India from ancient time with
some social hierarchies which determined as one‘s occupation, maintaining the social status, and even the political
power. The scholars critically analysed the historical origins of the caste system where deep-seated discriminatory
practices arise. The system perpetuated with social unfairness, which leads to political mobilization among the
disregarded caste groups.
Mandelbaum (1970) delved in their study that political mobilization of caste which emphasize the caste
identities that became the political alliances for vote bank politics. Well, the parties are become often mobilize for
the support and caste lines that promise the social and economic upliftment for some caste. Further Jaffrelot
(2003), explained that the rise of identity politics in India is highlighted with the caste affiliations to shape up the
politics and frame their ideology for the party agenda. The Chhibber and Kollman (2004), demonstrated the
electoral politics in India which determine that how caste affiliations that influence the voting prototypes in India,
validate towards the candidate selection. They highlighted the complex relationship among the democracy, caste,
and political representation. Further, Norris (1997), investigated that challenges are there for ensuring some fair
representation in some diverse societies, that focus on complex which arise in caste-based politics in India.
Need of the Study
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar's critique of caste-based politics is still very important in modern India for a variety of
reasons. Ambedkar was a visionary leader who was instrumental in the creation of the Indian Constitution. He
dedicated his life to social justice and the advancement of disadvantaged people, particularly Dalits. This
commitment served as the foundation of his critique, which is why it is such a vital aspect of his legacy.
Ambedkar's research of caste politics raises crucial questions about whether caste can coexist with democratic
principles in India's robust democracy. In a society where caste identities are deeply ingrained in electoral politics,
it is critical to comprehend how caste influences political dynamics and representation. It urges individuals to
consider whether caste politics strengthens or weakens the democratic ideals of justice, equality, and fraternity
enshrined in the Constitution.
The fact that caste-based discrimination and inequality continue in modern India underscores the
importance of Ambedkar's work. The values he upheld are still vital in addressing these chronic difficulties and
creating a more inclusive society. Ambedkar's criticism also demonstrates how caste interacts with other forms of
discrimination such as gender, religion, and economic status. This helps us appreciate the complexities of social
inequality. Furthermore, he advocated for social reform and policy measures such as affirmative action and

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reservations, which have had a long-term impact on Indian society and government, warranting a full assessment
into their effectiveness.
RATIONALE
The caste-based politics has direct policies which is related with affirmative in action and social justice.
The Thorat and Newman (2007) stated that evaluation of effectiveness of implementation policies in addressing
the caste-based disparities to highlight the inclusive plan in talking for caste and eliminate deep-rooted inequalities.
The study of Deshpande (2001) supported the study of Mandelbaum (1970) that nuanced analysis of social
discrimination which damaging the marginalized caste and advocating for policy execution and intervention to
ensure social justice. Caste based politics in India is extensive analysis which insight the Dr B.R. Ambedkar, a
famous social reformer of Indian Constitution which hold a noteworthy place in this discourse. Ambedkar‘s
critique for the caste-based politics which is essential in shaping for belief of social hierarchy, discrimination, and
political mobilization in India.
Another study by Zelliot (1996), mentioned that Dr B.R. Ambedkar made some major contributions to the
criticism of caste politics in India which analysed and focused on social opportunities and status. Over the time, the
Ambedkar argued with the dismantling of the conventional hierarchy, where the caste is discriminated and social
injustice. Ambedkar reflected and underlined the require the social and political mobilization to confront the
entrenched the entire caste system. The writing for the ―Annihilation of Caste‖ and the role in framing the Indian
Constitution to underscore the importance of making the society where the individuals for not judged by the caste
system and merit the character. Ambedkar‘s have analysed the ideas which influenced the social and political
changes in India that reshape the discourse on the social justice and for equality (Jaffrelot, 2005).
The Dr Ambedkar opposed to have the rigid caste system which is perceived as social hierarchy which
perpetuating the discrimination and inequality. The caste-based politics arise in India with social cohesion and
stuck the country for the progress for true republican society. The Ambedkar was grounded that understand for
inherent discriminations and rooted the caste system for the individuals and devoid the opportunities for social and
basic human rights.
Ambedkar’s views on the caste system
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar has profound and significant views on India's caste system. His experiences as a Dalit,
as well as his significant scholarship in law, social sciences, and political philosophy, shaped his views on this
profoundly embedded social order. The following are Ambedkar's views on the caste system:
1. Caste as Social Hierarchy: The caste system, which Ambedkar saw as a rigid and oppressive social order,
divided Indian society into thousands of endogamous groups. These castes were traditionally organised in a
pyramid, with Brahmins at the top and Dalits (formerly known as Untouchables) at the bottom, where they
endured the most severe oppression.
2. Origin of Caste: Ambedkar rejected traditional Hindu scriptures and myths in order to protect the caste system.
He considered the caste system to be a man-made social structure that had been perpetuated for centuries rather
than anything divinely ordained.
3. Annihilation of Caste: In his famous essay "Annihilation of Caste," Ambedkar advocated for the abolition of
the caste system entirely. According to him, a system of graded inequality prevented individuals from enjoying
their essential human rights, dignity, and chances.
4. Caste and Untouchability: Ambedkar was a prominent advocate for the rights of Untouchables (Dalits). He
viewed the practice of Untouchability as one of the most dehumanizing aspects of the caste system and worked
tirelessly to abolish it.
5. Reservation and Affirmative Action: Ambedkar believed that social and economic equality could not be
achieved without affirmative action and reservations for Scheduled Castes (Dalits) in education, jobs, and
political representation. He played a pivotal role in achieving the incorporation of these provisions into the
Indian Constitution.
6. Conversion to Buddhism: Ambedkar notably converted to Buddhism as a means of renouncing the caste system
and its unjust practises, joining hundreds of thousands of his followers. He believed that Buddhism's emphasis on
equality and nondiscrimination offered a path out of the caste system.
7. Social Reform: Throughout his life, Ambedkar advocated for social reform and the upliftment of marginalized
communities. He emphasized the need for education, economic empowerment, and social and political rights for
those oppressed by the caste system.

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8. Political Representation: Ambedkar recognized the importance of political representation for oppressed castes.
He believed that political power was essential for challenging the caste system and advocating for the rights of
marginalized communities.
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar held strong and critical views on caste. He saw the caste system as a social evil that
needed to be removed in order to promote equality, fairness, and human rights for all individuals, regardless of
caste or social background. His life's work was to destroy caste and empower people who were oppressed by it.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Jodhka(2017), stated in the study that Ambedkar's analysis of caste-based politics remains incredibly
pertinent in present-day India. Despite the existence of constitutional provisions and affirmative action policies,
caste exerts a significant influence on politics, social interactions, and economic opportunities. The observations
illuminate the enduring presence of caste-based discrimination and underscore the necessity for comprehensive
social reforms (Gorringe, 2018). Furthermore, the vision of social justice and equal opportunities for all, regardless
of caste, ethnicity, or religion, acts as a guiding principle for contemporary movements advocating for social
change and equality.
Ambedkar's analysis, in addition to critiquing the caste system, delved deeply into the complexities of
caste-based politics and its impact on India's democratic framework. According to Ambedkar (1948), political
parties often exploited caste affiliations to secure votes, perpetuating divisive narratives and hindering the
development of a cohesive, progressive nation. Ambedkar's insights emphasized the need to nurture a shared
citizenship that transcends caste identities, fostering a united India where individuals are valued for their abilities
and character rather than their social backgrounds.In the present context, Ambedkar (1923), critique of caste-based
politics gains even greater significance. Despite economic progress and heightened awareness, caste-based
discrimination continues to influence political alliances and voting patterns in India. The social inequalities and
challenges the effective functioning of democratic institutions. Ambedkar's ideas stand as action for policymakers,
advice them to move beyond surface-level electoral calculations and focus on policies addressing the fundamental
causes of caste disparities. Furthermore, the emphasis on education as a means of social empowerment remains
relevant, highlighting the necessity for accessible, quality education that can uplift marginalized communities,
bridging the gap between social strata and cultivating a more inclusive political landscape (Velaskar, 2012).
In the annals of Indian social and political reform, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar stands as a towering figure. His
critique of caste-based politics, deeply rooted in his personal experiences as a Dalit and his erudition as a scholar,
provides invaluable insights into the intricacies of India's socio-political landscape. Ambedkar vehemently
criticized the entrenched caste system and the exploitation and discrimination it perpetuated. The ―Annihilation of
Caste‖ (1936) dissected the socio-political structures that upheld caste divisions and argued for radical social and
political reforms. Ambedkar's critique remains highly relevant in contemporary India, where caste-based politics
continue to influence electoral dynamics and societal hierarchies. Ambedkar's critique of caste-based politics
primarily revolved around the idea of social justice and equal representation (Chhibber & Kollman, 2004). The
annihilation of the caste system, emphasizing the need to eradicate caste-based prejudices from society. In modern
India, the vision finds resonance in debates around affirmative action policies, reservation systems in education
and employment, and political representation for marginalized communities. Ambedkar's emphasis on empowering
the Dalits, Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes (OBCs) has influenced policies
aimed at uplifting these communities. The foundation for the reservation policies in India, ensuring representation
and opportunities for historically marginalized groups. Furthermore, Ambedkar's critique delved into the political
sphere, highlighting the challenges posed by caste-based politics. He argued that the political mobilization solely
based on caste identities could be detrimental to the overall progress of the nation. Instead, he advocated for a
politics rooted in social justice, equality, and meritocracy. In the contemporary context, the concerns are evident in
the complex web of alliances and conflicts shaped by caste-based politics in various states of India. Political parties
often strategize their campaigns based on caste calculations, leading to fragmented societies and limited focus on
broader developmental issues.
Caste-based politics has been a pervasive and deeply entrenched aspect of Indian society for centuries. Dr.
B.R. Ambedkar, a prominent social reformer, jurist, and the chief architect of the Indian Constitution, played a
pivotal role in critiquing and challenging the prevailing caste-based political system. Ambedkar's critique centered
on the inherently discriminatory nature of caste divisions, which perpetuated social inequality and denied
marginalized communities their basic rights. The seminal work, "Annihilation of Caste," addressed the rigid
hierarchical structure of caste, arguing that it hindered social progress and democratic ideals. Ambedkar believed

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that political power, when consolidated within specific castes, not only curtailed the rights of the oppressed but
also hindered the nation's overall development.
Gupta (2008), explained in their study that modern India, Ambedkar's critique remains relevant as the
country grapples with the persistence of caste-based politics. Despite constitutional provisions and affirmative
action policies, caste disparities continue to shape political dynamics, economic opportunities, and social
interactions. Thorat & Newman (2007) supported the argument of Velaskar (2012), the crucial ideas in
understanding the roots of this issue and formulating effective strategies to address it. The emphasis on education
and empowerment as tools for dismantling caste-based discrimination remains pertinent, urging contemporary
society to invest in education and awareness campaigns that promote social equality.
Furthermore, Ambedkar's critique of caste-based politics is vital in the context of contemporary identity
politics. The complexities of caste intersections with religion, class, and regionalism have created intricate social
landscapes. Ambedkar's insights provide a framework to analyze these intersections critically. By recognizing the
multifaceted nature of caste identities, policymakers and activists can develop inclusive policies and promote
social harmony (Yengde, 2018).
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar's critique of caste-based politics remains a cornerstone in the understanding of India's
social fabric and political landscape. Born into the Dalit community, Ambedkar experienced firsthand the harsh
realities of caste discrimination. His scholarly endeavors and activism led him to critically analyze the deep-rooted
caste system and its pervasive influence on Indian society. Ambedkar argued vehemently for the annihilation of
caste, advocating for a society where an individual's worth was not determined by their birth but by their abilities
and character. One of Ambedkar's key contributions was his insistence on political representation for marginalized
communities. He emphasized the need for reserved seats in educational institutions and legislative bodies, ensuring
that historically oppressed groups had a voice in decision-making processes. This vision materialized in the form
of affirmative action policies in independent India, empowering Dalits, Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and
Other Backward Classes. These policies, although contentious at times, have played a pivotal role in addressing
historical injustices and fostering social mobility.Ambedkar's insights remain crucial for understanding the socio-
political landscape of modern India. The social and political equality, his advocacy for education as a tool for
empowerment, and his emphasis on individual rights have profoundly influenced the Indian Constitution. The
Constitution of India, often hailed as the embodiment of Ambedkar's vision, enshrines principles of equality, social
justice, and fundamental rights. To continue the guide policymakers and activists striving for a more inclusive and
egalitarian society. Furthermore, Ambedkar's emphasis on education as a means of empowerment remains
pertinent. Education, he believed, had the transformative power to break the shackles of caste hierarchy. Today,
efforts to improve educational access and quality for marginalized communities are directly influenced by his
ideals (Velaskar, 2012). Scholarships, vocational training programs, and initiatives promoting literacy have
emerged as tools for dismantling social barriers, aligning with Ambedkar's vision of an enlightened and egalitarian
society.
FINDINGS
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar's critique of caste-based politics stands as a cornerstone in India's social and political
discourse. The writings, including "Annihilation of Caste," resonate even more profoundly in the contemporary
landscape of the country. Ambedkar vehemently criticized the caste system as a social evil, arguing that it
perpetuated discrimination and inequality, hindering the nation's progress. Ambedkar (2014), supported the study
by quoting that annihilation of caste, emphasizing the need for a radical transformation of societal values. In the
modern Indian context, where caste-based politics continues to influence electoral strategies and social
relationships, Ambedkar's insights are invaluable. For annihilating caste was not merely symbolic; it was a clarion
call to dismantle the deeply entrenched biases and prejudices that hinder the growth of a truly egalitarian society.
Ambedkar's relevance today extends beyond the realm of social issues; it profoundly impacts India's
political landscape. Despite legal provisions to uplift marginalized communities, caste-based politics persist.
Political parties often rely on caste affiliations to garner votes, further entrenching societal divisions. Ambedkar's
critique sheds light on the inherent flaws of such practices, emphasizing the importance of meritocracy and equal
opportunities (Alves, 2022). Moreover, Ambedkar's critique gains significance when viewed through the lens of
economic development. Caste-based discrimination not only limits social mobility but also obstructs economic
progress. Ambedkar's emphasis on social justice and equal opportunities provides a framework for inclusive
growth that encompasses diverse sections of society (Satyanarayana, 2019). By embracing vision, India can
transform into a society where every individual, regardless of their caste, can thrive, contributing meaningfully to
the nation's progress.

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Research Problem
The central subject of this research problem around whether Dr. B.R. Ambedkar's critique of caste-based
politics is still relevant in modern India. Ambedkar's incisive insight, developed during the Indian freedom fight,
can be applied to the contemporary social and political situation in India. Caste-based politics continues to have a
significant impact on the nation's politics, government, and social structure. The fundamental question revolves on
whether Ambedkar's ideas regarding this system, which were developed in another era, can provide effective
counsel for coping with challenges in the present. It is necessary to investigate how caste politics affect democracy
and if they promote or undermine the constitutional principles of justice and equality. It is also significant to
understand how Ambedkar's views have been implemented into modern policy and governance, particularly with
regard to affirmative action and social justice. It is also necessary to investigate how caste intersects with other
forms of prejudice in modern India. This study attempts to learn from Ambedkar's criticism in order to address
continued caste-based injustice, increase political representation, and promote social justice in the diverse and
dynamic reality of modern India.
CONCLUSION
The Ambedkar vision has challenges contemporary leaders to move beyond tokenism, advocating for
policies that address the root causes of caste disparities. Ambedkar's emphasis on annihilation of caste as a
prerequisite for a truly democratic society serves as a guiding principle for fostering a more egalitarian political
environment in modern India. Different researchers had some speeches and policy interventions that implemented
the vision of Ambedkar for the caste free society and the challenges that faced while executing the ideals. While
examined such critique, the scholar has some valuable insights that have some complex which is based upon the
caste-based politics that continues to have the impact on contemporary Indian society. The caste-based politics is a
significant approach which need some democratic processes.
REFERENCES
 Alves, M. F. B. (2022). Sanitation and the caste system in India: a tribute to BR Ambedkar. Geografares, (35).
 Ambedkar, B. R. (1923). The Problem of the Rupee: Its Origin and Its Solution.
 Ambedkar, B. R. (1948). The Problem of the Rupee: Its Origin and Its Solution. Columbia University Press.
 Ambedkar, B. R. (2014). Annihilation of caste: The annotated critical edition. Verso Books.
 Chhibber, P., & Kollman, K. (2004). The Formation of National Party Systems: Federalism and Party
Competition in Canada, Great Britain, India, and the United States. Princeton University Press.
 Deshpande, A. (2001). Caste at Birth? Redefining Disparity in India. Economic and Political Weekly, 36(52),
4403-4411.
 Gorringe, H. (2018). Afterword: Gendering caste: Honor, patriarchy and violence. South Asia
Multidisciplinary Academic Journal, (19).
 Gupta, D. S. (2008). Ambedkar's Vision of Social Justice. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers.
 Jaffrelot, C. (2003). India's Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes in North India. C. Hurst & Co.
Publishers.
 Jaffrelot, C. (2005). Dr. Ambedkar and Untouchability: Fighting the Indian Caste System. Columbia
University Press.
 Jodhka, S. S. (2017). Caste in contemporary India. Routledge India.
 Mandelbaum, D. G. (1970). Society in India: Volume One. University of California Press.
 Norris, P. (1997). Electoral Engineering: Voting Rules and Political Behavior. Cambridge University Press.
 Satyanarayana, K. (2019). The political and aesthetic significance of contemporary Dalit literature. The
Journal of Commonwealth Literature, 54(1), 9-24.
 Thorat, S., & Newman, K. S. (2007). Blocked by Caste: Economic Discrimination in Modern India. Oxford
University Press.
 Velaskar, P. (2012). Education for liberation: Ambedkar‘s thought and Dalit women‘s
perspectives. Contemporary Education Dialogue, 9(2), 245-271.
 Yengde, S. (2018). Ambedkar‘s foreign policy and the ellipsis of the ‗Dalit‘from international activism. The
radical in Ambedkar: Critical reflections, 105.
 Zelliot, E. (1996). From Untouchable to Dalit: Essays on the Ambedkar Movement. Manohar Publications.

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Research in Multidisciplinary Subjects (Volume-12) ISBN: 978-81-966799-8-9

CUSTOMER OPINION TOWARDS IMPACT OF GST

IN FAST MOVING CONSUMER GOODS IN SIVAKASI
Dr. T.JEBASHEELA1, Dr. C. ANUPRIYA2
Assistant Professor of Commerce CA - SF V.H.N.S.N. College (Autonomous), Virudhunagar1
Assistant Professor of Commerce (CS), Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College (Autonomous), Sivakasi2
Abstract
The Goods and Services Tax (GST) is widely recognized as a significant reform implemented in India. Its introduction
marked an important restructuring of the country's indirect taxation system. This unified tax, levied throughout India,
has replaced various taxes previously imposed by both the central and state governments. In particular, Fast Moving
Consumer Goods (FMCG) is commonly referred to as consumer-packaged goods in relation to GST. Under GST various
indirect taxes would be subsumed and hence it is going to result in a simpler tax regime especially for Industries like
FMCG. In this sector GST would have an impact on the pricing, working capital, contracts with vendors and customers
etc. The sale of retailers and the monthly budget of common people regarding fast moving consumer goods should have
an impact of GST. Moreover, the concept of GST awareness among common man is an important matter to be
analyzed. Therefore, the researcher aims to study the customer opinion towards impact of GST on Fast Moving
Consumer goods in Sivakasi.
Keywords: Awareness, Consumer goods, Fast moving consumer goods, Goods and Services Tax, Implementation,
Reformation.
INTRODUCTION
The Goods and Service Tax (GST) is widely regarded as a significant and beneficial reform in India. This
comprehensive, multi-stage, destination-based tax applies to all value additions and represents a crucial restructuring of
the country's indirect taxation system. By replacing various taxes levied by both central and state governments, the
introduction of GST has unified all state economies under one centralized framework. The core concept is to establish a
unified and collaborative market in India, with the aim of bolstering the nation's strength and influence. Fast moving
consumer goods (FMCG) are commonly referred to as consumer-packaged goods, encompassing all regularly purchased
consumables except for groceries and pulses. The introduction of GST legislation has replaced previous forms of
taxation, resulting in a single point taxation system.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
GST is a significant reform for the Indian economy as it establishes a unified market and eliminates the issue of
cascading taxes, ultimately reducing the cost of goods and services. This consumption-based tax is applicable to sales,
manufacturing, and consumption of all goods and services. By incorporating various indirect taxes into one system, GST
simplifies the taxation process, particularly for industries such as FMCG. The implementation of GST in this sector is
expected to significantly affect various aspects, including pricing, working capital, contracts with vendors and
customers. The sale of retailers and the monthly budget of common people in relation to fast moving consumer goods
will also be impacted by GST. In addition, it is crucial to analyze the level of awareness about GST among the general
public. Hence, the purpose of this research is to investigate customer opinion towards impact of GST on Fast Moving
Consumer goods in Sivakasi.
OBJECTIVES
This study aims;
 To know the customer awareness regarding the FMCG Products
 To analyze the consumer opinion towards the implementation of GST on F MCG products
METHODOLOGY
Primary Data
The primary data have been collected from 60 respondents in Sivakasi by using an interview schedule with the
help of structured questionnaire for the consumer of FMCG products. Convenient sampling is adoptable since the
population is vast in number. The period of the study conducted was 6 months that is Nov 2021 to April 2022.
Secondary Data
The secondary data have been collected from standard text books, journals, websites and various sources.
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
Gender Wise Classification
In the below table, it clearly comes to identify that out of 60 respondents, 26 (43.33 per cent) of the respondents
are male and the remaining 34 (56.67 per cent) of the respondents are female.
Table 1: Gender of the Respondents
S. No Gender No. of Respondents Percentage (%)
1. Male 26 43.33

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2. Female 34 56.67
Total 60 100.00
Source: Primary Data
Majority of the respondents are female.
Age Wise Classification
The age of the respondents is considered as an important factor in choosing of FMCG. The researcher has
analyzed the age of the respondents. The gathered details are presented in the following table 2. Out of 60 respondents,
25 (41.67 per cent) of the respondents are upto 30 years age group, 16 (26.67 per cent) of the respondents are between
the age group of 31-40 years, 12 (20.00 per cent) of the respondents are between the age group of 41-50 years and the
remaining 7 (11.66 per cent) of the respondents are above 50 years age group.
Table 2: Age of the Respondents
S. No Age No. of Respondents Percentage (%)
1. Up to 30 years 25 41.67
2. 31 years to 40 years 16 26.67
3. 41 years to 50 years 12 20.00
4. Above 50 years 7 11.66
Total 60 100
Source: Primary Data
It is founded that most of the respondents are comes under the age group of upto 30 Years age group.
Educational Wise Classification
From the table 3, it is known that out of 60 respondents, 11 (18.33 per cent) of the respondents are educated up
to School level, 34 (56.67 per cent) of the respondents are graduated at UG level and the remaining 15 (25.00 per cent)
of the respondents are graduated at PG level.
Table 3: Educational Qualification of the Respondents
S. No Educational Qualification Frequency Percentage (%)
1. School 11 18.33
2. Graduate 34 56.67
3. Post Graduate 15 25.00
Total 60 100.00
Source: Primary Data
It is found that majority of the respondents are educated at Under Graduated level.
Awareness about GST in FMCG Products
In this study the researcher made an attempt to find out the awareness about GST in FMCG products and the
results are present in the following Table 4. From the table 4, it is known that out of the 60 respondents, 51 (85.00 per
cent) of the respondents are aware about GST in FMCG products and the remaining 9 (15.00 per cent)of the respondents
are not aware or unaware about GST in FMCG products.
Table 4: Awareness about GST in FMCG Products
S. No Awareness level No. of Respondents Percentage (%)
1. Aware 51 85.00
2. Unaware 9 15.00
Total 60 100.00
Source: Primary Data
It is depicted that the majority of the respondents are aware about GST in FMCG products.
Sources of Awareness about GST in FMCG Products
The researcher has made an attempt to study the sources of awareness about GST in FMCG products are
analyzed and the results are shown in the following the table 5. From the table 5, it is known that out of the 60
respondents, 13 (21.67 per cent) of the respondents are get aware of GST in FMCG products by their family and friends,
11 (18.33 per cent) of the respondents are get aware of GST in FMCG products their Newspaper/Magazines, 19 (31.67
per cent) of the respondents are get aware of GST in FMCG products with the help of their Social Media, 10 (16.67
per cent) of the respondents are get aware of GST in FMCG products through Internet, 5 (8.33 per cent) of the
respondents are get aware of GST in FMCG products with the help of their Manufacture and the remaining 2 ( 3.33 per
cent) of the respondents are get aware of GST in FMCG products with the help of their Wholesaler/retailer.
Table 5: Sources of Awareness about GST in FMCG Products
S. No Sources of knowledge No. of Respondents Percentage
1. Family and Friends 13 21.67

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Research in Multidisciplinary Subjects (Volume-12) ISBN: 978-81-966799-8-9
2. Newspaper/magazines 11 18.33
3. Social Media 19 31.67
4. Internet 10 16.67
5. Manufacturer 5 8.33
6. Wholesaler /Retailer 2 3.33
Total 60 100.00
Sources: Primary Data
It is found that most of the respondents are get knowledge of GST in FMCG products through Social Media.
Awareness about GST Rate in FMCG Products
The researcher has made an attempt to study the level of awareness about GST rate in FMCG products are
analyzed and the results are shown in the following the table 6. From the table 6, it is known that out of the 60
respondents, 47 (78.33 per cent) of the respondents are aware about GST rate for FMCG products, 13 (21.67 per cent)
of the respondents are not aware or unaware about GST rate for FMCG products.
Table 6: Awareness about GST Rate in FMCG Products
S. No Awareness level No. of Respondents Percentage (%)
1. Aware 47 78.33
2. Unaware 13 21.67
Total 60 100.00
Source: Primary Data
It is clearly specified that majority of the respondents are aware about GST rates for in FMCG products.
Buying Decision of Customer after GST in FMCG Products
The researcher has enquired about buying decision of respondents after implementation GST and the details are
presented in Table 7. From the table 7, it is known that out of the 60 respondents 35 (58.33 per cent) of the respondents
buying decisions are affected after implementation of GST in FMCG products and the remaining 25 (41.67 per cent) of
the respondents buying decision notaffected after implementation of GST in FMCG.
Table 7: Buying Decision of Customer after GST in FMCG Products
S. No Buying Decision No. of Respondents Percentage (%)
1. Affected 35 58.33
2. Not affected 25 41.67
Total 60 100.00
Source: Primary Data
It is depicted that majority of the respondents buying decisions are affected after implementation of GST in
FMCG products.
Level of Affecting Buying Decision after GST in FMCG Products
The researcher also has analyzed about level of affecting buying decision of respondents and the details are
presented in Table 8. From the table 8, it is known that out of the 35 respondents, 9 (25.71 per cent) of the respondents
buying decisions are wholly affected after implementation of GST in FMCG products and the remaining 26 (74.29 per
cent) of the respondents buying decisions are partly affected after implementation of GST in FMCG products.
Table 8: Level of Affecting Buying Decision after GST in FMCG Products
S. No Level No. of Respondents Percentage (%)
1. Wholly 9 25.71
2. Partly 26 74.29
Total 35 100.00
Source: Primary Data
It is understood that majority of the respondents buying decisions are partly affected after implementation of
GST in FMCG products.
Over All Opinion about GST in FMCG Products
The researcher has analyzed the overall opinion about GST in FMCG products. Theresults were presented as
the following Table 9.
Table 9: Over All Opinion about GST in FMCG Products
S. NO COMPONENT SA A N DA SDA
1 After GST, Customer canget knowledge of tax rate 8 27 19 4 2
for FMCG product (13.33%) (45.00%) (31.67%) (6.67%) (3.33%)
2 Present GST Rate for FMCG product is more 4 25 23 7 1
benefited to customer (6.67%) (41.67%) (38.33%) (11.67%) (1.66%)

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Research in Multidisciplinary Subjects (Volume-12) ISBN: 978-81-966799-8-9
3 After GST, there is an uniform price for FMCG 12 22 17 5 4
product throughout theCountry (20.0%) (36.67%) (28.33%) (8.33%) (6.67%)
4 After GST the rate ofFMCG Product are 7 27 18 7 1
Appreciated (11.67%) (45.00%) (30.00%) (11.67%) (1.66%)
5 After GST, practice of purchasing FMCG product 13 25 16 5 1
along with bill is Increased (21.67%) (41.67%) (26.67%) (8.33%) (1.66%)
6 After implementation of 10 26 13 8 3
GST there is no shortagein availability of goods (16.67%) (43.33%) (21.67%) (13.33%) (5.00%)
7 GST affect the purchasing 9 24 16 8 3
pattern of customer (15.00%) (40.00%) (26.67%) (13.33%) (5.00%)
8 After GST, there is 7 18 16 14 5
quality change in FMCGproduct (11.67%) (30.00%) (26.67%) (23.33%) (8.33%)
9 GST influence the customer to switch over 8 16 19 12 5
to some other brand (13.33%) (26.67%) (31.67%) (20.00%) (8.33%)
10 GST induce the customerto ignore the usage of 5 17 15 18 5
particular FMCG product (8.33%) (28.33%) (25.00%) (30.00%) (8.34%)
11 Tax burden increased due 13 19 22 5 1
to implementation of GST (21.67%) (31.67%) (36.67%) (8.33%) (1.66%)
12 Over all opinion about GST on FMCG product is 2 33 19 4 2
Good (3.33%) (55.00%) (31.67%) (6.67%) (3.33%)
Source: Primary Data
Table 9 reveals that, most of the respondents have agreed with the statements, ―After GST, Customer can get
knowledge of tax rate for FMCG product‖, ―Present GST Rate for FMCG product is more benefited to customer‖,
―After GST, there is an uniform price for FMCG product throughout the country‖, ―After GST the rate of FMCG
Product are appreciated‖, ―After GST, practice of purchasing FMCG product along with bill is increased‖, ―After
implementation of GST there is no shortage in availability of goods‖, ―GST affect the purchasing pattern of customer‖,
―After GST, there is quality change in FMCG product‖, ―GST influence the customer to switch over to some other
brand‖, ―Overall opinion about GST on FMCG product is good‖.
And also from the above table it is identified that most of the respondents 33 (55.00 per cent) are given neutral
opinion with the statement, ―Tax burden increased due to implementation of GST‖.
More over this table reveals that 18 (30 per cent) have disagreed with the statement ―GST induce the customer
to ignore the usage of particular FMCG products‖.
CONCLUSION
Under GST various indirect taxes are subsumed and it would result in a simpler tax regime especially for
industries like FMCG. Apart from simplification of tax compliances, the rate of tax will also have a significant impact
on the FMCG sector. Since taxes are an inescapable part of the purchasing experience, GST would have an impact on
the consumers. Under GST, different GST rates charged for different goods and services. The purchase decision of
consumers also changed after GST implementation. It proves that the consumer spending ability increased. After the
GST adoption, it caused higher price for consumers to purchase the food products but some exemption gives for food
products. Then medium ability towards provisions, personal care and stationary, and the household products became
cheaper. GST would have an impact on the consumers. But they are not much interested in giving up important to GST
on their purchase of FMCG.
REFERENCES
1. Anjali Agarwal ―Goods and Services Tax (GST) Impact on the Indian Economy‖ New Century Publication, New
Delhi, 2019.
2. Neha Rani and Sunil (2016) ―An overview about Impact of GST on various Sector of Indian Economy‖ the
International Journal of Business &Management Research.
3. Nitin Mehrotra, ―Indian FMCG Industry – A Primer‖, ICFAI University Press,2005.
4. Rekha, Swathi (2019) ―Impact of GST on FMCG Sector and Consumers – A Study ―International Journal of Trend
in Scientific Research and Development‖(IJTSRD).
5. RSN Global (2020) ―White Paper on GST Implications for FMCG Industry‖. International Journal.
6. https://brandyuva.in/2017/05/master-list-of-fmcg-products-with-top-mcgcompanies.html
7. https://cbic-gst.gov.in/gst-goods-services-rates.html
8. https://howtoexportimport.com/Fast-moving-consumer-goods-FMCG-under-GST-8961.aspx

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Research in Multidisciplinary Subjects (Volume-12) ISBN: 978-81-966799-8-9

A STUDY ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE

ANALYSIS OF BICYCLES MANUFACTURING
COMPANY
M.Bhuvaneswari
Head & Assistant Professor, Departmentof Corporate Secretaryship, Soka Ikeda College of Arts & Science for
Women, Chennai-600099
ABSTRACT
Financial performance analysis is the process of identifying the financial strength and weaknesses of the
firm by properly establishing the relationship between the items of the balance sheet and profit and loss account.
This study particularly aims at analysis of liquidity and profitability of TI Cycles of India Limited. TI Cycles of
India Limited was established by the Murugappa Group in the year 1949, in collaboration with Tube investment,
UK. This study includes the 5 years financial performance of the company and gives some suggestions to improve
their level. The data used in this study is secondary data through annual report.
Keywords: TI Cycles of India, Financial Performance Analysis, Liquidity, Profitability.
I.INTRODUCTION
A complete evaluation of a company's overall standing in categories such as assets, liabilities, equity,
expenses, revenue, and overall profitability. Financial statement analysis is a process conducted on organizations
by internal and external parties to gain a better understanding of how a company is performing. The process
consists of analysing four critical financial statements in a business.
The four statements that are extensively studied are a company‘s balance sheet, income statement, cash
flow statement, and annual report.Financial statements analysis is an attempt to determine the significance and
meaning of the financial data so that forecast may be made of the future ability to pay interest and debt maturities a
(both current and long term) and profitability of a sound policy.
II. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Financial analysis reveals the strength and weaknesses of the company by properly establishing the
relationship between the items of the balance sheet and the profit and loss account. The efficient performance of
the firm depends on the sound planning of the capital structure, investment, and distribution. Only firms that apply
sound cost control principles and adopt the scientific tool of investment and distribution in managing funds will
last in the long run. Since finance is an enterprise's lifeline and essential driving force, the importance of timely
appraisal of the firm's performance cannot be ignored. This study is conducted to evaluate the financial
performance of TI Cycles of India and to know the company‘s position and performance.
III.OBJECTIVES OF FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE
The of study following financial performance analysis contains the objectives
Primary objective
 To study the overall financial performance analysis at Company
Secondary objective
1) To study on existing financial position of Company
2) To estimate the earning capacity of the business concern
IV. SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study analyses the overall financial position of TI Cycles of India by using accounting ratios and
other tools. The analysis covers the years 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022 for examining financial statements
such as income statements and balance sheets. The study's scope includes the numerous variables influencing the
company's financial position. The research takes into account data from the previous five years.
V. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
NATURE OF DATA
Secondary data has been used to collect the data for this research, like annual reports of companies,
previous research papers, magazines, journals, and the internet.
DATA ANALYSIS
The collected data are analysed using: Ratio Analysis.
PERIOD OF STUDY
Five years of financial statements has been analysed under this study. That is 2018 to 2022.

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VI. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
 The study is based on past data
 Financial statement cannot be substitute for judgment
VII. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Mistry Dharmendra S. (2012) understood a study to research the effect of varied determinants on the
profitability of the chosen companies. Debt equity ratio, inventory ratio, total assets are key factors which
determine the positive or negative effect on the profitability.
Azhagaiah R. &Gounasegaran (2014) Recognized India‟s per capita real GDP growth as one of key
drivers of growth for country‟s automobile industry. The central government would be set up various task forces
on issue related to taxation, land acquisitions, labour reform and skill development for auto industry.
Surekha B. &KrishnalahK.Rama (2015) This study reveals the prosperity of Tata motors company. It can
be concluded that inner strength of company is remarkable. Company can further improve its profitability by
optimum capital gearing, reduction in administration and financial expenses for the growth of company.
Jothi, K. & Geethalakshmi, A. (2016) This study tries to evaluate the profitability & financial position of
selected companies of Indian automobile industry using statistical tools like, ratio analysis, mean, standard
deviation, correlation.
Partha Ghosh and Assistant Professor(2019), in this study Comparative Financial performance of selected
oil refineries in India: A study during the period 2005 - 2018. here the objective is to find the differences between
the financial position and performances of firms. The data used are secondary data. Mean, variance, and f tests
were done on the data to find the significant conclusion.
VIII. OVERVIEW OF THE COMPANY
TI Cycles of India, Unit of Tube Investments of India Ltd., (TI) is one of the leading bicycle manufacturers
in India, is a part of INR 295 billion Murugappa group. TI Cycles has been at the forefront of innovations and is a
pioneer in the market of cycles.TI Cycles has 4 brands- BSA, Hercules, Mach City and Montra which cater to a
wide variety of distinct consumer segments. Apart from a strong 1200 direct dealer network, TI Cycles has
established retail formats for marketing its brand of cycles, fitness equipment and accessories. BSA Hercules
Exclusive, Rural Hercules BSA Store, Track & Trail and Track & Trail Sport are the 4 retail formats which
provide customers a satisfying and value for money experience. The company has recently ventured into
the lifestyle recreation space with the opening of India‘s first bicycling theme café in Chennai – ―Ciclo Café‖. The
company organizes over 1000 activities promoting cycling every year. The company has 4 manufacturing plants
and 11 warehouses through which it serves its dealers and retail network.
IX. ANALYSIS AND INTREPRETATION OF RATIOS
Financial ratios are mathematical comparisons of financial statement accounts or categories. These
relationships between the financial statement accounts help investors, creditors, and internal company management
understand how well a business is performing and areas of needing improvement.
CURRENT RATIO
The current ratio is a liquidity and efficiency ratio that measures a firm's ability to pay off its short-term
liabilities with its current assets
Formula = Current Assets/ Current Liabilities
TABLE: 1
YEAR CURRENT ASSETS (in Crores) CURRENT LIABILITIES (in Crores) RATIO
2018 1292.25 1492.18 0.87
2019 1312.05 1436.56 0.91
2020 1030.06 1010.26 1.02
2021 1502.64 1554.82 0.97
2022 1776.14 1635.84 1.08
Source: Annual Report
INTERPRETATION
Table reveals that current ratio is an indicator of the company‘s ability to meet its short-term obligation.
The ideal current ratio is to be 2:1. In the year 2018 the ratio is 0.87 and it was slightly increased to 0.91 in the year
2019. In 2020 it was increased to 1.02 and it was slightly decreased 0.97 in 2021. At last, in the year of 2022
gradually increased up to 1.08. The above table shows current ratio is less than 2 in all the financial years If the
ratio is less than the ideal it may mean that the working capital is less required.

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LIQUIDITY RATIO
Liquidity ratios analyse the ability of a company to pay off both its current liabilities as they become due
as well as their long-term liabilities as they become current. In other words, these ratios show the cash levels of a
company and the ability to turn other assets into cash to pay off liabilities and other current obligations.
Formula: Liquidity Ratio= Liquid Assets / Current liabilities
TABLE: 2
Year Liquid Assets ( in Crores ) Current Liabilities ( in Crores ) RATIO
2018 685.02 1492.18 0.459
2019 664.88 1436.56 0.462
2020 616.24 1010.26 0.609
2021 988.5 1554.82 0.635
2022 1128.26 1635.84 0.689
Source: Annual Report
INTERPRETATION
Table denotes that the liquidity ratio of the company. It was 0.459 in the year 2018 and it was slightly
increased to 0.462 in the year 2019. In the year 2020 it was tremendously raised to 0.609 and in the year 2021 it
was increased to 0.635. Compare to all the years the liquidity ratio is higher in 2022 which is 0.689. The ideal ratio
is 1:1 is considered to be good and satisfactory. The liquid ratio of the company is to be improved.
NET PROFIT RATIO
Net profit ratio is a popular profitability ratio that shows relationship between net profit after tax and net
sales. It is computed by dividing the net profit by net sales.
Formula: Net profit Ratio = Net Profit /Net Sales*100
TABLE: 3
YEAR NET PROFIT (in Crores) NET SALES (in Crores) RATIO
2018 39.32 1232.83 3.19
2019 31.43 1347.44 2.33
2020 73.55 934.59 7.87
2021 129.12 1480.16 8.72
2022 136.36 1734.52 7.86
Source: Annual Report
INTERPRETATION
Table shows that the Net profit ratio of the company. The net profit ratio of the company was 3.19 % in 2018. It
was reduced to 2.33% in the year 2019. In 2020, it was raised to 7.87%. The ratio was shows that 8.72% and
7.86% in the year 2021 & 2022 respectively. Thus, the company gradually increased the net profit ratio which
shows the better performance of business in future.
PROPRIETARY RATIO
The proprietary ratio is also called ‗Equity ratio‘. This ratio points out relationship between the
shareholders‘ funds and total tangible assets.
Formula:Proprietary Ratio = Shareholder‘s Fund / Total Tangible Assets
TABLE: 4
YEAR SHAREHOLDERS FUND TOTAL TANGIBLE ASSETS RATIO
2018 1213.14 2965.03 0.61
2019 1425.02 3371.86 0.66
2020 1712.54 2740.50 0.76
2021 2293.13 3931.00 0.89
2022 2701.31 4366.09 0.89
Source: Annual Report
INTERPRETATION
Table reveals the proprietary ratio of the company. In 2018, the ratio was 0.61, it was hiked to 0.66and 0.76 in
2019 and 2020. Further it was increased to 0.89 and 0.89 in the year 2021 and 2022 respectively. A high ratio
indicates safety to creditors. A ratio below 0.5 is alarming for the creditors. So, the proprietary ratio of the
company was good and satisfactory level.

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X. FINDINGS AND SUGGESTIONS
 The current ratio is less than 2 in all the financial years If the ratio is less than the ideal it may mean that the
working capital is less required. The company‘s current ratio position was not satisfactory level. Hence the
company will concentrate more in future.
 The ideal ratio is 1:1 is considered to be good and satisfactory. The liquid ratio of the company is to be
improved.
 The Net profit ratio of the company was gradually increased the net profit ratio which shows the better
performance of business in future.
 The proprietary ratio of the company was good and satisfactory level.A higher ratio indicates safety to
creditors.
XI.CONCLUSION
The purpose of financial performance analysis is to identify the financial strengths and weaknesses of the
firm by properly establishing the relationship between the items of balance sheet and profit and loss account. This
helps in planning the financial performance of the company in the future. From the analysis, it is concluded that TI
Cycles of India can try to follow the suggestions presented above to improve its profit and increase turnover in the
upcoming years. If they can properly implement the above suggested techniques, they can maximize profits with
minimum costs. Hence, I conclude this project that financial performance analysis of the company is essential from
time to time to evaluate its business.
REFERENCES
Books
Maheshwari S.N, ―Financial Management‖, Sultan Chand and Sons
I M Pandey, Financial Performance, Eighth Edition,Vikas Publication
Journals
International Journal for Research Trends and Innovation
International Research Journal on Advanced Science Hub (IRJASH)
The International Journal of Business & Management
International Journal of Scientific Research and Management
Websites
https://tiindia.com/ti-cycles-of-india/
https://tiindia.com/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_analysis
https://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/tubeinvestmentsindialtd/balance-sheetVI/TIIND54076

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Research in Multidisciplinary Subjects (Volume-12) ISBN: 978-81-966799-8-9

Bio-LOGICAL- The Egalitarian Perspective

Shubha Shah
Asst Prof, Dnyan Ganga Education Trusts Degree College of Arts,Commerce & Science
Introduction
Our world is so admirable with all its bounties and sceneries. Everything thing looks beautiful only because of
the admiration and positive perspective of humans. People are distinct in colour, language, race and gender.
Understanding the differences and accepting the reality and motivating each other makes life more beautiful.
The main need of any human is to be accepted, loved, honoured and respected by the society. Even in
Maslow‘s Need Hierarchy Theory, Maslow talks about belongingness and esteem or prestige needs that every human
yearns for. History has it that transgenders or the third gender have existed from ancient times. They have been a part
of our society since centuries. But sadly the third gender is deprived of basic needs like education which is one of the
main routes to gain respect in the society. Men and Women the two opposite genders into days modern times are at par
and excel in all fields especially education. On the other hand the highly discriminated transgender community also
wishes to walk hand inhand with them and get knowledge through education. Universal Declaration of Human Rights:
Article 26says, ―Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental
stages. Elementary as well as higher education shall be available. Technical and professional education shall be made
available.‖
In India also there are laws and norms for thetransgenders to pursue with their education. But the thing is, are
they aware of all these laws? Do they have knowledge about their rights to acquire education? The main rationale
behind this researchstudy is to investigate into the reasons as to why most transgenders are uneducated and a majority have
resorted to begging and prostitution for their livelihood. This research has got many things in to light the main one being that
most transgenders had quit education at the primary level itself as they went to normal schools where they were tormented
with verbal abuses, mistreatment, eve teasing and physical and sexual harassment which led to massive psychological
disturbances due to non- acceptance and ridicule whichmade them avoid social institutions like schools and discontinue
with their education.
In the year 2018 Maharashtra Government has startedthe Transgender Welfare Board and allocated Rs.5 Crores
which will take care of their Welfare in areas such as Education, Employment, Housing and Livelihood. This is a very good
initiative by the Maharashtra Government for the benefit of Transgender Community. On this basis, we propose
that aseparate school should be started for the transgender community where they can study inpeace without being
teased, bullied or harassed .TheirEducationshouldgiveaverystrongemphasison special vocational courses and
training wherethey will get more opportunities to hone their skillswhich is very important for the upliftment of
theirstandard of living and also getting them respect in the society.
Objectives
 To improve Transgenders‘ standard of living and respect in the society through education.
 To give equal opportunities to the Transgender community for education and job opportunities.
 To boost their confidence and make them self-reliant (Kinnar Banenge Atmanirbhar)
 The route of education and vocational courseswill mitigate the issues of begging, melancholy and prostitution
prevalent in their community.
 To promote individual and group endeavors by Transgender persons for employment and self-employment
after receiving the vocational training and education
Research Methodology
Step 1: Literature review of the below books : I am Vidya: A Transgenders Journey and The Truth about Me: A
Hijra Life Story and various other websites which are cited in the end in References.
Step 2: Framing the questionnaire elevant to the topic.
Step 3: Locations in Mumbai and Thane where Transgender community live were targeted.
Step 4: I went to various targeted locations and surveyed the respondents by random sampling method including
snow ball technique.
Step 5: I asked the survey questions to the respondents
Step 6: The 67 odd respondents spoke on behalf of many of their community members as their problems were very
much alike and as most of them were uneducated, so I filled the questionnaires on their behalf.
Step 7: The responses were recorded
Step 8: The responses were analysed from the data collected by the team.

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PreliminaryWork/Survey
Please find the link for the primary survey questionnaire with open and closed ended questions:
https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1E65JVHkfWQDyIPsNai0DCp4w0OZ0EusnD7j3JN5BZVM/edit#gid
=666538577
The Transgenders were at first reluctant to open up and speak to the team but after making them
comfortable they started sharing a lot of information about themselves and also vented out their feelings. The study
is exploratory as well as descriptive research design with random sampling including snow ball technique (The 67
respondents gave information of many of their community members)

Data Analysis & Interpretation

According to the results of the survey 57%of the trans genders had been to school and 43% never got the
opportunity to attend school this 57%got schooling only till primary section. 36% of the school goers had a bad
experience and 62% had the worst experience.
100% of the trans-genders who went to school agreed that they were harassed, bullied and eve-teased
during their time in school.
91% of them suggested a special school for them imparting education and vocational training will help to
increase their standard of living, boost their self-morale and will make themselves-reliant and will make them self-
reliant and will help them togain astand andrespect in the society.
Benefitsto the society:
I hope my research work makes paves a wayfor a more inclusive world where everyone irrespective of
gender is treated with dignity and respect. Education is a powerful tool in reducing prejudices. A smart card can be
provided to the community by the Maharashtra Government which will help them to avail required services like
free education, vocational training and jobs.
Transgenders form a very important part of our society and education and vocational training will help
them to be self-reliant. If the trans-gender community is well educated, they will be able to get jobs or start their
own business and have a better standard of living.
Society at large will be benefitted as the percentage of sex workers and prostitution in the state can be
mitigated with the help of education. They can socialize and make friends among other students which will help
them to get out of anxiety and depression issues. Education can help them to make the right choices morally. I
definitely want them to be seen in respectable jobs and not begging on traffic signals or into prostitution. Education
and vocational training will help them get out of this mire and will help them to be honoured, respected and seen as
idols in the society in thefuture . We will have an egalitarian society whereall three genders excel and progress
hand in handwhere no one is suppressed, oppressed, harassedand are given equal right/ chances to excel and grow.
FutureScope
A school specially dedicated to the community willbring a meridian change in the lives of transgender
children where they will get education cum vocational training to hone their skills which can help for their eco-
social development.
Proliferating the opportunity of a better future andvindicating the community from the wrong routes. The lives of
the next generation of a transgendered individual will be normal and full of opportunities as of the other two
genders.

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Below listed examples of Indians first transgender community icons are living proofthat there is a huge
and positive scope for them inthe future with the right guidance, education and vocational training.
Laxmi NarayanTripathi & Kalki Subramaniam- social activist and author
Manabi Bandyopadhyay- College Principal
Madhu Kinnar -Mayor
Padmini Prakash- TV anchor.
Prithika Yashini- Police officer
6 pack band - Cannes Musical Band
Nitasha Biswas - Beauty QueenJiya Das- OTTechnician.
Pooja Sharma- Rekha of the TG Community-Dancer.
Oppurtunities v/s Challenges
9% (6% Maybe and 3% No to special schools) ofthe transgender samples that the team surveyed had a
pessimistic mindset and attitude that begging and prostitution is the only route of earning a livelihood for their
community and they feel thatsociety will never go out of the way to bring arevolution for their community and for
the future generations of the transgender community. Unfortunately, this pessimistic mindset has been inculcated
in them and hence changing the mindset of such 9% would be difficult.
But at the same time with The role model Transgenders that we have listed in Future
ScopeitisguaranteedthatEducationandVocationalTrainingcanopenupaplethoraofoppurtunitiestotheTransgenderscom
munityandcanmakethem do wonders in various fields and achieve milestones also they can command
honour/respect in the society .
References:
 timesofindia.indiatimes.com
 economictimes.indiatimes.com
 Governmentacts fortransgender-
 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rights_of_Transgender...
 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_Persons...
 www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/Transgender.
..
 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_in_LGBT_rights
TransgenderEducation-
 euroasiapub.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2ESSNov-4296.pdf
 Prostitution oftransgender
 www.indiatimes.com/news/india/lgtbq-90-of-trans...
 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_Prostitution
 Books on transgender
 IAmVidya:ATransgender's Journey
 The TruthaboutMe:AHijraLife Story

24
Research in Multidisciplinary Subjects (Volume-12) ISBN: 978-81-966799-8-9

“The Art of Employee Satisfaction: Decoding the Secrets to

Organisational Success.”
Dr. Mohammad Khalil Ahmad1, Sunita Charanjit Saini2
Department of Commerce, Ph.D. Guide, K.P.B. Hinduja College of Commerce1
Department of Commerce, Research Scholar, K.P.B. Hinduja College of Commerce2
ABSTRACT
The primary objective of this study was to investigate the various elements that contribute to the contentment of
employees and how these factors ultimately affect the overall effectiveness of organisations within Mumbai. A total of
350 individuals participated in the research, hailing from diverse sectors such as Human Resource, Finance,
Procurement, and sanitation. The study examined the influence of employee attitudes, productivity, and leadership styles
on organisational performance by utilising Hertzberg's dual-factor theory and Locke's Theory of Worth.
The findings indicated a robust correlation between the effectiveness of an organisation and the level of productivity
exhibited by its employees. This productivity, in turn, contributes to the overall morale, motivation, and cohesiveness
within the team. Creating an environment that encourages efficiency is essential for motivating staff members,
encouraging cooperation, and nurturing a sense of unity. The correlation between organisational performance and job
satisfaction was found to be significant. According to the research findings, it is recommended that the Organisations
administration take steps to improve the skills of its employees. This can be achieved by introducing various measures
like providing on-the-job training opportunities and implementing initiatives for career advancement.
Key words: Worker contentment, employment discontent, Corporate Achievement
1. INTRODUCTION:
Worker contentment refers to the psychological well-being an individual experiences in relation to their job,
encompassing their feelings and viewpoints on various aspects of their employment and the organisations they work for.
The level of satisfaction a person experiences in their job is closely tied to how well their personal needs are met within
their work environment. The concept of intrinsic reward centres on the feelings of joy and satisfaction that arise from
accomplishing a task, whereas extrinsic reward pertains to the recognition and appreciation received from external
sources for one's achievements, such as salary raises, praise, and promotions.
Employees achieve optimal levels of contentment and efficiency when their job offers a multitude of elements.
These include safeguards against financial hardships, acknowledgement of their diligent efforts, opportunities to
contribute ideas and suggestions, active participation in decision-making and overall management, clearly defined roles
and responsibilities, prospects for professional growth, supplementary benefits, an equitable payment structure,
incentivized programmes, profit-sharing endeavours, measures to ensure well-being and safety, social security
advantages, compensation, a robust communication system, and a workplace environment characterised by trust and
mutual respect among coworkers.
2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
It is crucial for employers to prioritise the satisfaction and productivity of their employees by meeting their
needs. According to a study conducted by Fisher and Locke in 1992, it has been found that the level of employee
satisfaction has a substantial influence on the overall effectiveness of an organisation. The theory proposed by Abraham
Maslow in 1954, known as the Hierarchy of Needs, posits that the fulfilment of personal needs has a direct influence on
the contentment and productivity of employees. On the other hand, companies frequently encounter difficulties like
adverse circumstances, hostility, bureaucratic obstacles, and ineffectiveness. The primary objective of this study is to
investigate the various elements that contribute to the satisfaction of employees and how it ultimately affects the overall
effectiveness of organisations within Mumbai.
3. LITERATURE REVIEW
Effect of Employee Productivity on Organisational Performance
It is crucial for companies to allocate resources towards the growth and advancement of their employees in
order to foster a stronger connection and enhance overall job effectiveness. According to Woodruff's research in 1999, it
is crucial to prioritise the establishment of chances for progress within the company and providing avenues for
professional development and the improvement of skills. According to a study conducted by Meyer & Smith in 2003, it
was found that organisations have the potential to enhance employee retention rates by investing resources in training
and development programmes. Workers who receive adequate training and growth opportunities are inclined to maintain
their productivity and commitment to the organisation.
A comprehensive research conducted by Robert Half International, Inc. delved into the factors contributing to
employee departures, revealing that individuals frequently choose to leave their jobs in pursuit of enhanced career
opportunities and personal development, rather than being solely motivated by financial considerations such as salary.
According to a study conducted by Smith in 2010, it is emphasised that the growth and progress of one's career are of

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Research in Multidisciplinary Subjects (Volume-12) ISBN: 978-81-966799-8-9
utmost importance, benefiting not only the individual but also the organisation. This mutually advantageous relationship
between the two parties can yield substantial advantages.
According to a study conducted by Fred Luthans in 2011, it was discovered that individuals who experience a
high level of contentment in their work environment generally exhibit enhanced physical health, possess a greater ability
to acquire new skills, express fewer grievances, and are less susceptible to accidents in the workplace.
According to the research conducted by Silver and colleagues in 2003, it is suggested that in order to enhance
organisational productivity and efficiency, it is crucial to adopt a holistic approach that addresses both the physical and
social-emotional well-being of employees, ultimately leading to their overall satisfaction.
Effects of Work Environment on Organisational Performance
In order to create a work environment that is both efficient and fruitful, it is crucial to grasp the impact of the
workplace on behaviour and how behaviour ultimately affects work performance. In 2005, Gensler architects conducted
a comprehensive study that revealed the potential for significant enhancements in workplace efficiency. Their findings
indicated that by implementing various improvements, employee productivity could surge by an impressive 19%.
Additionally, architects specifically could experience a notable 17% increase in their productivity levels. In 1999, the
American Society of Interior Designers (ASID) conducted a survey that unveiled the significant impact of an efficient
office layout and a functional workspace on productivity and the overall work experience.
Different companies showcase a wide range of office designs for their employees, each with its own set of
distinctive characteristics. These include differences in lighting and heating systems, variations in furniture and layout
designs, and varying levels of noise. It is essential for employers to grasp the fundamental elements that contribute to
employee contentment. By acknowledging and attending to these requirements, employers can cultivate a work
environment that promotes productivity and fulfilment among their staff. Worker contentment can be defined as an all-
encompassing feeling towards their occupation or a compilation of viewpoints concerning various elements of the
professional setting. It is crucial for organisations to adopt a holistic approach when assessing their work environment in
order to ensure the satisfaction of their employees.
Effects of Employee Personal Attitude towards Work
In a study conducted by Densten in 2001, it was discovered that the mentality of leaders plays a crucial role in
influencing the perspectives and outlooks of their staff members. Individuals' attitudes play a significant role in shaping
their perceptions of the work environment. This, in turn, has a direct impact on employee morale, productivity levels,
and the development of team-building abilities. Understanding the significance of positive and negative mindsets in a
professional setting is essential for fostering a harmonious and enjoyable work atmosphere.
The concept of leadership style pertains to the distinct way in which a leader directs, implements strategies, and
motivates individuals within a team. Leadership can be approached in many different ways, and the effectiveness of
each approach depends on the specific situation.
To put it briefly, the demeanour of individuals has a significant impact on moulding the conduct and
achievements of workers within the professional setting. The effectiveness of an organisation is impacted by the type of
leadership style employed, which may fall into the categories of autocratic or collaborative. Organisations can enhance
their work environment by recognising and tackling the consequences of various leadership approaches, resulting in
increased productivity and effectiveness.
4. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
4.1 The conceptual structure, built upon the concepts of X and Y theories and Smith's, centres around four primary
elements: effectiveness, office environment, mentality, and leadership strategies, impacting the overall success of the
organisation.
4.2 Research Methods
A descriptive research design was employed to investigate the various elements that contribute to the contentment of
employees and how these factors ultimately affect the overall effectiveness of organisations within Mumbai.
5. FINDINGS
Employee Productivity and Organisational Performance
The research revealed that the efficiency of workers has a direct correlation with the overall achievement of a
company. Having a positive mindset and being driven can greatly enhance one's productivity and play a significant role
in the prosperity of the company. Encouraging collaboration has a beneficial impact on productivity. Based on the data,
it can be observed that there is a significant correlation between employee productivity and organisational performance.
The Pearson correlation coefficient (r-value) of 0.712 indicates a strong relationship between these two variables,
suggesting a positive association. The research outcomes indicate that promoting a collaborative atmosphere and
following the designated schedules set by leadership can have a beneficial impact on the overall effectiveness of the
organisation.
Work Environment on Organisational Performance

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Research in Multidisciplinary Subjects (Volume-12) ISBN: 978-81-966799-8-9
According to the study, the operational effectiveness of the organisations greatly influenced by the prevailing
working conditions. Creating a positive work environment that nurtures employee motivation and collaboration, while
also ensuring access to essential resources and technology, has proven to have a substantial impact on enhancing
productivity. On the other hand, the organisation's effectiveness was impeded due to an unfavourable work environment
caused by interference from political forces. The analysis of Pearson correlation revealed a significant connection
between the work atmosphere and the performance of the organisation, suggesting a favourable relationship.The results
are consistent with prior research that suggests the work environment is a significant factor in the relationship between
job tasks, the physical workspace, and the tools used for work.
The Impact of Employee Attitude on Organisational Performance
According to the research results, the majority of individuals involved in the organisation express optimism
regarding the organisation's performance, whereas a small portion maintain a negative perspective. The optimistic
perspective is credited to the attractive remuneration, amicable connections among coworkers, a nurturing workplace
atmosphere, and enthusiastic employee involvement in decision-making procedures. The root cause of subpar
organisational performance is thought to be linked to various elements, including insufficient remuneration, restricted
employee involvement in decision-making procedures, an overwhelming workload devoid of incentives or drive,
inadequate training and prospects for career growth, and an excess of political meddling.
Additionally, the research revealed that the way employees perceive the effectiveness of their organisation
significantly influences their level of productivity. This is mainly attributed to their motivation and commitment. More
than 90% of respondents agreed that the atmosphere in which they work has a substantial influence on their emotions
and outlook on their occupation. Approximately 89% of individuals consider the level of job satisfaction to be closely
linked to the overall quality of their work environment. Encouraging employee commitment can be achieved by various
means, including fair remuneration, avenues for personal development, and a feeling of security in their position.
Based on the obtained r-value of 0.627, it can be concluded that there exists a significant correlation between
employee attitude and organisational performance. This correlation indicates a favourable association between the two
variables. To summarise, the study emphasises the significance of establishing a favourable internal environment for
staff members, resulting in heightened employee contentment, commitment, and outstanding customer support.
Leadership Style on Organisational Performance
According to the research, it was discovered that the leadership approach of employers in the organisation leans
heavily towards democracy, while bureaucratic leadership takes the second spot. Autocratic leadership style is rarely
used in practice. Successful leadership motivates workers, boosts their effectiveness, and cultivates harmonious
professional connections, resulting in enhanced overall operational efficiency. A strong correlation coefficient of 0.602
indicates a clear and favourable relationship between leadership strategies and the overall effectiveness of an
organisation.
Worker Contentment and Company Effectiveness
The research discovered that worker contentment has a direct influence on job performance and efficiency.
Organisational efficiency is compromised due to the adverse impact of employee discontent, resulting in decreased
performance. Enhanced levels of contentment result in enhanced physical health, acquisition of fresh abilities, decreased
grievances, and a decline in workplace incidents. It is crucial for organisations to place employee contentment as a top
priority, which can be achieved by implementing comprehensive onboarding initiatives and offering ample opportunities
for technical skill development.
Factors that influence the satisfaction and productivity of employees in organisations encompass advantageous
remuneration schemes, inspiration, acknowledgment, benefits, inducements, a conducive working environment equipped
with abundant resources, supportive technologies, and adequate workspace. Additional elements encompass leadership
style, collectivism, state interference, learning prospects, career development, progress, and job security.
The study revealed that the effectiveness of employees has a direct correlation with the overall prosperity of a
company, as it is influenced by the combined output of its staff. There is a significant connection (r=0.712) that has been
discovered between the productivity of employees and the overall performance of the organisation. Productivity of the
organisations was greatly influenced by the current working conditions, which could be improved by establishing a
positive work environment.
According to the research findings, it was discovered that the dominant leadership approach within the
organisations was primarily characterised by a democratic style, while bureaucratic leadership ranked second in terms of
prevalence. The influence of strong leadership on employee motivation yields favourable outcomes, leading to enhanced
productivity.
To summarise, the study results revealed a significant link between employee contentment and the effectiveness
of the organisations. The overall success of an organisation can be greatly influenced by the level of job satisfaction
experienced by its employees. This implies that by improving employee effectiveness and offering adequate resources
and tools, the organisation can achieve better outcomes.

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Research in Multidisciplinary Subjects (Volume-12) ISBN: 978-81-966799-8-9
6. SUGGESTIONS
According to the findings, it is recommended that the organisations should introduce programmes for practical
training and professional growth in order to enhance the competencies of its workforce and promote job security,
ultimately leading to a boost in overall efficiency. Creating a favourable work environment is equally important,
ensuring that employees have access to various amenities such as laptops, office supplies, and bicycles for staff
members working in the field. Ensuring the reduction of political interference is equally crucial. It is crucial for
employees to engage proactively in the decision-making procedures in order to foster effective leadership. Open and
efficient communication plays a vital role in fostering positive connections among employees, enhancing job
contentment, and ultimately driving the overall triumph of the organisation. Implementing these strategies will
contribute to the development of a favourable workplace atmosphere and amplify employee contentment.
7. REFERENCES
1. Al-Anzi, N. M. (2009). "Workplace environment and its impacts on employee's performance: A study submitted to
Project Management Department in Saudi Aramco", Open University of Malaysia.
2. Allen Rubin, Earl R. Babbie (2013) Essential Research Methods for Social Work.3rd edition. Brooks/Cole Cengage.
3. Asian Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 16, No. 1, January (2011)
4. Armstrong Michael , Stephen Taylor(2013) Armstrong's Handbook of Human Resource
Management Practice: Building Sustainable Organizational Performance Improvement 13th Edition, Kogan Page
5. Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1993). Transformational leadership: A response to critiques. In M. M. Chemers & R.
Ayman (Eds.), Leadership theory and research: Perspectives and directions (pp. 49-80). SanDiego, CA:
Academic Press.
6. Bass, B.M. (1985), Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectations, The Free Press, New York, NY.
7. Bassett, G. (1994). The case against job satisfaction. Business Horizons, 37, 61-68. Brief, A. P. (1998). Attitudes in
and around organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
8. Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation and adaptation. Applied Psychology, 46, 5-68
9. Blanchflower, D. G. (2004). Self-employment: More may not be better. Swedish Economic Policy Review, 11, 15-
73
10. Bless, C., Higson-Smith, C. and Sithole, S.L. (2013). Fundamentals of social research methods: An African
perspective, (5th ed.), Cape Town: Juta and company.
11. Densten, I., and Gray, J. (2001). Leadership development and reflection:" The International Journal of Educational
Management
12. Fisher, C.D. and Locke, E.A. (1992). The new look in job satisfaction research and theory. In C. J. Cranny. P. C.
Smith, & E. F. Stone (Eds.),job satisfaction (pp. 165-194). New York. Lexington
13. Fred Lathans (2010) organization behaviour 12th Edition McGraw Hill.
14. Greenberg, J., & Baron, R. A. (2003). Behavior in organizations (8th ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon
15. Laurie J. Mullins(2013) Management and Organizational Behavior, 10th edition. pearson publisher.
16. Johnson, M. (2004) 'Gallup study reveals workplace disengagement in Thailand', The Gallup Management Journal,
12th May.
17. Kuria E. (2011) Factors influencing the levels of job satisfaction of the deputy head teachers of public secondary
schools in Kenya. Unpublished thesis Kenyatta University.
18. Orodho J.A (2012) Techniques of Writing Research Proposals and Reports in Education and Social Sciences.
Maseno Kenya. Kanezja Publisher.
19. Paul Hersey and Kenneth H. Blanchard (2007) Management of organizational behavior 9th edition, Prentice Hall.
20. Reichheld, F.F. (2006). The Ultimate Question: Driving Good Profits and True Growth. Harvard Business School
Press. Boston.
21. Robbins, S. P. (2001). Organizational Behavior (9th ed.). New York: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
22. Robert n. Lussier 2015 Management Fundamentals: concept application skills development 6th edition, Sage
publications.
23. Simatwa EMW (2011). Job Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction among Teachers in Kenya. Kenya Journal of Education
Planning Economics and Management. Vol.3 (3) 114-123 (ISSN; 2074-5400).
24. Wilson, J. M., George, J., and Wellins, R. S. (1994). Leadership trapeze: Strategies for leadership in team-based
organizations. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, Inc.
25. Wileyright M., Gardner,M., Oynihan, M.llen (2005);The relationship Between HR practices and Firm
Perfomance.CAHRS Working Paper Series Center for Advanced Human Resource Studies(CAHRS)6-1-
2004,Cornell University.

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Research in Multidisciplinary Subjects (Volume-12) ISBN: 978-81-966799-8-9

Design and analysis of retaining wall

Swatantra Gopal
m.tech structural engineer, prn – 220201341001, sandip university, sijoul, madhubani-857235, bihar, india
INTRODUCTION
The design and analysis of retaining wall is the structure that enables us to form support that held the pressure
and force acting on the structure from lateral direction. From early civilization either it is mohenjo daro structure or
Ireland nation early structure that is made out of round stones with layers of mats embedded a kind of early prototype of
todays innovation and materials that has been used in past are different with equal goal to provide Lateral support to
structure that has been used to provide the stable working environment as 20th century and early and even in some parts
of world stone material and wood timber material for beam, wall used in construction of retaining wall,
ABSTRACT
retaining structures are used in civil engineering from the century ago due to it‘s retaining mechanism, there are
different types and one is retaining wall. Either made of brick,steel or both or different material, It is useful in letting the
structure stable, it is use in various structure like bridge, hill areas etc. The research aims to find and analyze the
retaining wall design and analysis. The analysis are work analysis of methodological and method perspective and
different techniques of formulas. Retaining wall are used in stabling of soil mass laterally, pressure from the lateral area
need to examine methodically to explain the nature of how retaining wall mechanism work and how we can initiate ours
effort toward better environment. The materials and methods will be examine to find out how we contribute to our
planet by reducing resources and cost through design process by implementing right program to avoid wastage.
Purpose
 To solve the ongoing issues regarding retaining wall types failure.
 Lifespan of types of retaining wall.
 Sinkhole damage prevention to structure.
 Precast technology evaluation.
 Analysis of retaining wall.
 Inspection of propose site.
Limitation
 Retaining wall construction in region where road construction are pending due to land slides cause transportation
issues.
 In mountainous region, taking machines to hill are limited.
 After excavation site work limit the pre-planned procedure.
 During construction due to friction and lack of resistance the rock and soil goes high elevation to lower elevation
side it make construction difficult and cause estimation cost goes high and management become difficult.
OBJECTIVE OF WORK
 To develop an efficient way and to effectively utilize design of retaining wall.
 To reduce the consumption of natural resource such as clay, ores, for the manufacturing of bricks, steel etc.
 To minimize the impact of environment.
 to Avoid land and water degradation.
 To produce cost- effective materials which can be used in construction easily.
 Evaluation and estimation of retaining wall
 Examination of retaining wall.
Literature Review
Mikio Futaki, Osamu SakaguchiI (1992) [1]:The research deals with the experiment and evaluation on cantilever
retaining wall for seismic loadings. In research, Soil-Structure Interact done by model test. The present paper intends to
examine the safety and to evaluate the force acting on the wall for the seismic loadings.
Rajesh D. Padhye, Prabhuling B. Ulagaddi (2010)[2]: earth pressure and lever arm act less after provision of shelves
and there by considerable reduction the moment about the base slab
Dr. D. N. Shinde, Mr, Rohan R. Watve(2015) [3]:The research done virtually with the analysis of cantilever retaining
wall using Finite Element method. The retaining wall with and without shelves is analysed by using Stadd-pro model
and results for various parameters are to be compared in this paper.
Scotto Di santolo, A. Pennna, A. Evangelista G.E. Mylonakis, S. Bhattacharya , C.A. Taylor (2012) [4]: Reinforced
concrete cantilever retaining walls represent a type of retaining system. It is good in quality over conventional gravity
walls and affordable and less hassle in construction and installation.

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Research in Multidisciplinary Subjects (Volume-12) ISBN: 978-81-966799-8-9
Methodology
 Material analysis – The examination of material required to for the issues regarding the strength of material and
support of lateral pressure in order to evaluate the working condition of retaining wall and cost effectiveness such
as timber material is the cheapest and most expensive is the pre cast concrete block.
 Field investigation – Surveying of topography where construction is going to start is required in order to produce
right design type of retaining wall and examination of soil type to evaluate considerable safety and structure health
with good performance
 construction of retaining wall –
Retaining wall height construction generally upto 2 m for hill region and above 2 m for underlying road.
1. Construction with concrete fill wall requires following steps -
a) Excavation process.
b) Geotextiles (permeable fabric used in association with soil protection, reinforcement) need to be installed to take
temporary earth pressure while in constructon and protect against slipping materials.
c) Install concrete bolts for holding concrete wall
d) Concrete filling wooden frame
e) Fill the frame with concrete.
f) Drainage system installed.
 Construction with timber wood as follows,
a) Anchored concrete bolts installed.
b) Wooden pile install.
(it only protect from rock at lower limit)
Cantilever retaining wall procedure as follows,
a) Design.
b) Construction either on site or precast.
 Design of retaining wall –

Cantilever retaining wall has been proposed in this design.

The pressure cantilever retaining wall take are sliding , overturning, soilbearing.

Wall dimension diagram

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Research in Multidisciplinary Subjects (Volume-12) ISBN: 978-81-966799-8-9

Reinforcement design diagram

Earth pressure diagram

Spacing of main reinforcement bars diagram

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Research in Multidisciplinary Subjects (Volume-12) ISBN: 978-81-966799-8-9

Net force on slab diagram

Theory
Lateral earth pressures theory methods:
 Rankine Analysis
the combine result of each pressure (stress) areas behind the retaining wall.
assumptions include:
horizontal backfill
vertical wall with respect to the retaining soil
smooth wall (no friction)
Resultant Lateral Earth Pressure, R
The resultant lateral earth pressure, R, is the summation of all individual lateral earth pressure components.

R = Ps + Pw + Pq + Pe kN/m2 (lb/ft2)
Where,
Ps = 1 KgH2
2
kN/m2 (lb/ft2)
earth pressure due to soil
Pw = 1 gwH2
2
kN/m2 (lb/ft2)
earth pressure due to pore water
Pq = qKH kN/m2 (lb/ft2)
earth pressure due to surcharge

Pe = 3 KhgH2 kN/m2 (lb/ft2)

8
earth pressure due to earthquakes

Ps = lateral earth pressure due to soil

Pw = lateral earth pressure due to pore water

Pq = lateral earth pressure due to surcharge (i.e. building, vehicle load)
Pe = lateral earth pressure due to earthquakes
K = KA, KP or Ko lateral earth pressure coefficient
 KA = (1 - sin f)
(1 + sin f)
 KP = (1 + sin f)
(1 - sin f)
coefficient for passive conditions
 Ko = 1 - sin f
coefficient for at-rest conditions

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Research in Multidisciplinary Subjects (Volume-12) ISBN: 978-81-966799-8-9
Kh = 3 K
4
earthquake coefficient
g = effective unit weight of soil medium kN/m2 (lb/ft2)
gw = 9.1 kN/m2 (62.4 lb/ft2) = unit weight of water
f = angle of friction = degrees
H = height of retaining wall = m (ft)
q = surcharge on soil, if any = kN/m2 (lb/ft2)
 Coulomb Method
The Coulomb Method:
 friction between the retaining wall and soil.
 benefit of using for non-vertical walls.
 Allows for inclined backfill, but must be planar.
 Backfill must be cohesion less for inclined backfill.
 Take a planar slip surface, similar to Rankine.
 Can take a homogeneous backfill.
 Any surcharge must be uniform and cover entire surface of driving wedge
P= 1 g 1
2 sin q cos d
KH2 kN/m2 (lb/ft2)
where,K = KA or KP lateral earth pressure coefficient;
KA = active, KP = passive
 KA = sin (q + f)cos d
2

sin q (sin q - d)[1 + SQRT[(sin (f + d) sin (f - b))/(sin (q - d) sin (q + b))]]2

 KP = cos2 f
[1 - SQRT[(sin f sin (f - b))/(cos b)]]2
g = effective unit weight of soil medium kN/m2 (lb/ft2)
f = angle of internal friction degrees
H = height of retaining wall m (ft)
d = 2f/3 = angle of wall friction degrees
q = angle of wall face from horizontal (90 degrees for vertical wall) degrees
b = angle of backfill (0 degrees for horizontal backfill) degrees
 Log Spiral Theory
The Log Spiral Method takes a curved slip surface, and therefore should be used for all passive earth pressure
conditions.
Horizontal backfill is required for this method
retaining wall analysis and design other formula:
 Sliding analysis
 Overturning analysis
 RESULT
 Cantilever retaining wall
 Known Parameters :
 Height of earth Retained, h = 10 m
 Unit weight of soil = 18 kN/m
2

 Unit weight of concrete = 24 kN/m

2

 angle of internal friction of soil, φ = 30°

 Slope of backfill, β = 20°
 soil-wall interface friction, δ = 20°
 Surcharge pressure on backfill, ws = 1 kN/m
2

 Wall Dimensions :
 Assumed depth of foundation, d = 3 m
 Total height of the wall, H = 13 m
 Safe Bearing Capacity of soil = 200 kN/m
2

 Thickness of base slab, t = 1200 mm

 Thickness of stem at base = 1200 mm
 Thickness of stem at top = 200 mm

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 Length of heel slab including stem thickness = 10 m
 Length of toe slab = 5 m front of the wall
 Total length of base slab = 15 m
 Calculated wall sloping on the back of the wall (with the vertical) = 4.84°
 Earth Pressure analysis :
Lateral Earth Pressure Coefficients
Coefficient Coulomb's Rankine's
Active 0.471 0.414
Passive 3 3
 Lateral Earth pressure due to backfill soil, Pa =1022.647 kN
@ 5.522 m from bottom of heel slab.
 Lateral Earth pressure due to surcharge, Ps =7.299 kN
@ 8.283 m from bottom of heel slab.
 Resultant pressures at the base and moment of forces about the bottom of the heel.
weight and moment calculations
Force (kN) distance form heel (m) Moment (kNm)
Wall 630.24 8.16 5141.216
Soil 2002.598 4.64 9299.202
vertical earth pressure 352.262 0 0
Total 2985.1 14440.418
 Stability against overturning :
 Overturning moment, Mo =
Net moment due to lateral earth pressure about heel = 5363.309 kNm
 Distance of resultant vertical force from heel = 4.837 m
 Stablizing moment (about Toe), Mr = 30337.571 kNm
 Factor of safety against overturning, FSoverturning = 5.09
 Soil Pressure at footing base :
 eccentricity of vertical reaction from CG of footing, e = -0.87 m
 resultant Pressure is acting within middle one-third of footing, so no tension in soil.
 Maximum Pressure on soil at the base 129.752 kN/m is less than safe bearing capacity of soil 200 kN/m
2 2

 Minimum Pressure on soil at the base = 268.261 kN/m . So, no tension at base
2

 Check for Sliding stability:

 Frictional Resistance, F = 1086.488 kN
 Sliding force, Fr = 967.833 kN
 A shear-key has been provided to balance the sliding force:
 Distance of shear-key from toe of footing = 6.05 m
 Width of shear key = 1200 m
 Depth of shear key = 10 m
 Passive resistance provided by shear key = 842.04 kN
 Factor of safety against sliding, FSsliding = 1.79
 Seismic earth Pressure analysis
Lateral Earth Pressure Coefficients
Coefficient Seismic Static
Active 0.564 0.441
Passive 2.738 3
Lateral Earth Pressures and distance of their point of application from bottom of
the base footing
Surcharge Soil
Net seismic force 9.943 1393.171
Static component 7.775 kN @ 8.283 m 1089.341 kN @ 5.522 m
dynamic component 2.168 kN @ 10.934 m 303.83 kN @ 8.283 m
 Resultant pressures at the base and moment of forces about the bottom of the heel.
weight and moment calculations
Force (kN) distance form heel (m) Moment (kNm)
Wall 630.24 8.16 5141.216

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Research in Multidisciplinary Subjects (Volume-12) ISBN: 978-81-966799-8-9
Soil 2002.598 4.64 9299.202
vertical earth pressure 479.893 0 0
Total 3112.731 14440.418
 Stability against overturning :
 Overturning moment, Mo =
Net moment due to lateral earth pressures about heel = 8100.216 kNm
 Distance of resultant vertical force from heel = 4.639 m
 Stablizing moment (about Toe), Mr = 32251.006 kNm
 Factor of safety against overturning, FSoverturning = 3.58
 Soil Pressure at footing base :
 eccentricity of vertical reaction from CG of footing, e = -0.26 m
 resultant Pressure is acting within middle one-third of footing, so no tension in soil.
 Maximum Pressure on soil at the base 185.934 kN/m is less than safe bearing capacity of soil 200 kN/m
2 2

 Minimum Pressure on soil at the base = 229.097 kN/m . So, no tension at base
2

 Check for Sliding stability:

 Frictional Resistance, F = 1132.941 kN
 Sliding force, Fr = 1318.496 kN
 A shear-key has been provided to balance the sliding force:
 Distance of shear-key from toe of footing = 6.05 m
 Width of shear key = 1200 m
 Depth of shear key = 10 m
 Passive resistance provided by shear key = 768.51 kN
 Factor of safety against sliding, FSsliding = 1.3
 Reinforcement Design :
Reinforcement design calculations
Toe Heel Stem
Effective thickness, (mm) 1145 1145 1145
Design shear force, (kN/m) 717.238 616.066 602.466
Nominal Shear stress, (MPa) 0.626 0.54 0.53
Design Moment, (kNm/m) 2181.4 2545.582 2916.996
Required % of steel for shear 0.97 0.69 0.69
Required % of steel for flexure 0.5 0.6 0.7
Area of steel required, (mm2/m) 11106.5 7900.5 8015
Maximum spacing allowed, (mm) 7 10 10
Conclusion
 Retaining wall support lateral pressure of earth.
 It is found beneficial in prevention of erosion.
 Retaining wall structure utilize in region where elevation need to balance.
 Structure that are underground requires retaining wall design for resistance of earth pressure.
 Slope foot stabilization requires retaining wall.
 Concrete retaining wall are easy to design.
 Detailed procedure of construction require to work in retaining wall.
Reference
1. Pressure and Earth-Retaining Structures, Third Edition, CRC Press; 3rd edition (28 May 2014).
2. FRACTURE MECHANICS Fundamentals and Applications, Fourth Edition, Taylor & Francis Group.
3. Dynamics of Structures Theory and Applications to Earthquake Engineering, Fourth edition.
4. I. S Code 14458(Part 1)-1998, DESIGN OF RETAINING/BREAST WALLSI. S Code 14458(Part 9), Design of
RCC cantilever wall/buttressed walls/L-type walls
5. I. S Code 14458(Part 10), Design and construction of reinforced earth retaining walls.
6. IS 4651(Part 2):1989 Code of practice for planning and design of ports & harbors: Part 2 earth pressure (First
revision)

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Unveiling the Power of the Marketing Mix: Exploring the

Impact on Individuals in India's Banking Sector - An
Empirical Investigation
Pooja Ravindra Shetty1, Dr Mohd. Khalil Ahmed2
Research Scholar, K.P.B. Hinduja College of Commerce1
Principal, A. E. Kalsekar College of Commerce2
Abstract
In this research, the aim is to analyse the contrasting viewpoints of individuals who purchase and sell banking products in
relation to the 7P's framework. The 7P's encompass various aspects such as people, employees, customers, training, incentives,
interaction programmes, education, understanding, customer involvement, and adopting a more compassionate approach. The
primary focus is to understand how these factors influence customers' choices when making purchases. It presupposes that the
perceptions of customers and executives in urban and rural regions, as well as those in public and private sector banks, are
comparable. Various statistical techniques were employed to detect disparities in perspectives, with the t-Test utilised to
pinpoint noteworthy deviations. The research assists financial professionals in gaining a deeper comprehension of their clients
and their requirements, thereby improving their comprehension of the merchandise they offer.
Keywords: 7P's, Buying behaviour, Customer, banking products, People.
1. INTRODUCTION
The services industry has significantly impacted marketing strategies, leading to the implementation of the
services marketing mix (SMM), which includes the 7P's framework, people engaged, tangible proof, and operational
procedures. The human touch of service providers and customers is crucial in the 21st century, as their interactions
greatly impact customer perception. Understanding customers in the banking industry enables the development of
suitable products, while maximizing resource utilization through training programs, continuous development initiatives,
and strong partnerships with intermediaries is crucial for customer satisfaction. This research focuses on analyzing how
factors in the banking industry influence buying behavior of individuals, as perceived by both buyers and sellers. This
research highlights the importance of understanding and utilizing IT for efficiency in the marketing process.
2. REVIEW OF SOME EARLIER STUDIES
In their study, Jawaharlal and Rath (2005) highlight the significance of prioritising customer-centric approaches
in the banking industry. They argue that adopting customer-centric strategies can lead to enhanced service quality,
streamlined operations, decreased expenses, and the establishment of lucrative customer connections. In recent years,
the Indian banking industry has undergone a significant transformation, shifting away from a monopolistic structure to
prioritise the needs and preferences of customers. Nowadays, customers place great importance on the honesty of bank
employees, the quality of services provided, and the level of support offered after a sale has been made. Customer
Relationship Management (CRM) is a valuable tool for banks to effectively manage and foster enduring, lucrative
connections with their customers. It encompasses various features, including comprehensive customer insights, seamless
integration of sales and service, targeted marketing campaigns, and the cultivation of customer allegiance.
Customer-centricity is achieved through the implementation of various IT-based CRM technologies. These
technologies, including data mining, data warehousing, and productive modelling, play a crucial role in establishing a
customer-focused approach. Advantages of adopting customer-focused approaches encompass ongoing enhancement of
products, improved customer service, streamlined distribution processes, optimised marketing strategies, and the
establishment of a universally applicable customer-centric framework.
On the other hand, it is crucial to regularly update customers on the various services and their unique attributes
in order to exceed their expectations. The concept of spreading information through personal recommendations, in
addition to traditional marketing strategies, plays a crucial role for marketers in the service industry. According to the
research conducted by Parauraman et al in 1984, it is recommended to utilise a language that is familiar to customers as
the primary means of communication.
Given the implementation of the RBI act and the impact of globalisation on the Indian banking industry, it
becomes imperative to evaluate banking institutions through the examination of various factors. These factors
encompass consumer knowledge, the consequences of privatisation, customer perspectives, and patterns of purchasing.
Extensive research reveals a significant correlation between customer contentment and the nature of a business. The
choice to make a purchase is heavily influenced by the calibre, convenience, and timeliness of services, ultimately
resulting in a company attaining a prominent position and capturing a substantial portion of the market.
3. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The objective of this research was to evaluate how the 'individuals' component of the services marketing mix
influences consumers' purchasing habits. The study sought to evaluate the disparities in perceptions between customers

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and executives by comparing their viewpoints. One of the main goals was to evaluate how customers' perceptions of the
'people' aspect in their final purchasing decision were influenced by where they lived (urban or rural) and their preferred
sellers (public or private sector). The research highlights the significance of comprehending clients' viewpoints
regarding the service provided by top-level management, given that they are the central focus of every marketing
strategy. The research examines the viewpoints of both consumers and top-level managers regarding the different factors
that make up the 'people' component of the marketing mix.
4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
4.1 Hypotheses of the study
In accordance with the previously established objectives, the subsequent hypotheses were devised:
HOI: The customers' and executives' viewpoints on the influence of "people" on customers' purchasing decisions are
virtually indistinguishable.
H02: Customers' perceptions of the impact of "people" on their purchasing decisions do not vary significantly between
those who patronise public establishments and those who frequent private businesses.
H03: The viewpoints of public sector executives and private sector executives regarding the influence of "people" on
customers' purchasing choices do not exhibit any notable disparities.
H04: The viewpoints of customers in the public sector and executives in the public sector are largely aligned when it
comes to the influence of "people" on customers' purchasing choices.
H05: The viewpoints of customers in the private sector and the executives in the private sector regarding the influence
of "people" on customers' purchasing choices are virtually indistinguishable.
H06: The viewpoints of urban and rural customers on the influence of 'people' in their purchasing choices are
indistinguishable.
H07: The viewpoints of urban executives and rural executives regarding the influence of 'individuals' on customers'
purchasing choices exhibit minimal disparity.
H08: The viewpoints of urban customers and urban executives on the influence of 'people' on customers' purchasing
choices do not exhibit any notable disparities.
H09: The viewpoints of rural customers and rural executives regarding the influence of "people" on customers'
purchasing choices do not exhibit any notable disparities.
4.2 RESEARCH DESIGN
The data for this research was gathered from individuals and professionals involved in the banking industry in
the Thane area between the months of July and November in 2013. In the study, a total of 405 participants were
surveyed, consisting of 207 individuals in executive positions and 198 customers. The participants were selected from a
diverse range of backgrounds, including both urban and rural areas, as well as individuals working in both public and
private sector banks. Perceptions were evaluated by utilising a well-organized survey that examined the influence of
geographical location and the company responsible for selling. A rating system with five points was implemented to
assess the viewpoints of different components, such as staff members, clients, educational initiatives, rewards,
engagement initiatives, consumer comprehension, customer participation, and a compassionate strategy. The
participants were chosen from a mix of urban and rural regions, encompassing both public and private sector financial
institutions.
Scale: individuals participating (clients) [Completely Disagree -1, Completely Agree -5] Items: 6
• The organisation has a deep understanding of its customer base and their unique requirements.
• The company provides product knowledge to its customers
• The company encourages customer engagement and welcomes their suggestions.
• The company actively encourages a programme that fosters communication between executives and customers.
• The company appears to generously compensate its performing executives.
• The executives seem to receive comprehensive training from the company.
• Scale: people involved (executives)
• Strongly Agree (5) and Strongly Disagree (1) Number of items: 6
• The organisation provides valuable information to customers regarding the product
• The organisation comprehends the clients and their requirements.
• The company actively encourages customer engagement and welcomes their suggestions.
• The company actively encourages a programme that fosters interaction between executives and customers.
• The executives who perform well are given appropriate incentives.
• The company provides executives with a well-established training infrastructure.
The recent assessment of customer items revealed that the last two products were deemed unreliable, as
confirmed by the reliability test (refer to reliability and validity). After discarding these two objects, the Cronbach's
coefficient experienced a significant increase. Therefore, in order to conduct a more detailed analysis, only four specific
items were selected for examination by the customers (refer to table-2).

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The given example is described in the following manner: The term "customer" refers to individuals who have
made a purchase within the previous three-month period, while the term "executive" pertains to individuals who have
successfully completed a sale within the last quarter. According to Hinkin's research in 1995, it was suggested that the
ideal item-respondent ratio should be 1:6. However, a more recent study conducted by Heir et al in 2006 proposed a
slightly different recommendation, stating that the optimal ratio should be 1:5. However, despite the generally accepted
norm of a 1:10 ratio, this study decided to deviate from it and instead opted for a respondent to item ratio exceeding
1:10. Due to a shortage of time allocated for data gathering, the number of customers included in the sample was limited
to 405. Please refer to the provided table (Table-1) for information regarding the specifics of sampling.
Table-1 Sample Design and Selection
Total number of branches = 14 Sample branches = 6,
Public sector bank (2)
and private (4)
Total customers = 30000+ Sample customers = 405 retained out of 440
public sector (201) and
private sector (204)
Total executives = 900+ (active) Sample executives = 207 retained out of 230
public sector banks (101)
and private (106)
Source: Primary Data/Developed by the researcher
Table-2 Reliability Estimates with Factor Loadings for People
Factors Scale Items Factor Loadings No. of Items Cronbach's alpha
People Involved (customers) 1 PI .580 4 .829
2 P2 .804
3 P3 .704
4 P4 .561
People Involved (executives) 1 PI .830 6 .608

2 P2 .719
3 P3 .874
4 P4 .675
5 P5 .518
6 P6 .560
Note- Extraction Method: PCA Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.
Rotation converged in 3 iterations.
Source: Primary Data
4.3 TESTING RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY
Churchill (1979) proposed a method for evaluating internal coherence, while Heir et al (2006) proposed a
threshold of 0.6 or higher. The cronbach's scores for customers and executives were determined to be 0.829 and 0.608,
respectively, surpassing the threshold of 0.6. Each object registered a score higher than 0.5 on both measurements.
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
According to the research, customers' purchasing behaviour is positively influenced by the presence of
individuals (3.584). Executives from public sector banks hold the most favourable view (3.95) regarding the influence of
'people', closely followed by executives from urban areas (3.923). The perception of customers of private bankers is not
very positive, with a score of 3.181. According to the findings, executives hold a more favourable view regarding the
influence of "people" on customers' purchasing choices. However, customers themselves do not express much optimism
regarding its effect on their buying behaviour.

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Figure-1 Perception of People'

Table-3 Perceptions of the Impact of People' on the Customers' Buying Decision
Types of Respondents N Mean Rank
All (customers +executives) 612 3.584 --
Customers 405 3.426 8
Customers (public sector)) 201 3.675 6
Customers (Private)) 204 3.181 10
Customers (Urban) 163 3.487 7
Customers (Rural) 242 3.385 9
Executives 207 3.892 3
Executives (public sector) 101 3.950 1
Executives (Private) 106 3.836 5
Executives (Urban) 92 3.923 2
Executives (Rural) 115 3.866 4
Source: Primary Data/ developed by the researcher
The research shows that individuals in the sale and management of banking products have a higher positive
view of the 'human' factor's influence on customers' purchasing decisions in life banking products. However, buyers
have varied opinions on this factor's impact. Most executives view this factor positively, while customers have slightly
positive opinions. T-Tests were conducted among various respondents, and the results show that the impact of
individuals on buying choices varies across different demographics.
5.1 TESTING OF HYPOTHESES
The research discovered notable disparities in how customers and executives perceive public and private sector
banks. The p-value (0.00**) was lower than the 0.05 threshold, leading to the rejection of the initial null hypothesis.
H02, the second hypothesis, faced rejection, while H03, the third hypothesis, received acceptance. The rejection of
hypothesis H04 was a result of a divergence in viewpoints among customers and executives in the realm of public sector
banking. H05 was not accepted, indicating that the fifth hypothesis was not supported. On the other hand, it was
discovered that individuals residing in both metropolitan and countryside regions held comparable viewpoints.
Hypotheses H06 and H07 were found to be valid, indicating that the impact of locality on customer perceptions differed
significantly from that of executives in the same area. There was a noticeable contrast observed between clients and top-
level managers in various sectors, regardless of whether it pertained to the organisation or the geographical area. On the
other hand, there was no distinction observed between customers and executives in relation to their respective customer
groups. The research emphasises the significance of comprehending the viewpoints of both customers and executives in
order to enhance the quality of customer service.
Table-4 Testing of Hypotheses (t-Test)
Factor Null Comparison of t- value Difference Results
Hypotheses Respondents (significance)
People Involved H0l Customers and Executives -5.677 0.00** Rejected
Ho2 Customers (public) and 5.10 0.00** Rejected
Customers (Private)
H0.3 Executives (public) and 1.254 0.21 Accepted
Executives (Private)

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H04 Customers (public) and -2.848 0.00** Rejected
Executives (public)
H05 Customers (Private) and -5.144 0.00** Rejected
Executives (Private)
H06 Customers (Urban) and Customers 0.933 0.35 Accepted
(Rural)
H07 Executives (Urban) and 0.624 0.53 Accepted
Executives (Rural)
H08 Customers (Urban) and Executives -3.980 0.00** Rejected
(Urban)
H09 Customers (Rural) and -5.23 0.00** Rejected
Executives (Rural)
*significant at 5% level **significant at 1% level
6. Summary and conclusion
The Indian banking sector has witnessed a surge in market share by private players, who have achieved this through
the implementation of tailored products and assertive marketing tactics. Given the vast number of people residing in India and
the potential for growth in the banking sector, these corporations have been instrumental in facilitating the accumulation of
savings. Global banking giants such as Grindlays, HSBC, Deuche, and American Express have found the Indian market to be
highly appealing due to the saturation of markets in developed economies. Non-government entities enjoy a distinct advantage
known as the "second mover advantage" when it comes to formulating their business strategies. They have the opportunity to
learn from the triumphs and failures of public sector banks. In order to improve their efficiency, they have embraced cutting-
edge technologies like customer service centres and digital payment methods.
Effective customer satisfaction in the banking sector relies heavily on the optimal utilisation of interpersonal
communication within the industry. Important aspects to take into account involve educating staff members, leveraging
technology to enhance productivity, gaining insights into customer requirements through effective communication, and
integrating customer recommendations into the process of product development. By directing their attention towards these
specific domains, private entities have the opportunity to utilise their unique capabilities and take advantage of the unexplored
financial sector.
REFERENCES
• Bitner, J. and Booms, B. (1981), "Marketing strategies and organizational structures for service firms", Marketing of
services, American Marketing Association, Chicago
• Churchill, Jr., GA. (1979), "A Paradigm for Developing Better Measures of Marketing Constructs", Journal of Marketing
Research, Vol. 16 No. 1,1979, pp. 64-73
• Dash, Ganesh. And Khan,M. Basheer Ahmed. (2011), "An Empirical Study on Perception of the Banking Product: A
Buyer-Seller Perspective", QUEST, Vol.11, Issue-2, July 2011,pp. 38-55
• Dash, Ganesh. And Khan,M. Basheer Ahmed. (2011), "Product- The First 'P' (of 7p's) in Indian Banking Sector: An
Empirical Study", International Journal Of Research In Computer Application & Management, Vol. 1 (2011), Issue No. 2
(April), Pp. 53-60.
• Dash, Ganesh. and Khan, M. Basheer Ahmed. (2011), "Role of Promotion in Banking Marketing: An Empirical Study",
Indian Journal of Commerce & Management Studies, Volume II, Issue 5, July 2011, pp. 24-33
• Davis, Duane L., Joseph P. Guiltinan, and Wesley H. Jones (1979), "Service Characteristics, Consumer Search, and the
Classification of Retail Services," Journal of Retailing, 55 (Fall): 3-21.
• Devasenathipathi T, Saleendran P T, Shanmugasundaram A (2007), "A Study on Consumer Preference and Comparative
Analysis of All Banking Companies", The ICFAI Journal of Consumer Behaviour, Vol. II, No. 4, pp. 7-16.
• George, William R. and Leonard L. Berry (1981), "Guidelines for Advertising Services," Business Horizons, 24
(July-August): 52-56.
• Heir, Anderson, Tatham & Black (2006), Multivariate Data Analysis, Pearson Education, New Delhi, India.
• Hinkin, T. R. (1995). A review of scale development practices in the study of organizations. Journal of Management,
21(5), 967-988.
• Jawaharlal, U and Rath, Sarthak Kumar (2005), Customer-Centricity in the Banking Industry, Banking Chronicle,
May-June 2005.
• Sahoo, S.C. and Das, S.C. (2009), Banking Management: Texts and Cases.
Mumbai, Himalaya Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
• Yelkur, Rama. (2000), "Customer Satisfaction and the Services Marketing Mix",
Journal of Professional Services Marketing, Vol. 21(1) pp. 105-115.

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ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

TECHNOLOGY AND ITS IMPACT ON
TRANSFORMATION OF HUMAN RESOURCES
MANAGEMENT
K.Gayathri1, Dr.K.Majini Jes Bella2
Part-time Research Scholar, Department of Commerce, Vels Institute of Science Technology, And Advanced
Studies, VISTAS Pallavaram, Chennai -600 1171
Assistant Professor & Research Supervisor, Department of Commerce, Vels Institute of Science Technology, And
Advanced Studies, VISTAS Pallavaram, Chennai -600 1172
ABSTRACT
The working method of organizations and their sustainability in the environment have already been impacted by
the adoption of technology of artificial intelligence namely digitalization. In recent years, the digital transformation
of human resource management has proved to be successful in the organization. These technologies of artificial
intelligence help in the enhancement and development of strategic human resources. The exploration of technology
has shown steady progress since the evolution of artificial intelligence and its integration with human resources
management. This has led to the payment for changes in the business and managing the human resources. The
technology of artificial intelligence plays a vital role in analyzing a large amount of data, identifying patterns and
making predictions, and finally enabling teams of human resources to make decisions in the organization. The
integration of artificial intelligence in human resources management helps streamline of the process, enhancing
efficiency and improving the overall performance and experience of the employees. The technology of artificial
intelligence automates the regular tasks, setting the employees free and making them focus on innovative and
strategic work. The tools of artificial intelligence are versatile and the teams of human resources utilize and
implement them to complete important functions of human resources management in a faster and more efficient
way. There are also certain limitations and challenges in this transformation of human resources management
which can be put, to use, effectively and efficiently by adapting the proper methods of technology.
Keywords: Artificial intelligence, Technology, E-HRM, Digitalization, Transformation of human resources
management.
1. INTRODUCTION
The functions of human resources play a vital role in bridging the gap between human resources practices
and technology. Even though the task of humans is taken over by adaptation and implementation of technology,
there is a rising need for the functioning of human resources that are flexible to overcome the challenges of
managing the employees in the organization. The technology of agility is brought into the process, which can make
the work more quickly and easily. There has been a significant change in the process and practice of human
resources with the implementation of technologies of artificial intelligence. It is very important to understand the
impact of artificial intelligence as organizations mostly depend upon the digitalization of human resource
management functions, such as staffing recruiting retaining the employees of the organization. Analyzing the
relationship between artificial intelligence technology and the digitalization of human resources helps in the
improvement of the performance of the employees making the task easier and quicker. It also helps in identifying
the benefits and challenges of digitalization of human resource management. The technology of artificial
intelligence improves the process and practices of human resources by enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness
of the organization.
There are many potential aspects of artificial intelligence in transforming human resources management
with its technologies from the process of recruiting and selecting employees to the performance and training of
employees. The technologies of artificial intelligence lead to optimizing attracting developing and retaining
employees in the organization. The process of machine learning in algorithms helps streamline the process of
work, reduce stress, and enhance their performance in analyzing and making decisions. The algorithm form of
technology is breaking down and transforming the data that is easy to interpret. Machine learning is an advanced
form of technology that helps in scanning the data identifies the patterns and modifies the data accordingly. Both
these technologies help in finding the solutions for the problems that arise unexpectedly in the process of
developing or transforming human resource management. The technologies of artificial intelligence are essential
trends that have to be specifically adapted for decision-making and managing employees. The employees should be

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trained with the advanced technologies in such a way as to understand the implementation of another technology of
robotics in human resources. The combination of technologies of artificial intelligence with that of human resource
management should be in such a way that it would bring reliable solutions to human resources.
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Dr. Munirah Sarhan AlQahtani (2023), during the reason times there has been rapid growth and
development in the sector of information and communication technology. The technical innovations are used to
achieve excellent performance, and this phenomenon is known as the error of the fourth industrial revolution. The
technological advancement and development have led to the rapid evolution of techniques and tools, and their
implementation in human resources management. Traditional human resource management has been shifted to
technological human resource management with the use of algorithms and e- Recruitment Systems. The major task
of Human resource management namely planning recruitment selection and retaining of employees has been
streamlined by the adoption of and the application of technology of artificial intelligence.
Jie Zhang, Zhisheng Chen (2023)The article says that there are 5 factors of transforming human resources
management to digital human resource management that include the digital needs of customers. Challenges of
competitors, digital innovative era, governance, and digital transformation process. These factors help in the
analysis of the digital workplace, digital HRM process, and digital employee services In the process of selection
training, and development of employees. The digital transformation has brought major changes in the development
of business and has created a major impact on the conversion of old humans. Resource management system to new
digital human resource management systems. This digital human resource management helps save time and
increase the functions of human resource management and completing the work in an easier and faster way.
Julie Bulmash (2023),the author says that the method of collecting and storing and types of systems has
been changed, but the process of gathering information in relation to hiring promoting, and terminating employees
has not changed. The high Performance of the organization depends upon the extent of the use of technology. The
e-HR Namely electronic human resources and web-based technologies help in enhancing the development of the
organization. The trend of information technology with the integration of human resource practices creates a major
impact on human resource management. This technology helps introduce the burden of the human resource
department and health in focusing HR Activities which is effective for the sustainability of the organization.
Valeriia Biliavska, Rui Alexandre Castanho, Ana Vulevic (2022), the article says that artificial intelligence
technology has specific human abilities like gathering data. Analyzing thinking interpreting and decision-making.
Normally, the concept of artificial intelligence is misunderstood as replacing humans with electro-mechanical
Roberts, but it is not so. The adoption of qualitative research design such as phenomenological research, helps in
exploring subjects and preparing the framework for the improvisation of human resource practices. Artificial
intelligence technology-based human resource applications have the capability of boosting productivity and
enhancing the performance of employees. Artificial intelligence enables human health in the process of evaluating,
diagnosing, and identifying talented and skilled employees.
Tuffaha Mahand, Perello Marin, M. Rosario and Suarez-Ruz, Esperanza (2021).the technology of artificial
intelligence has played a vital role in the transforming of functions of human resource management, namely
staffing, learning development, and motivation. Start the JQ man resource planning job. Designing and
compensation create a framework for human resource transformation. The perceptive gap in the transformation of
artificial intelligence in human resource management functions can be filled up by the improving attitudes and
perspectives of human resource practitioners for the successful implementation of artificial intelligence in the
organization. The day-to-day, advancement of artificial intelligence leads to a new approach to managing
employees and enhancing their overall performance, providing both opportunities. And challenges to the
managerial level of the organization.
Mangesh Prakash Wachasundar, Surendra Kumar Bhogal, Dhanashree Potey (2019), Information
technology namely the internet has changed the way of studying,learning, working, and spending time in daily life.
The adoption of technology helps in bringing accuracy of work,and availability of data completing the work in an
easy and faster way. The hardware program of information technology plays an important role in the growth and
development of the organization. The main objective is to study the various opportunities in implementing
information technology with the function of human resource management. The application of human resource
management practices such as e-HRM is essential for the integration of information technology with human
resources management.
Marlene Sofia Alves e Silva and Carlos Guilherme da Silva Lima (2017),the transformation of human
resource management has been significant in recent years, with the adoption of information technology of artificial

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intelligence. The practice of human resources such as collecting storing using and sharing data is boosted by the
use of information systems. The process of human resource management has become highly efficient and the
implementation of technology has impacted the employee's service level sector. The challenges faced by human
resource professionals have made them adapt innovative ideas along with the technologies by replacing outdated
thinking. The information system helps in the recruitment communication skills of human resource management
and their involvement in work. The main goals of human resource is attracting selecting motivating and retaining
talented employees, which is done by the adoption of technologies of artificial intelligence and transforming the
process of human resource.
Sachin Soonthodu, and Susheela Shetty (2021), the article says that in this modern world, the growth of
human resource management is dependent on the technologies of artificial intelligence. In an organization process
of recruiting android training of employees is given the top priority, which is dependent on the talent and
performance of the employees. The organization should ensure that apart from salary other constraints, namely
relationship. About the needs of non-monetary benefits. Organizational support recognition rewards health in
motivating the employees towards that performance in a job. The adoption of innovative technologies makes the
employees achieve the target in a much easier way. The areas of networking training in jobs managing the
attendance of the employees require the support of technology. The cloud-based solutions help in solving the
technical issues related to software.
3.1. IMPACT OF HR DIGITALIZATION
The automation of functions of Human resource management such as recruitment retaining performance and
engagement of employees are overtaken and controlled by artificial intelligence technology. The technology makes
the job or task of the employee easier and reduces the time and burden in the manual processing of job applications
and short listing of candidates. It provides programs of personalized training and development for new employees.
Artificial intelligence tools help in identifying the gaps between employees and office solutions by conducting
programs for the up skilling of employees.
3.2. TRANSFORMATION OF HR
The integration of talent and technology and aligning them with the strategies of human resources is known as
the process of transformation of human resources. The transformation may not be immediate, but it involves an
approach of thinking that has to be applied for the growth and development of the organization. The transformation
of Human resources leads to the integration of analytics and Human resource technology roles and competencies of
human resources and world-class leadership.
4. OBJECTIVES
*To study the influence of technologies in artificial intelligence with the transformation of human resource
management functions.
*To analyze the scope of the impact of artificial intelligence technology in human resources practices.
*To observe the changes in opportunities by adapting the technology and implementing it for advancement. Of
human resources.
*To streamline the process of recruitment and training performance of the employees effectively and efficiently.
5. FINDINGS AND RESULTS
*It is essential to collect reliable data for the successful outcome of the implication of artificial intelligence in
human resources management.
*Certain skills and talents are required for the integration of technology in the transformation of human resources
management.
*It is necessary to instruct and clarify the adaptation of technologies and implement it in the functions of human
resources.
*The findings of the algorithm and machine learning technology should be ensured for the accuracy of data that is
executed in human resource management.
*One of the most difficult tasks is the risk that is associated with the technology of artificial intelligence in the
process of recruitment and selection of employees.
6. CONCLUSION
The technology of artificial intelligence is used for performing and completing tasks with that of humans.
The technologies of artificial intelligence provide various opportunities to enhance the functions of human resource
management, namely recruitment selection retaining of employees. This technology also plays a vital role in
expanding the process of human resource management by analyzing interpreting the data and enhancing the

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performance of the employees. The implementation of technology in the organization has improved the
effectiveness of the functions of human resources and reduced the lack of concentration in training the employees.
REFERENCES
1. Sachin Soonthodu, Susheela Shetty (2021): Innovative Technology and Human Resources Management. Book
of Global Challenge and Strategic Disruptors in Asian Businesses and Economics, pg. no.257-269.
2. Marlene Sofia Alves e Silva and Carlos Guilherme da Silva Lima (2017): The Role of Information Systems in
Human Resources Management. Book of Management of Information Systems.
3. Mangesh Prakash Wachasundar, Surendra Kumar Bhogal, Dhanashree Potey (2019). Role of Information
Technology (IT) in Human Resources Management. International Journal of Information Technology and
Management.
4. Jie Zhang, Zhisheng Chen (2023): Exploring Human Resources Management digital transformation in the
digital age, Journal of the Knowledge Economy, pg.no.1-17.
5. Julie Bulmash (2023): Human resources management and technology. Book Chapter 3 of Human Resources
Management in Perspective, pg.no49-78.
6. Valeriia Biliavska, Rui Alexandre castanho, Ana Vulevic (2022): Analysis of the Impact of Artificial
Intelligence in Enhancing the Human Resources Practices. Journal of Intelligent Management Decision, vol
no.1, issue no.2, pg.no.128-136.
7. Tuffaha Mohand, Perillo-Marin, M. Rosario and Suarez-Ruz, Esperanza (2021): The Role of Artificial
intelligence in transforming Human Resource Management functions: A Literature Review, Journal of Third
International Conference Business meets technology, pg.no.195-200.
8. Dr.Munirah Sarhan AlQahtani (2023): Artificial Intelligence and its Influence on Digital Transformation,
Development and Productivity in Saudi Arabian Organizations; A crucial Evaluation. Arab Journal of
Administration vol no.46, issue no.4, pg.no.1-14.
9. Berber N, Dordevic B.Milanovic S. (2018): Electronic Human Resource Management (E-HRM): A New
concept for Digital age, Journal of Strategic Management, volume no: 23, issue no: 2.
10. Akanksha Jaiswal C, Joe Arun, Arun Varma (2022): Upskilling for Artificial Intelligence in multinational
corporations. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, vol no.33, issue no.6, pg. no.1179-
1208.
11. Ashish Malik, Pawan Budhwar, N.R.Srikanth(2020): Gig Economy, 4 IR, andartificial intelligence: thinking
strategic HRM journal of human and Technology Resource Management, vol no.13, pg. no.75 to 88.
12. Yusra Qamar, Rakesh Kumar Agrawal, Taab Ahmad Samad (2021). When Technology meets people: the
interplay of artificial intelligence and human resource management. A journal of enterprise information
management, vol.no.34 issue. No. 5 pg.no 1339 – 1370.

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The Transformative Role of Artificial Intelligence in

Healthcare: Revolutionizing Patient Care and Treatment
Ravikant Dixit1, Aditya Tomer2
Assistant Professor, School of Law and Constitutional Studies, Shobhit University, Gangoh, Saharanpur1&2
Abstract:
The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into healthcare systems has ushered in a new era of innovation and
efficiency, fundamentally reshaping the landscape of patient care and treatment. This paper explores the profound
impact of AI on healthcare, focusing on its revolutionary role in enhancing diagnostics, personalized treatment
plans, and overall patient outcomes.AI-driven diagnostic tools, leveraging machine learning algorithms and deep
learning techniques, have demonstrated remarkable accuracy in the early detection of diseases such as cancer,
cardiovascular conditions, and neurological disorders. These advancements not only enable swift and precise
diagnoses but also contribute to the proactive management of diseases, ultimately improving patient prognosis.
Moreover, AI's ability to analyze vast amounts of patient data has paved the way for personalized medicine,
tailoring treatment plans to individual genetic makeup, lifestyle factors, and response patterns. This shift from a
one-size-fits-all approach to personalized treatments not only maximizes therapeutic efficacy but also minimizes
adverse effects, ushering in a new era of precision medicine.The paper also delves into the role of AI in
streamlining administrative processes and optimizing resource allocation within healthcare institutions. From
predictive analytics for patient admissions to efficient supply chain management, AI-driven solutions contribute to
cost reduction, improved operational efficiency, and better overall healthcare service delivery.
Despite these transformative benefits, ethical considerations, data security, and regulatory frameworks pose
challenges to the widespread adoption of AI in healthcare. This paper addresses these concerns, emphasizing the
importance of responsible AI implementation, data privacy safeguards, and continuous collaboration between
healthcare professionals, technologists, and policymakers.In conclusion, the integration of AI in healthcare is
revolutionizing patient care and treatment paradigms. By harnessing the power of machine intelligence, healthcare
systems can provide more accurate diagnoses, personalized treatment plans, and streamlined operational processes,
ultimately ushering in a new era of patient-centric, efficient, and effective healthcare delivery.
Introduction: Understanding the Power of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare
In the rapidly evolving landscape of modern medicine, the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has
emerged as a transformative force, revolutionizing the way healthcare is delivered and experienced. The
convergence of AI and healthcare, often referred to as "AI in healthcare," has given rise to a myriad of applications
that leverage cutting-edge technology to enhance patient care, diagnostics, and treatment outcomes.
AI's potential in healthcare is vast, and its applications span a multitude of domains. From diagnostic tools
employing machine learning algorithms to predictive analytics optimizing patient care pathways, AI technology is
reshaping traditional healthcare paradigms. This introduction aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the
current state of AI in healthcare, exploring key applications, technological advancements, and the potential impact
on medical practices.As we delve into the intricacies of AI in healthcare, it is essential to recognize the profound
implications of this technology on disease detection and treatment. The ability of AI algorithms to analyze
complex medical data sets has significantly enhanced diagnostic accuracy, enabling early detection of diseases
such as cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and neurological conditions.
This not only facilitates timely interventions but also opens new avenues for proactive and preventive
healthcare strategies.Moreover, the concept of personalized medicine has been propelled to the forefront with the
advent of AI technology in medicine. AI's capability to analyze vast datasets, including genetic information and
patient histories, enables the tailoring of treatment plans to individual characteristics. This shift from a generalized
approach to a more precise, patient-centric model holds the promise of improved therapeutic outcomes and
minimized adverse effects.In the following sections, we will explore specific applications of AI in healthcare,
ranging from image recognition in medical imaging to predictive analytics for patient management. Additionally,
we will address the challenges and ethical considerations associated with the widespread adoption of AI in this
critical sector, emphasizing the need for responsible and transparent implementation.As we embark on this
exploration of the power of AI in healthcare, it becomes evident that the synergy between advanced technology
and medical expertise has the potential to redefine the future of patient care, ushering in an era where precision,
efficiency, and improved outcomes become the hallmark of modern healthcare delivery.

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Enhancing Diagnosis and Medical Imaging with AI
The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and healthcare has resulted in a significant revolution in the
fields of medical diagnostics and imaging. This study examines the notable advancements achieved in improving
diagnostic skills using artificial intelligence (AI). Specifically, it investigates the applications of AI in diagnosis,
medical imaging, the function of machine learning in healthcare, the effectiveness of deep learning algorithms, and
the incorporation of computer-aided diagnosis. The utilisation of artificial intelligence (AI) has become
increasingly significant in enhancing the precision of diagnoses in various medical fields. By leveraging machine
learning techniques, artificial intelligence (AI) systems are capable of analysing vast datasets that include medical
records, symptoms, and outcomes. The ability to analyse complex patterns and abnormalities is essential for early
disease detection, allowing for prompt interventions and ultimately enhancing the overall prognosis of patients.
Artificial intelligence (AI) plays a significant role in the field of medical imaging, revolutionising the way
images are interpreted and analysed. By utilising sophisticated picture identification and analysis techniques,
artificial intelligence (AI) enables a more accurate and efficient interpretation of diverse medical imaging
modalities, such as X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs. The integration of deep learning algorithms enhances the capacity
of artificial intelligence to identify minor abnormalities and patterns, hence enhancing diagnostic sensitivity and
specificity.
The utilisation of machine learning in the healthcare sector has evolved beyond conventional diagnostic practises,
encompassing the application of predictive analytics for evaluating illness susceptibility and forecasting treatment
effectiveness. Through the examination of various patient datasets, machine learning models are able to discover
the elements that have an impact on the progression of diseases. This provides healthcare providers with useful
insights, which assists in making informed decisions regarding treatment plans and interventions. Deep learning
algorithms are a subset of machine learning algorithms that are inspired by the structure and function of the human
brain. These algorithms are designed to automatically learn and extract meaningful patterns
Deep learning algorithms, which are a subset of machine learning, demonstrate significant potential in
effectively managing intricate medical data. The capacity to independently acquire hierarchical representations
from data greatly aids sophisticated analysis, particularly in tasks such as picture recognition. Deep learning has
exhibited exceptional performance in important tasks within the field of medical imaging, including tumour
diagnosis, organ segmentation, and anomaly recognition.
The utilisation of computer technology to assist in the process of diagnosing medical conditions. The
utilisation of computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) serves as a prime illustration of the cooperative synergy that exists
between artificial intelligence (AI) systems and healthcare practitioners. These technologies serve as highly
important companions, offering further insights and identifying potential concerns in medical imaging and
diagnostic data. Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) not only functions as a dependable source of secondary
evaluation but also enhances diagnostic certainty, so contributing to the attainment of more precise and
comprehensive diagnostic procedures.
Predictive Analytics and Early Disease Detection through AI
The incorporation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) within the healthcare sector has introduced novel
opportunities, particularly in the realm of early disease identification, where predictive analytics has emerged as a
crucial component in driving advancements. This study examines the influence of artificial intelligence (AI) on
predictive analytics and its use in the identification of potential health hazards, with a particular focus on the
implementation of machine learning algorithms for disease prognosis and risk evaluation.
The field of AI predictive analytics encompasses the application of sophisticated algorithms to analyse
extensive datasets, thereby revealing discernible patterns and trends that may serve as indicators for possible health
concerns. The implementation of this proactive strategy enables healthcare providers to predict and reduce
potential dangers prior to the manifestation of symptoms, hence augmenting the efficacy of preventive measures
and interventions in the early stages.
The application of artificial intelligence in the early detection of diseases.
One of the key contributions of artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of healthcare lies in its capacity to
effectively facilitate the early detection of diseases. Through the integration of many forms of patient data,
including as medical records, genetic information, and lifestyle factors, artificial intelligence (AI) systems have the
capacity to detect early signs of diseases by identifying subtle symptoms. The timely identification of medical
conditions not only enhances the prognosis of patients but also alleviates the overall strain on healthcare systems.

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Machine learning algorithms utilised in disease prediction:
Machine learning algorithms are fundamental components of artificial intelligence-based predictive
analytics systems utilised for disease prediction. The algorithms in question acquire knowledge from past patient
data, undergoing iterative improvements to their models in order to optimise accuracy. The adaptive characteristics
of these systems facilitate the recognition of complex patterns and associations, hence enhancing the accuracy of
forecasts pertaining to prospective health hazards and illnesses.
The Application of Artificial Intelligence in Risk Assessment:
The integration of several aspects in AI-driven risk assessment in healthcare surpasses conventional
methodologies. AI takes into account a wide array of factors, including genetic predispositions and lifestyle
decisions, in order to assess an individual's vulnerability to particular diseases. The implementation of this
individualised risk assessment facilitates customised interventions and lifestyle suggestions, hence promoting a
proactive approach to healthcare.
The Role of Chatbots and Virtual Assistants to Enhance Patient Engagement
In the healthcare industry, chatbots and virtual assistants powered by artificial intelligence (AI) have
emerged as valuable tools for enhancing patient engagement and improving the overall patient experience. These
AI-driven technologies offer numerous benefits in healthcare settings and are transforming the way patients
interact with healthcare providers.Chatbots, which are computer programs designed to simulate human
conversation, have become particularly useful in healthcare. They can handle a variety of tasks such as scheduling
appointments, answering common medical questions, providing medication reminders, and even offering basic
diagnosis assistance. By offering instant and accurate responses, chatbots ensure round-the-clock availability and
convenience for patients, addressing their queries and concerns in a timely manner.
Virtual assistants, on the other hand, take patient engagement to the next level by offering personalized
interactions. These AI-powered applications can interact with patients through voice commands or text-based
interfaces, understanding natural language and providing tailored recommendations, reminders, and support.
Virtual assistants can assist in managing chronic conditions, tracking health data, and offering wellness advice,
empowering patients to take an active role in their healthcare journey.The use of chatbots and virtual assistants in
patient engagement has several advantages. Firstly, they provide immediate access to healthcare information,
reducing the need for patients to wait for appointments or call helplines. This instant availability contributes to
better patient satisfaction and engagement, as patients can quickly find answers to their questions or concerns.
Secondly, chatbots and virtual assistants offer personalized and tailored interactions. By collecting and
analyzing patient data, such as medical history and symptoms, these AI-powered systems can provide accurate and
context-specific recommendations. This personalized approach leads to improved patient experiences, as patients
feel understood and supported throughout their healthcare journey.Additionally, chatbots and virtual assistants
contribute to improved efficiency in healthcare delivery. By automating routine tasks and providing self-service
options, they free up healthcare providers' time, allowing them to focus on more complex and critical patient cases.
This increased efficiency benefits both healthcare providers and patients, ensuring faster and more accessible
care.However, it is important to note that chatbots and virtual assistants should not replace human interaction in
healthcare. They should be seen as complementary tools that enhance patient engagement and support healthcare
providers, rather than replacing the need for human expertise and empathy. Human connection and personalized
care remain essential in healthcare delivery.
In conclusion, the utilization of chatbots and virtual assistants in healthcare has revolutionized patient
engagement and improved the patient experience. These AI-powered technologies offer immediate access to
healthcare information, personalized recommendations, and support, empowering patients to actively participate in
their healthcare journey. By leveraging the capabilities of chatbots and virtual assistants, healthcare providers can
enhance patient engagement, streamline processes, and ultimately improve healthcare outcomes.
Ethical Considerations and Challenges of Implementing AI in Healthcare
The ethical considerations and challenges associated with the implementation of artificial intelligence (AI)
in the healthcare sector are of paramount importance. The progression of artificial intelligence (AI) in the
healthcare sector gives rise to a multitude of ethical problems and challenges. Although artificial intelligence (AI)
has significant promise in enhancing patient outcomes and optimising healthcare delivery, it is imperative to
acknowledge and address the ethical concerns and obstacles that arise in its use.
Privacy and data security are among the foremost ethical considerations. AI systems utilised in the
healthcare sector frequently necessitate access to enormous quantities of patient data, encompassing personal and
confidential information. Ensuring the right protection, anonymization, and legitimate utilisation of this data is of

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utmost importance. Ensuring a harmonious equilibrium between the accessibility of data and the preservation of
patient privacy is of utmost importance in upholding the trust between healthcare practitioners and their patients.
An additional ethical problem pertains to the possibility of prejudice inside AI systems. The utilisation of
biassed or incomplete data in the training of AI systems has the potential to yield biassed outputs, hence
perpetuating pre-existing inequities within the healthcare sector. It is vital to exert endeavours in order to guarantee
that artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms possess qualities of fairness, transparency, and absence of any
discriminatory elements. The implementation of regular audits and continuous monitoring of artificial intelligence
(AI) systems can play a crucial role in the identification and mitigation of any potential biases that may emerge.
Furthermore, the matter of accountability emerges in the context of artificial intelligence (AI)
implementation in the healthcare sector. The question at hand pertains to the allocation of responsibility in
instances where an artificial intelligence (AI) system commits an error or furnishes inaccurate suggestions. The
implementation of robust accountability frameworks and rules is necessary in order to ensure that healthcare
providers and developers are held accountable for the outcomes and decisions made by artificial intelligence (AI)
systems.
Moreover, the potential ramifications of artificial intelligence (AI) on the healthcare labour force are a
matter of apprehension. Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to automate specific processes and enhance
operational effectiveness within the healthcare industry. However, it is important to acknowledge that the
implementation of AI may also result in job displacement for certain healthcare workers. The ethical implications
of these workforce changes should be carefully considered, and it is crucial to devise measures for reskilling and
retraining healthcare personnel to effectively navigate the developing terrain.
The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in the healthcare sector also gives rise to difficulties
pertaining to regulatory frameworks. The progress of AI technology is occurring at a rapid speed, whereas
regulations frequently encounter difficulties in keeping up with these advancements. The establishment of suitable
legislation and guidelines is of utmost importance in order to ensure the ethical and responsible use of artificial
intelligence (AI) within the healthcare sector, while simultaneously avoiding any hindrance to innovation.
Finally, the matter of patient trust and acceptance must be considered. Some patients may exhibit
reluctance in completely adopting AI technologies due to concerns regarding the potential diminishment of human
engagement and personalised care. In order to foster trust and acceptance, it is crucial to involve patients in the
decision-making process, promote transparency on the capabilities and limitations of artificial intelligence (AI),
and prioritise patient education.
In summary, the utilisation of artificial intelligence (AI) in the healthcare sector presents considerable
promise for enhancing medical practises. However, it is crucial to acknowledge and confront the ethical
implications and obstacles that emerge in this context. The effective and ethical use of artificial intelligence (AI) in
healthcare necessitates careful navigation of various critical domains, including privacy protection, fairness,
responsibility, workforce impact, legal frameworks, and patient trust.
Conclusion: Embracing the Power of Artificial Intelligence to Revolutionize Healthcare Delivery
The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into healthcare has ushered in a transformative era,
redefining the landscape of healthcare delivery in profound ways. As we reflect on the multifaceted applications of
AI, from diagnostic advancements to predictive analytics and patient engagement, it becomes evident that
embracing the power of AI is not just a technological evolution but a fundamental paradigm shift in how healthcare
is conceptualized and delivered. The diagnostic precision afforded by AI, particularly through machine learning
and deep learning algorithms, has elevated the accuracy of disease detection to unprecedented levels. Early
identification of health issues not only improves treatment outcomes but also positions healthcare providers to
adopt proactive measures, thereby reducing the burden on both patients and healthcare systems.
Predictive analytics, fueled by AI, empowers healthcare professionals with the foresight to anticipate and
address potential health risks before they escalate. This shift towards preventive healthcare not only enhances
patient well-being but also contributes to the sustainability of healthcare infrastructures globally. Moreover, the
role of AI extends beyond the clinical realm, permeating administrative processes and patient interactions. AI-
driven chatbots and virtual assistants have streamlined communication, providing patients with instant access to
information and support. This not only improves the patient experience but also fosters a more engaged and
informed healthcare consumer.
As we navigate this era of AI-powered healthcare, it is crucial to address challenges such as ethical
considerations, data privacy, and the need for responsible implementation. Striking a balance between innovation
and ethical standards will be imperative in ensuring the continued success and acceptance of AI in healthcare. In

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conclusion, the transformative potential of AI in healthcare is a catalyst for optimism. Embracing the power of AI
signifies a commitment to more accurate diagnoses, personalized treatments, and a patient-centric approach that
transcends traditional healthcare paradigms. As we continue to harness the capabilities of AI, healthcare stands on
the brink of a revolution that promises not only improved clinical outcomes but a reimagined, more accessible, and
responsive healthcare delivery system for all.
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The Impact of Social Media on Mental Health:

Understanding the Effects and Finding Balance
Ravikant Dixit1, Swati Rajaura2
Assistant Professor, School of Law and Constitutional Studies, Shobhit University, Gangoh, Saharanpur1
Assistant Professor, School of Business Studies and Entrepreneurship, Shobhit University, Gangoh, Saharanpur2
Abstract:
This abstract explores the multifaceted impact of social media on mental health, delving into the intricate interplay
between online interactions and psychological well-being. As social media platforms become integral to modern
communication, concerns about their influence on mental health have risen. This examination encompasses both
positive and negative effects, emphasizing the need for a nuanced understanding. Positive aspects include the
potential for social support, community building, and information dissemination. However, the darker side
involves issues like cyberbullying, social comparison, and the potential for addiction.
Finding balance amid this dynamic landscape is crucial for safeguarding mental health. Strategies for achieving
this equilibrium include setting boundaries on social media use, curating a positive digital environment, and
fostering mindfulness to mitigate the impact of potentially triggering content. The abstract concludes by
acknowledging the evolving nature of the digital realm and the importance of ongoing research and collective
efforts to promote a healthy relationship between social media and mental well-being.
Introduction: The Rise of Social Media and Its Influence on Mental Well-being
The emergence and subsequent proliferation of social media platforms have significantly altered the
manner in which individuals engage in communication, interact with one another, and perceive their surrounding
environment. The pervasive integration of internet platforms in several domains of our everyday existence
exemplifies their significance in the era of digitalization. The advent of social media has undoubtedly facilitated
worldwide connections and granted unparalleled access to knowledge. However, it has also elicited considerable
apprehension regarding its potential psychological repercussions on individuals' mental well-being.
In its optimal state, social media platforms possess the capacity to serve as a wellspring of inspiration,
knowledge dissemination, and fostering of communal ties. This platform facilitates the establishment of
connections between individuals who share similar interests, enabling them to exchange personal experiences and
gain access to a vast array of knowledge and resources. For a significant number of individuals, these platforms
serve as a medium for the manifestation of their self-expression and creative abilities, providing them with an
avenue to exhibit their talents, thoughts, and ideas.
Nevertheless, it is imperative to acknowledge the negative aspects of social networking. An increasing
body of data indicates that excessive or inappropriate usage of digital platforms may be associated with the
development of many mental health problems. These encompass several psychological conditions such as anxiety,
depression, feelings of isolation, and a decline in self-worth. The continuous exposure to carefully selected and
often exaggerated depictions of others' lives can result in harmful comparisons, unattainable standards, and a
widespread feeling of insufficiency.
Furthermore, the architecture of social media platforms frequently exploits inherent human vulnerabilities.
Characteristics such as unlimited scrolling and notification alerts are intentionally designed to prolong user
engagement, which may potentially result in the development of addictive behaviours. The inundation of
information, including adverse news and online victimisation, can likewise add to heightened levels of stress.
The Dark Side of Social Media: Exploring the Negative Effects on Mental Health
The adverse implications of social media encompass a multifaceted range of difficulties that exert a
detrimental impact on individuals' mental well-being. The pervasive presence of these platforms in contemporary
society renders this element particularly worrisome. The negative consequences mostly pertain to the phenomenon
known as the comparison trap, social comparison, cyberbullying, the fear of missing out (FOMO), and diminished
self-esteem.
The phenomenon known as the "Comparison Trap" and the concept of "Social Comparison" are frequently
observed in the context of social media platforms. These platforms tend to serve as a curated display of individuals'
achievements, experiences, and positive emotions. The phenomenon of selective representation can potentially
induce users to succumb to the comparison trap, wherein they gauge their own lives in relation to these idealised
depictions. Frequent engagement in social comparison tends to elicit emotions of inadequacy and diminished self-
esteem, as individuals see a discrepancy between their own lives and the portrayals they encounter on online
platforms.

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The utilisation of social media platforms can contribute to an increase in instances of bullying and
harassment due to the anonymity and geographical separation they afford. The phenomenon of cyberbullying is a
matter of considerable importance, particularly within the younger demographic, and has the potential to result in
profound psychological distress, encompassing manifestations such as anxiety, depression, and in the most severe
instances, contemplation of suicide. The situation is exacerbated by the ease with which injurious comments and
communications can be transmitted without immediate consequences.
The phenomenon known as FOMO (Fear of Missing Out) is perpetuated by social media, leading
individuals to experience heightened anxiety due to the fear that they are not participating in or witnessing
experiences, events, or interactions that others are engaging in. This behaviour may result in frequent monitoring
of social media platforms, which can interrupt offline engagements and foster sentiments of discontentment and
seclusion.
The extended exposure to meticulously chosen content on social media platforms can have a profound
effect on an individual's self-esteem. Individuals, particularly individuals in the adolescent and young adult age
group, may experience a sense of incongruity between their physical appearance, way of life, or accomplishments
and the idealised representations they see on online platforms. This discrepancy can potentially contribute to the
development of negative self-perception and feelings of uncertainty about oneself.
The negative aspects of social media underscore the necessity for a more equitable and conscientious
approach towards utilising these digital channels. The cultivation of individuals' consciousness regarding the
impact of social media usage on their mental well-being is of utmost importance. It is imperative for individuals to
adopt self-care techniques, including the establishment of temporal boundaries, curation of their social media
content to minimise exposure to negative stimuli, and participation in offline activities that enhance self-
confidence and overall welfare. Furthermore, there is a growing imperative for social media corporations to
assume a heightened level of accountability in the moderation of material and the provision of tools aimed at
mitigating the detrimental impacts of their platforms on mental well-being.
How Social Media Addiction Affects Mental Wellness and Strategies to Break Free
The excessive use of social media has been found to have a profound effect on individuals' mental well-
being, resulting in many negative consequences such as heightened levels of anxiety and despair, diminished self-
esteem, and disturbances in sleep patterns. The continuous exposure to carefully selected content has the potential
to generate impractical expectations and comparisons, whereas excessive utilisation of screens can adversely affect
both physical and mental well-being.
In order to mitigate these impacts, a variety of measures can be implemented:
1. The practise of engaging in periodic digital detoxification, wherein individuals intentionally disengage from
social media platforms, has been found to provide advantageous outcomes. This entails establishing designated
periods for disengagement from digital platforms or scheduling intervals of rest spanning from a few days to
several weeks. Taking a vacation from digital validation can perhaps decrease dependence on technology and
enhance face-to-face interactions.
2. *Establishing Boundaries*: Implement a daily time restriction on social media usage. Utilise the inherent
functionalities of applications or employ external software solutions to monitor and restrict usage. Implementing
designated time slots for the utilisation of social media, such as refraining from its usage immediately upon waking
or prior to retiring for the night, can prove advantageous.
3. *Seeking Assistance*: Engage in discussions with acquaintances, relatives, or experts regarding the challenges
associated with social media. These individuals have the capacity to provide assistance, foster responsibility, and
offer guidance.
4. *Participating in Alternative Activities*: Substituting the time spent on social media with activities such as
engaging in physical exercise, reading, or pursuing hobbies. This phenomenon has the potential to redirect
attention away from online connections and towards face-to-face encounters, so facilitating personal development.
5. The practise of mindfulness and self-awareness can be beneficial in understanding the motivations and timing of
one's use of social media. One should engage in introspection regarding the underlying emotions that motivate the
utilisation of social media, such as feelings of ennui, solitude, or unease, and endeavour to identify alternative and
more beneficial methods of managing these affective states.
6. *Enhance Your Knowledge*: Gaining insight into the manipulative elements of social media, such as algorithms
engineered to optimise user interaction, might facilitate the cultivation of a more discerning and less compulsive
approach towards its utilisation.

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The Role of Social Media in Creating Awareness and Support for Mental Health Issues
Social media plays a crucial role in creating awareness and support for mental health issues. Here's how:
1. **Mental Health Advocacy**: Social media platforms are powerful tools for mental health advocacy. They
allow individuals and organizations to share information, resources, and personal stories, which can educate the
public and policymakers about mental health issues. This can lead to increased funding for mental health services
and more effective policies.
2. **Online Communities and Support Groups**: Social media provides a platform for creating online
communities and support groups. These groups offer a safe space for individuals struggling with mental health
issues to share their experiences, seek advice, and receive support. The anonymity and accessibility of social media
make it easier for people to open up and connect with others facing similar challenges.
3. **Destigmatizing Mental Illness**: By sharing personal stories and information about mental health, social
media helps to destigmatize mental illness. When influencers, celebrities, or everyday users openly discuss their
mental health struggles, it normalizes these conversations and challenges the stereotypes and misconceptions
associated with mental illness.
4. **Access to Resources and Information**: Social media can be a gateway to a wealth of mental health
resources and information. Many mental health professionals and organizations use social media to disseminate
information about coping strategies, treatment options, and where to find help.
5. **Campaigns and Movements**: Social media enables the launch and spread of campaigns and movements
dedicated to mental health awareness. Hashtag campaigns, for instance, can quickly gain traction and reach a
global audience, increasing awareness and encouraging people to seek help.
6. **Real-time Support and Crisis Intervention**: Some social media platforms have integrated features for
real-time support and crisis intervention. Users can flag content that indicates someone might be in distress,
triggering a response from the platform to provide resources and support.
7. **Educational Content**: Mental health professionals and advocates often use social media to share
educational content. This includes articles, infographics, and videos that explain various aspects of mental health,
thus educating the public in an engaging and accessible way.
8. **Research and Feedback**: Social media also serves as a valuable tool for researchers and mental health
professionals to understand public perception, gather feedback, and study the effectiveness of different mental
health interventions.
Finding a Healthy Balance: Tips for Using Social Media Mindfully to Protect Your Mental Well-being
Maintaining a healthy balance in your social media use is essential for protecting your mental well-being.
One effective self-care practice is to set clear boundaries on the amount of time you spend on social media.
Establish designated periods for checking your accounts and resist the urge to mindlessly scroll through your feeds.
This intentional approach helps prevent the negative impact of excessive screen time on your mental health.
Curating your social media feed positively is another key aspect of mindful usage. Follow accounts that
inspire and uplift you, fostering a supportive online environment. Unfollow or mute content that contributes to
feelings of inadequacy, anxiety, or comparison. Surrounding yourself with positivity can significantly influence
your mindset and contribute to a more balanced and enjoyable online experience.
Additionally, be mindful of the content you consume by limiting exposure to triggering material.
Customize your settings to filter out content that may be emotionally distressing, and consider using content
warnings or triggers for sensitive topics. This proactive approach empowers you to maintain control over the
content that enters your digital space, reducing the risk of encountering harmful material that could negatively
impact your mental health.
Incorporating these self-care practices into your social media routine can contribute to a more positive and
mindful online experience. By setting boundaries, curating a positive feed, and limiting exposure to triggering
content, you can foster a digital environment that supports your mental well-being and enhances your overall
quality of life.
The Future Outlook: How the Digital Landscape Can Evolve to Promote Positive Mental Health
The future outlook for the digital landscape presents exciting opportunities for promoting positive mental
health through advancements in technology. One key aspect is the continued development of mental well-being
apps, tools, and platforms that leverage artificial intelligence and machine learning to provide personalized
support. These technologies can analyze user behavior and preferences to offer tailored interventions, such as
mood tracking, mindfulness exercises, and personalized coping strategies.

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Furthermore, the integration of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) in mental health
applications is on the horizon. These immersive technologies can create realistic and controlled environments for
therapeutic interventions, offering individuals a unique and engaging way to address and manage mental health
challenges. Virtual support groups and counseling sessions may become more accessible, allowing users to connect
with mental health professionals and peers from the comfort of their own spaces.
In terms of online platforms, the future holds the potential for a shift towards fostering more positive
interactions. Social media platforms may implement features that prioritize meaningful connections and positive
content, utilizing algorithms to reduce the visibility of harmful or distressing material. Emphasizing community
building and support networks within these digital spaces can contribute to a more uplifting online experience.
Additionally, advancements in wearable technology could play a significant role in monitoring and managing
mental well-being. Wearables may evolve to include features that track physiological indicators of stress, anxiety,
or mood fluctuations, providing users with real-time feedback and actionable insights. This data-driven approach
can empower individuals to take proactive steps in maintaining their mental health.
In summary, the future of the digital landscape holds promise for promoting positive mental health through
innovative technologies. From personalized mental well-being apps to immersive VR and AR experiences, and the
evolution of online platforms towards positivity, these advancements have the potential to create a more supportive
and inclusive digital environment that enhances the mental well-being of users.
Conclusion: Navigating the Social Media Landscape with Awareness and Prioritizing Your Mental Health
In conclusion, navigating the social media landscape with awareness and prioritizing your mental health is
crucial in today's digital age. As we engage with various online platforms, it is essential to implement mindful
practices to protect our well-being. Setting clear boundaries on social media usage, curating a positive feed, and
limiting exposure to triggering content are effective self-care strategies.
Looking ahead, the future presents exciting opportunities for technology to play a positive role in mental
health. Advances in mental well-being apps, virtual reality experiences, and wearable technology offer innovative
solutions for personalized support and monitoring. By leveraging these technological advancements, individuals
can take proactive steps toward maintaining their mental well-being in a digitally connected world.
Ultimately, the key lies in cultivating a conscious and intentional approach to our online interactions.
Prioritizing meaningful connections, fostering positivity, and utilizing technology as a tool for support can
contribute to a more uplifting and empowering social media experience. By staying aware of our digital habits and
making choices that align with our mental health needs, we can create a harmonious balance between the digital
landscape and our overall well-being. As we embrace the future of technology, let it be a force that enhances,
rather than detracts from, our mental health and overall quality of life.
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The Benefits and Challenges of Remote Work for

Employers and Employees
Ravikant Dixit1, Harsh Panwar2
Assistant Professor, School of Law and Constitutional Studies, Shobhit University, Gangoh, Saharanpur1
Assistant Professor, School of Business Studies and Entrepreneurship, Shobhit University, Gangoh, Saharanpur2
Abstract
The advent of remote work has transformed the traditional landscape of employment, bringing forth many
opportunities and challenges for employers and employees. This abstract provides a concise overview of the key
advantages and obstacles associated with remote work, shedding light on its impact in the contemporary
professional realm.For employers, the benefits of remote work include increased access to a global talent pool,
enhanced employee retention, and potential cost savings on office infrastructure. The abstract explores how remote
work fosters a culture of flexibility, empowering organizations to create diverse and inclusive teams. However, it
also delves into the challenges employers face, such as maintaining team cohesion, ensuring effective
communication, and addressing potential security concerns.
On the employee front, the abstract discusses the positive aspects of remote work, including improved work-life
balance, reduced commuting stress, and increased autonomy. It highlights the potential for heightened productivity
and job satisfaction, as well as the positive environmental impact of decreased commuting. Simultaneously, the
abstract addresses the challenges faced by remote workers, such as feelings of isolation, blurred boundaries
between work and personal life, and the need for self-discipline.By examining the dual perspective of employers
and employees, this abstract aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted nature of remote
work. As organizations navigate this evolving landscape, a balanced consideration of the advantages and
challenges is essential for optimizing the remote work experience for both employers and employees alike.
Introduction: The Rise of Remote Work and its Impact on the Workforce
In recent years, a paradigm shift in the traditional work environment has been catalyzed by the rise of
remote work, telecommuting, and flexible work arrangements. The convergence of technological advancements,
changing attitudes towards work, and global events such as the COVID-19 pandemic have collectively propelled
remote work into the mainstream of contemporary professional life. This transformative shift not only redefines the
physical boundaries of the workplace but also reshapes the dynamics between employers and employees.
Remote work, often interchangeably referred to as telecommuting or working from home, encompasses a
spectrum of flexible work arrangements that grant employees the freedom to carry out their professional duties
outside the conventional office setting. This Introduction aims to illuminate the various facets of this evolving
landscape, exploring the factors contributing to the surge in remote work and its profound implications on the
workforce.
The catalyst for the surge in remote work can be traced to the advent of digital technologies that enable
seamless communication and collaboration, transcending geographical constraints. The ubiquity of high-speed
internet, coupled with an array of collaboration tools, has empowered employees to contribute to their roles from
virtually any location. Simultaneously, the increasing recognition of the importance of work-life balance has
prompted organizations to embrace flexible work arrangements as a means of attracting and retaining top talent.
The COVID-19 pandemic acted as a catalyst that accelerated the adoption of remote work on an
unprecedented scale. Lockdowns and social distancing measures compelled organizations to swiftly adapt to
remote work models, ushering in a new era where virtual collaboration became the lifeline for business continuity.
As the global workforce acclimated to this change, both employers and employees began to reap the benefits and
grapple with the challenges inherent in remote work.
Against this backdrop, this exploration delves into the multifaceted impact of remote work on the
workforce, examining the advantages and challenges faced by both employers and employees. As the lines
between traditional and remote work continue to blur, understanding the intricacies of this evolving paradigm
becomes imperative for organizations striving to navigate the complexities of the modern workplace.
The Benefits of Remote Work for Employers
The concept of remote work has become a paradigm-shifting model for businesses, presenting a wide
range of benefits that strongly appeal with employers. This section examines the primary advantages that remote
work offers to organisations, emphasising its promotion of efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and access to a wider
range of skilled individuals.

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1. One of the primary benefits of remote work for organisations is the significant reduction in costs. The
conventional expenses related to the upkeep of office spaces, utilities, and facilities are considerably diminished or
eradicated. The implementation of remote work enables organisations to reallocate resources towards strategic
objectives, innovation, and employee-centric programmes, hence facilitating a more streamlined and cost-effective
operation.
2. Enhanced Productivity: In contrast to traditional apprehensions, remote work frequently has a positive
correlation with heightened productivity among employees. The adaptability of remote arrangements enables
individuals to tailor their work environment according to their personal preferences, resulting in heightened levels
of concentration and productivity. Moreover, the elimination of daily commuting and office distractions may lead
to a staff that is more focused and efficient.
3. Worldwide Talent Pool Accessibility: The practise of remote work allows organisations to overcome
geographical limitations and have access to a wide-ranging and diverse talent pool on a worldwide scale.
Organisations have the ability to engage in recruitment practises that prioritise the assessment of individuals'
talents and knowledge, rather than relying on their proximity to a physical office site. The increased availability of
talent facilitates the promotion of diversity, as it enables the convergence of persons with diverse viewpoints and
experiences, thereby stimulating innovation and the resolution of problems.
4. Enhanced Employee Retention: The implementation of remote work has been associated with increased levels of
employee satisfaction, leading to subsequent improvements in staff retention rates. The ability to effectively
manage the demands of both professional and personal life, the alleviation of stress associated with commuting,
and the perception of having control over one's work contribute to a favourable work environment. Organisations
that provide remote work opportunities frequently discover themselves in a more advantageous position to attract
and retain highly skilled individuals, thereby establishing a competitive advantage in the labour market.
In summary, the advantages of remote work for firms surpass the immediate benefits of cost reduction and
enhanced efficiency. By adopting remote work practises, organisations can leverage the opportunity to form a
workforce that is geographically diversified, cultivate a favourable work culture, and strategically establish
themselves as preferred employers. In the current dynamic professional environment, the use of remote work has
emerged as a crucial tactic for organisations aiming to prosper in the contemporary period.
The Benefits of Remote Work for Employees
Remote work has emerged as a transformative model that brings forth a host of advantages for employees,
reshaping the traditional dynamics of the workplace. This section explores the key benefits that remote work
affords to individuals, emphasizing how it contributes to an improved quality of professional and personal life.
1. Work-Life Balance:
One of the most significant advantages of remote work for employees is the enhancement of work-life balance.
The flexibility to structure work hours around personal commitments allows individuals to achieve a harmonious
integration of professional and personal responsibilities. This balance is conducive to overall well-being, reducing
stress and burnout often associated with rigid work schedules.
2. Reduced Commuting Time and Expenses:
Remote work liberates employees from the daily commute to and from the office. This not only saves valuable
time but also alleviates the associated stress and expenses. The elimination of commuting contributes to a more
relaxed and focused workforce, allowing individuals to redirect time and resources towards personal pursuits or
professional development.
3. Increased Autonomy and Flexibility:
Remote work empowers employees with a greater degree of autonomy and flexibility in how they approach their
tasks. The ability to choose a conducive work environment and adapt schedules to individual preferences fosters a
sense of control over one's work life. This increased autonomy often translates into higher job satisfaction and a
more engaged, self-directed approach to work.
4. Improved Job Satisfaction:
Remote work has been correlated with heightened job satisfaction among employees. The freedom to design a
personalized work environment, reduced office-related stressors, and the flexibility to balance work and personal
life contribute to a positive work experience. This, in turn, enhances overall job satisfaction and increases the
likelihood of employees staying with their current employer.
The Challenges of Remote Work for Employers
While remote work offers numerous benefits, it also presents a set of challenges that employers must
navigate to ensure the sustained success of their organizations. This section outlines key challenges associated with

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remote work, focusing on aspects such as communication hurdles, team cohesion, performance monitoring, and
cybersecurity concerns.
1. Communication and Collaboration Difficulties:
Remote work can pose challenges to seamless communication and collaboration. The absence of face-to-face
interactions may lead to misunderstandings, delays in information sharing, and a potential decline in team
cohesion. Employers must invest in robust communication tools and strategies to bridge the virtual gap, fostering
effective collaboration and maintaining a sense of connectivity among team members.
2. Maintaining Team Cohesion:
Building and sustaining a cohesive team can be more challenging in a remote work setting. The lack of
spontaneous interactions and shared physical spaces can diminish the sense of camaraderie among team members.
Employers must actively cultivate a virtual team culture, organizing virtual team-building activities, and promoting
open communication channels to strengthen interpersonal connections.
3. Monitoring Productivity and Performance:
Tracking and monitoring employee productivity and performance in a remote work environment can be complex.
Traditional metrics may need to be adapted to account for the different dynamics of remote work. Employers
should implement transparent performance evaluation criteria, set clear expectations, and utilize performance
management tools to ensure that productivity remains aligned with organizational goals.
4. Addressing Cybersecurity Concerns:
The shift to remote work introduces new cybersecurity challenges for employers. The dispersed nature of remote
work environments increases the risk of data breaches, unauthorized access, and other security threats. Employers
must implement robust cybersecurity protocols, educate remote employees on security best practices, and regularly
update security measures to safeguard sensitive organizational information.
The Challenges of Remote Work for Employees
Despite the many advantages, remote work introduces a set of challenges for employees that may impact
their well-being and professional development. This section outlines key challenges associated with remote work
from an employee perspective, addressing issues such as isolation, work-life balance, career progression, and
technological obstacles.
1. Feelings of Isolation and Loneliness:
Remote work can lead to feelings of isolation and loneliness as employees miss out on the social interactions
inherent in a traditional office setting. The absence of casual conversations, spontaneous collaboration, and face-to-
face connections may contribute to a sense of disconnection. Employers need to prioritize strategies that foster
virtual team building, encourage regular check-ins, and create opportunities for social interaction to mitigate
feelings of isolation.
2. Difficulty Separating Work from Personal Life:
The boundary between work and personal life can blur in a remote work environment, making it challenging for
employees to "switch off" after work hours. The constant accessibility afforded by digital communication tools
may lead to longer working hours and increased stress. Employers must promote a culture of work-life balance, set
clear expectations regarding working hours, and encourage employees to establish dedicated workspaces to create
psychological boundaries.
3. Potential Impact on Career Progression Opportunities:
Remote work may pose challenges to career progression, as employees may feel a sense of detachment from the
visibility and networking opportunities that an office environment provides. The lack of face-to-face interactions
with colleagues and superiors may impact professional relationships and limit exposure to career advancement
prospects. Employers should actively seek ways to maintain a sense of professional community, offer virtual
mentorship programs, and ensure that remote employees have equitable access to career development
opportunities.
4. Technological Challenges:
Adapting to and troubleshooting various digital tools and platforms for remote work can be a significant challenge
for employees. Technical issues such as internet connectivity problems, software glitches, or unfamiliarity with
collaboration tools may hinder productivity. Employers should provide adequate training, technical support, and
resources to empower employees to navigate and leverage technology effectively in their remote work
environments.

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Tips for Overcoming the Challenges of Remote Work for Employers and Employees
Navigating the challenges of remote work requires proactive strategies from both employers and
employees. The following tips offer practical solutions to foster effective communication, build a strong team
culture, and set realistic expectations for a successful remote work experience.
For Employers:
1. Establish Clear Communication Channels:
Clearly define communication channels and expectations. Utilize a combination of synchronous and asynchronous
communication tools to facilitate seamless information flow. Regularly scheduled virtual meetings can enhance
team connectivity and provide a platform for open dialogue.
2. Promote Virtual Team-Building Activities:
Prioritize virtual team-building activities to strengthen interpersonal connections among remote team members.
Organize virtual coffee breaks, team quizzes, or online social events to recreate the camaraderie found in
traditional office settings. Team-building exercises contribute to a positive team culture and help mitigate feelings
of isolation.
3. Set Realistic Expectations and Goals:
Establish realistic expectations regarding work hours, deliverables, and project timelines. Clearly communicate
performance expectations and provide the necessary resources for employees to meet these expectations. Balancing
clarity with flexibility allows employees to manage their responsibilities effectively while maintaining a healthy
work-life balance.
4. Invest in Employee Well-being:
Acknowledge the unique challenges remote work presents and invest in employee well-being initiatives. Offer
mental health resources, encourage breaks, and foster a supportive work environment. Demonstrating a
commitment to employee welfare contributes to a more positive and engaged remote workforce.
For Employees:
1. Proactively Communicate:
Actively engage in communication with colleagues and supervisors. Clearly express concerns, share updates on
work progress, and participate in team discussions. Proactive communication helps bridge the virtual gap and
ensures everyone is on the same page.
2. Participate in Virtual Team-Building:
Take an active role in virtual team-building activities. Participating in these activities fosters a sense of connection
with colleagues and helps break down virtual barriers. By engaging in team-building exercises, employees
contribute to a positive team culture.
3. Set Boundaries for Work-Life Balance:
Establish clear boundaries between work and personal life. Define specific work hours, create a designated
workspace, and communicate availability to team members. Setting boundaries is essential for preventing burnout
and maintaining a healthy work-life balance.
4. Skill Development and Adaptation:
Embrace continuous learning and skill development to adapt to the technological demands of remote work. Stay
informed about new tools and technologies, seek training opportunities, and be proactive in addressing technical
challenges. Being adaptable and technologically proficient enhances overall remote work efficiency.
Conclusion: Finding the Right Balance in Embracing Remote Work as a Win-Win Solution for Employers
and Employees
As remote work becomes an integral part of the modern professional landscape, finding the right balance is
paramount to ensure its success as a mutually beneficial solution for both employers and employees. This
transformation in the way we work brings forth a host of advantages, but it also necessitates a proactive approach
to address the challenges that arise in a virtual work environment.
For employers, the benefits of remote work, such as cost savings, increased productivity, and access to a
global talent pool, are clear. However, these advantages must be coupled with strategic efforts to maintain effective
communication, foster team cohesion, and address cybersecurity concerns. Investing in technologies and initiatives
that support remote work while prioritizing employee well-being contributes to a work environment where both
organizational goals and individual needs are met. Employees, on the other hand, experience the perks of improved
work-life balance, reduced commuting stress, and increased autonomy through remote work. Yet, they grapple
with challenges like isolation and difficulty separating work from personal life. Actively participating in virtual

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team-building activities, setting clear boundaries, and embracing continuous skill development empower
employees to navigate these challenges and thrive in a remote work setting.
In this era of flexible work arrangements, the key lies in finding a harmonious equilibrium. Employers and
employees must collaborate to establish transparent communication channels, set realistic expectations, and
actively engage in initiatives that support both professional and personal growth. Remote work, when approached
thoughtfully, has the potential to redefine the traditional work paradigm, creating a win-win scenario where
organizations thrive and employees flourish. As we move forward, the evolution of remote work will continue to
shape the future of work. By embracing the lessons learned, addressing challenges with innovative solutions, and
fostering a culture of adaptability, employers and employees can collectively contribute to a work landscape that is
not only flexible but also resilient and fulfilling for all parties involved.
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Health,

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Research in Multidisciplinary Subjects (Volume-12) ISBN: 978-81-966799-8-9

The Power of Exercise: Exploring the Relationship between

Physical Activity and Mental Health
Ravikant Dixit1, Aditi Garg2
Assistant Professor, School of Law and Constitutional Studies, Shobhit University, Gangoh, Saharanpur1
Assistant Professor, School of Business Studies and Entrepreneurship, Shobhit University, Gangoh, Saharanpur2
Abstract:
This abstract investigates the profound and intricate relationship between physical activity and mental health. A
growing body of research underscores the powerful impact of exercise on psychological well-being, emphasizing
its potential as a key component of mental health maintenance and treatment. The exploration encompasses various
aspects of this connection, including the neurobiological mechanisms involved, the role of different exercise
modalities, and the influence on specific mental health conditions. Numerous studies highlight the ability of
regular physical activity to alleviate symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression, while promoting cognitive
function and emotional resilience. The abstract also discusses the potential of exercise as a preventative measure
against mental health disorders and as a complementary intervention in conjunction with traditional therapeutic
approaches.
Furthermore, considerations are given to the practical implications of incorporating physical activity into diverse
lifestyles and age groups, recognizing the need for personalized approaches. The abstract concludes by
acknowledging the broader societal implications of promoting exercise for mental health and the ongoing
importance of research in refining our understanding of this dynamic relationship.
Introduction: Understanding the Link between Exercise and Mental Well-being
The link between exercise and mental well-being has become an increasingly compelling area of
exploration in the realm of health sciences. As our understanding of holistic health evolves, the intricate connection
between physical activity and mental health has garnered attention for its profound implications. This introduction
seeks to elucidate the multifaceted relationship between exercise and mental well-being, shedding light on the
benefits of physical activity for psychological health.The positive impact of exercise on mental well-being is
multifaceted and extends beyond the physical benefits. Engaging in regular physical activity has been associated
with a spectrum of mental health advantages, including stress reduction, anxiety alleviation, and improvements in
mood and cognitive function. The intricate interplay between physiological and psychological mechanisms
underscores the potential of exercise as a powerful tool for promoting mental resilience and overall well-being.
Moreover, as researchers delve into the nuances of this connection, it becomes evident that exercise is not
only a responsive intervention for mental health challenges but also a proactive strategy for prevention.
Understanding the mechanisms through which exercise influences brain function and emotional regulation
provides insights into its role as a fundamental component of mental health maintenance.In the following
exploration, we will delve into the specific benefits of physical activity on mental well-being, examining the
diverse ways in which exercise contributes to emotional and cognitive flourishing. From the molecular changes
within the brain to the practical incorporation of exercise into daily life, this investigation aims to illuminate the
pivotal role of exercise in fostering a resilient and thriving mind.
The Science Behind it: How Exercise Impacts Brain Chemistry and Mental Health
The connection between physical activity and mental well-being has long been acknowledged, but the
underlying mechanisms of this relationship are now becoming clearer through scientific research. This exploration
delves into the intricate interplay between exercise and brain chemistry, elucidating how various neurochemical
processes contribute to the positive impact of exercise on mental health.
1. Exercise and Endorphins:
Endorphins, often referred to as the "feel-good" neurotransmitters, are released during physical activity. These
endogenous opioids act as natural painkillers and mood elevators. Exercise, particularly aerobic activities like
running or cycling, stimulates the production of endorphins, leading to a sense of euphoria commonly known as
the "runner's high." This surge in endorphins not only alleviates stress and reduces pain perception but also
contributes to an overall improvement in mood.
2. Serotonin Levels and Mood Regulation:
Regular exercise has been shown to modulate serotonin levels in the brain. Serotonin, a neurotransmitter that plays
a crucial role in mood regulation, is often targeted by antidepressant medications. Exercise increases the
availability of tryptophan, a precursor to serotonin, in the brain. This elevation in serotonin levels is associated

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with a positive impact on mood, stress reduction, and the mitigation of symptoms related to anxiety and
depression.
3. Neuroplasticity and Cognitive Function:
Exercise has been linked to enhanced neuroplasticity, the brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural
connections. Physical activity promotes the release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a protein that
supports the growth and survival of neurons. Increased neuroplasticity is associated with improved cognitive
function, learning, and memory. This neurobiological adaptability contributes to the long-term positive effects of
exercise on mental health.
4. Exercise as a Buffer Against Mental Health Disorders:
Scientific evidence suggests that regular exercise acts as a protective factor against the development of mental
health disorders. Engaging in physical activity is associated with a reduced risk of conditions such as depression,
anxiety, and cognitive decline in later life. The cumulative impact of exercise on brain chemistry, coupled with its
role in stress reduction, creates a robust defense mechanism against various mental health challenges.
Exercise as a Mood Booster: How Physical Activity Can Alleviate Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression
The correlation between physical activity and mental health has garnered significant attention in academic
discourse, as a multitude of research have underscored the positive impact of exercise on mood enhancement. The
present investigation centers on examining the distinct mechanisms via which physical exercise functions as an
effective means of mitigating symptoms associated with anxiety and depression. This technique provides a
comprehensive and readily available strategy for promoting mental well-being.
An Examination of Exercise as a Means of Alleviating Anxiety
There is a continuous body of evidence demonstrating the efficacy of physical activity as a viable approach
for the management of anxiety symptoms. Participating in consistent physical activity facilitates the secretion of
endorphins, which are inherent stress-alleviating agents within the human body. Endorphins not only function as
mood enhancers, but also play a role in mitigating sensations of stress and anxiety. Furthermore, the rhythmic and
repeated characteristics inherent in activities such as running or swimming have been observed to elicit a soothing
impact on the neurological system, so facilitating the alleviation of anxiety.
Exercise as a Strategy for Managing Depression:
Exercise has been identified as a potentially effective remedy for those experiencing depression. The
positive impact of physical activity on mood extends to the alleviation of symptoms associated with depression.
Physical activity has been found to enhance the synthesis of neurotransmitters such as serotonin and
norepinephrine, which are pivotal in the regulation of mood. The neurobiological effects of physical exercise
extend beyond the initial enhancement of mood, contributing to a favorable impact on long-term emotional well-
being.
The Positive Effects of Exercise on Mood.
The positive effects on mood resulting from physical activity extend beyond the mere activation of
endorphin release. Physical activity has been found to facilitate the proliferation of novel neurons within the brain,
a phenomenon commonly referred to as neurogenesis. The observed structural adaptability is associated with
enhancements in affective state, cognitive abilities, and overall psychological well-being. The confluence of
neurochemical alterations and heightened brain connection engenders a potent synergy, so furnishing an inherent
and enduring methodology for the regulation of mood disorders.
The Role of Physical Activity in Promoting Mental Well-being:
In addition to its established efficacy in the management of anxiety and depression, exercise is widely
acknowledged as a comprehensive approach to the maintenance of mental well-being. Engaging in regular physical
activity has been found to be correlated with the decrease of stress, enhancement of sleep quality, and elevation of
self-esteem. These characteristics collectively lead to the promotion of emotional well-being on a holistic level.
Exercise is a versatile and accessible technique that accommodates persons with diverse fitness levels due to its
inclusive nature, encompassing a range of activities from low-intensity options such as walking to more intense
kinds of exercise.
The Role of Exercise in Stress Reduction and Cognitive Function Improvement
Regular exercise plays a pivotal role in mitigating stress and enhancing cognitive function, offering a
holistic approach to mental well-being. The positive impact of exercise on stress reduction is well-documented,
with physical activity triggering the release of endorphins, the body's natural stress relievers. Engaging in activities
such as aerobic exercise, yoga, or even a brisk walk can effectively lower cortisol levels, the hormone associated
with stress, promoting a sense of relaxation and mental clarity. In addition to stress reduction, exercise has been

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shown to have profound cognitive benefits. Physical activity is linked to improved cognitive function, including
enhanced attention, processing speed, and executive function. These cognitive advantages are thought to result
from increased blood flow to the brain, the release of neurotrophic factors that support neuron health, and the
positive influence on neurotransmitter systems.
Furthermore, exercise serves as a catalyst for memory improvement. Studies suggest that regular physical
activity can enhance both short-term and long-term memory. The hippocampus, a region of the brain critical for
memory formation, experiences increased volume and activity with consistent exercise, leading to improved
memory recall and learning capabilities. This connection between exercise and memory underscores the potential
of physical activity as a strategy to maintain cognitive sharpness and mitigate age-related cognitive decline.
As we explore the intricate relationship between exercise, stress reduction, and cognitive function
improvement, it becomes evident that incorporating regular physical activity into daily routines is not only a means
of promoting physical health but also a powerful strategy for cultivating mental resilience and cognitive vitality.
Whether through aerobic exercises, strength training, or mindful activities like yoga, the role of exercise in
fostering a healthy mind is a compelling avenue for both preventative and therapeutic approaches to mental well-
being.
Finding Motivation: Tips on Incorporating Regular Exercise into your Daily Routine
Incorporating regular exercise into your daily routine requires motivation, but finding that drive can be a
challenge. One effective strategy is to set realistic goals that align with your fitness level and preferences. Breaking
down larger objectives into smaller, achievable milestones allows for a sense of accomplishment, keeping
motivation intact. Additionally, choosing exercises you genuinely enjoy can transform physical activity from a
chore into a fulfilling part of your routine. Whether it's dancing, hiking, or playing a sport, enjoyment increases the
likelihood of sticking with the routine.
Making time for physical activity involves treating exercise as a priority in your daily schedule. By
acknowledging its importance for overall well-being and setting specific times for workouts, you establish a
mindset that encourages consistency. Integrating exercise into your routine can be further facilitated by making it a
social activity. Joining fitness classes, walking with friends, or participating in group sports not only adds an
element of fun but also provides accountability, increasing the likelihood of maintaining the routine.
Establishing a sustainable exercise routine involves starting small and progressing gradually. Especially if
you're new to exercise, beginning with manageable durations and intensities reduces the risk of burnout and allows
your body to adapt. Mixing up your routine with various activities prevents boredom, challenges different muscle
groups, and helps sustain long-term interest. Finally, tracking your progress provides a tangible representation of
your efforts, allowing you to celebrate achievements and reinforcing a positive relationship with exercise. By
implementing these strategies, you can create a routine that not only improves physical health but also enhances
overall well-being.
Conclusion: Embracing an Active Lifestyle to Enhance Your Mental Health & Overall Well-being
In conclusion, adopting an active lifestyle is not just a means of improving physical health but also a
powerful tool for enhancing mental well-being. The interconnected relationship between physical activity and
mental health has been extensively documented, highlighting the myriad benefits that regular exercise can offer.
Engaging in activities such as brisk walking, jogging, cycling, or participating in sports has been shown to
release endorphins, the body's natural mood elevators. This, in turn, can alleviate symptoms of stress, anxiety, and
depression. Moreover, the positive impact on cognitive function and memory further underscores the importance of
incorporating exercise into our daily routines.Beyond the biological effects, an active lifestyle fosters a sense of
accomplishment and self-esteem. Setting and achieving fitness goals provides a tangible and measurable way to
track personal progress, contributing to a positive mindset. Additionally, the social aspect of group activities or
team sports can enhance social connections and create a supportive community, further promoting mental well-
being.
In the fast-paced and often stressful modern world, prioritizing physical activity becomes paramount.
Whether through regular gym sessions, outdoor pursuits, or simply incorporating more movement into daily life,
individuals have the power to positively influence their mental health. The journey towards an active lifestyle is a
holistic approach that not only benefits the body but also nurtures a resilient and balanced mind.In conclusion,
embracing an active lifestyle emerges as a holistic strategy to elevate both mental health and overall well-being. As
we recognize the inseparable link between mind and body, incorporating regular physical activity into our lives
stands out as a proactive and empowering choice. The path to enhanced mental well-being begins with a step, a
run, or a workout—each stride contributing to a healthier, happier, and more fulfilled life.

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The Impact of Covid-19 on the Educational Sector:

Challenges, Adaptations, and Opportunities
Ravikant Dixit1, Gaurav Tyagi2
Assistant Professor, School of Law and Constitutional Studies, Shobhit University, Gangoh, Saharanpur
Assistant Professor, Glocal Law School, Glocal University, Saharanpur
Abstract:
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant effect on the educational sector, resulting in a range of exceptional
difficulties and prospects. This abstract presents a comprehensive analysis of the diverse impacts of the pandemic
on the field of education, the corresponding adjustments made by educational institutions, and the potential for
novel advancements that have arisen as a result.The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the field
of education worldwide, necessitating swift adaptations by educational institutions in response to the continuously
changing circumstances. The encountered obstacles were diverse in nature, covering the sudden transition to
remote learning, the existence of a digital divide among students, and the consequential effects on students' social
and emotional welfare. This abstract elucidates the manner in which the pandemic has brought preexisting
disparities in technological access to the forefront and underscores the significance of tackling mental health issues
within the educational framework.Educational institutions have shown notable flexibility in their reaction to the
global pandemic. The implementation of blended learning models and hybrid classrooms, which integrate both
conventional and online instructional approaches, has emerged as a feasible resolution. The aforementioned
adjustments facilitated flexibility, tailored learning experiences, and avenues for creativity. This abstract
emphasises the significance of digital literacy and the responsibility of educators in providing pupils with critical
skills necessary for the 21st century.In spite of the various obstacles encountered, the global pandemic has
concurrently offered prospects for constructive transformation. The education industry has experienced significant
growth and incorporation of educational technology (EdTech) solutions, which have provided educators with
opportunities to effectively involve pupils through novel and inventive methods. Efforts aimed at addressing the
digital gap and promoting equal access to education have emerged as a significant concern, with the potential to
create a more inclusive and fair education system in the coming years.
In summary, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant effect on the educational industry, serving as a catalyst
for change and emphasising the significance of adaptability, resilience, and innovation. This abstract highlights the
need for acknowledging and tackling obstacles, adopting necessary changes, and capitalising on favourable
circumstances as the education sector navigates the unpredictable landscape of the post-pandemic era.
Introduction: Understanding the Unprecedented Disruption in Education caused by Covid-19
The COVID-19 epidemic has caused an unparalleled disturbance in the realm of education, impacting
students across all age groups and academic establishments globally. The pandemic's extensive and complex
effects on education affected both formal and informal learning environments. Educational systems had to quickly
adjust to the new reality as governments and communities struggled with the virus's rapid spread.The epidemic
compelled a significant transition in the field of education from conventional classroom-based instruction to online
and remote learning. Educators, students, and parents were left to negotiate this unfamiliar landscape as schools,
colleges, and institutions had to almost overnight shift to digital platforms. There were additional difficulties
associated with this change, such as the requirement for a technological infrastructure, devices, and internet access,
and the creation of efficient online teaching techniques.The digital gap was one of the main issues facing
educational institutions during the epidemic. It was difficult for many students to engage in remote learning
because they lacked access to the required technology and internet connectivity. Students from marginalised
groups were disproportionately affected by this discrepancy in access, which compounded already-existing
discrepancies in educational performance.In addition, universities and colleges have to deal with the challenge of
preserving a sense of community and participation without real classrooms. As students struggled with the
isolation that comes with extended periods of remote study, concerns about their social and emotional health
surfaced. Teachers have to modify their pedagogical approaches to maintain student motivation and engagement,
frequently utilising innovative strategies like remote learning environments and virtual extracurricular pursuits.
The processes of assessment and evaluation also encountered difficulties since online learning required a
reevaluation of conventional testing and grading procedures. Teachers faced additional challenges in maintaining
academic integrity and impartially assessing students' work.The COVID-19 epidemic brought attention to the
importance of adaptability, creativity, and resilience in the field of education. In addition to investigating long-term
methods to construct a more strong and inclusive educational system, institutions had to quickly change course in

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order to meet the urgent demands of students. Education, like many other sectors, will need to adopt a hybrid
approach that blends online and classroom instruction to address the changing demands of students in the post-
epidemic world as the effects of the pandemic continue to spread.
The Shift to Remote Learning: How Schools and Universities Adapted to the New Normal
The COVID-19 epidemic has resulted in a sudden and significant transition to remote learning, impacting
educational establishments across all levels, ranging from primary schools to tertiary institutions. The adoption of
online education has emerged as a prevailing practice among educational institutions as they endeavour to maintain
uninterrupted learning processes while mitigating the potential hazards associated with virus transmission.The
implementation of remote learning presented a unique array of difficulties. Educational practitioners expeditiously
modified their pedagogical approaches to align with virtual settings, proficiently acquiring proficiency in novel
technologies and platforms to efficiently administer instructional sessions. Students also had difficulties as they
navigated the transition from traditional face-to-face instruction to remote learning. The lack of in-person
engagements with instructors and classmates necessitated the cultivation of self-discipline and time management
abilities.The utilisation of virtual classrooms was important in facilitating this transformation. These digital spaces
functioned as the principal venues for teaching and learning, allowing instructors to conduct live or pre-recorded
lessons, communicate with students through video conferencing, and share resources online. Virtual classrooms
have played a crucial role in mitigating the disparity between traditional in-person learning settings and distant
educational environments, thus providing a sense of normalcy within the context of a disturbed educational
landscape.E-learning platforms have become essential tools for educational institutions, providing a diverse array
of functionalities like course materials, assignments, quizzes, and communication capabilities. Educational tools
such as Zoom, Google Classroom, and Learning Management Systems (LMS) have facilitated the effective
organisation and delivery of educational information by instructors. In addition, they enabled exchanges between
students and teachers, as well as among students themselves, through the utilisation of discussion boards, message
systems, and collaborative projects.
Notwithstanding the advantages, obstacles continued to exist in the domain of distant learning. The digital
divide has increasingly become more evident as pupils who do not have access to essential equipment and
dependable internet face challenges in keeping pace. To address this challenge, educational institutions have to
allocate resources towards enhancing their technological infrastructure and, in certain instances, furnish students
with the necessary gear. Furthermore, the efficacy of remote learning was found to be contingent upon various
elements, including the age group of students, the nature of the subject being taught, and the level of preparedness
exhibited by educators in adopting online pedagogical approaches.
As the global health crisis unfolded, educational institutions at various levels, including schools and
universities, consistently modified their methodologies in response to remote learning, meticulously honing their
tactics and offering opportunities for educators to enhance their professional skills. The enduring influence of the
lessons acquired during this period is apparent, as they have shaped the educational landscape to incorporate a
more integrated approach to learning, encompassing both face-to-face interactions and online components. The
transition to distant learning highlighted the significance of adaptability, perseverance, and ingenuity in
contemporary education.
Social and Emotional Impact on Students: Addressing Mental Health Concerns in the Education System
The COVID-19 pandemic has given rise to a plethora of mental health concerns that have had a substantial
impact on the general well-being of students. The abrupt disturbance of customary schedules, in conjunction with
the social seclusion and apprehension arising from the pandemic's ambiguities, gave rise to a diverse array of
psychological difficulties among students. The impact on mental health was observed across many age cohorts,
encompassing both young children, adolescents, and college students.
Students had a significant psychological impact. Numerous students had elevated levels of stress and
anxiety as a result of apprehensions over their personal well-being, the well-being of their close relations, and the
ambiguity surrounding their academic prospects. The sudden shift to remote learning intensified these emotions, as
students encountered difficulties in adjusting to a novel educational setting while also experiencing the sense of
isolation resulting from physical separation from their peers and instructors.The prioritisation of students' mental
health during the epidemic emerged as a pressing concern for educational institutions. Numerous educational
institutions have implemented proactive measures to address these concerns. The institution facilitated the
provision of mental health services, frequently granting access to teletherapy and virtual counselling sessions for
students requiring assistance. Furthermore, educators and staff underwent training to develop the ability to identify
indicators of distress and offer emotional assistance to students, even within the setting of remote

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learning.Establishing a sense of community and fostering connections within the online educational environment
were equally vital for the overall welfare of the students. Educators, including teachers and professors, have played
crucial roles in fostering and sustaining relationships with their students, providing not only academic mentorship
but also emotional assistance. Virtual classrooms have emerged as platforms that facilitate open communication
and foster empathy, thereby mitigating certain psychological difficulties experienced by pupils.
As the progression of the pandemic unfolded, it became increasingly evident that the continuous
prioritisation of addressing mental health challenges within the education system is imperative. The incorporation
of mental health and emotional well-being into the curriculum is necessary for a comprehensive approach to
education. The incorporation of resilience, emotional intelligence, and coping skills into students' educational
experiences is crucial in order to enhance their ability to effectively manage the psychological obstacles that may
arise in the future. By placing emphasis on the psychological well-being of students, educational institutions have
the potential to foster a learning environment that is characterised by increased support and resilience.
Technological Advancements in Education: The Rise of EdTech Solutions during the Pandemic
The COVID-19 epidemic has expedited the implementation of educational technology (EdTech) solutions
within the education sector, resulting in a substantial shift in the methods of instruction and learning. Educational
technology (EdTech) has played a vital role in enabling distance learning and equipping educators with the
necessary resources to navigate the difficulties posed by the global pandemic.One of the most prominent
phenomena observed during the global pandemic was the widespread adoption and use of digital educational
resources and platforms for remote teaching and learning purposes. The aforementioned tools comprised a diverse
array of programmes and software specifically developed to augment the educational experience for both
instructors and students. Educators, including both teachers and professors, have effectively utilised video
conferencing systems such as Zoom and Microsoft Teams to facilitate virtual instructional sessions, hence
facilitating immediate and interactive engagement with their students. Furthermore, these systems included
additional capabilities such as screen sharing, breakout rooms, and chat options, thereby enhancing the level of
engagement and interactivity in virtual classrooms.Educational applications and platforms have become
indispensable tools for disseminating educational information and conducting evaluations within the context of
remote learning. Learning management systems (LMS), such as Google Classroom and Moodle, have provided
instructors with the ability to effectively arrange course materials, assignments, and quizzes inside a unified online
platform. Students have the ability to conveniently access these educational resources and submit their assignments
from any location that is equipped with an internet connection.Moreover, the significance of adaptive learning
systems increased during the pandemic. These systems utilise algorithms based on artificial intelligence (AI) to
customise learning experiences for specific students. Adaptive learning platforms provide the capability to modify
the difficulty level and content of instructional materials in accordance with the individualised needs and learning
pace of students, as evidenced by the analysis of their progress and performance.The emergence of educational
technology (EdTech) solutions has facilitated increased accessibility to educational resources and opportunities.
The enrollment in Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) provided by platforms such as Coursera, edX, and
Khan Academy experienced a surge as individuals endeavoured to learn additional skills and knowledge remotely.
These platforms offer a comprehensive range of courses covering many areas, thereby enabling global accessibility
to high-quality education.
In brief, the COVID-19 pandemic served as a driving force for the incorporation of educational technology
(EdTech) solutions within the field of education. Online teaching tools, educational applications, and virtual
classroom platforms have become essential resources for both instructors and students. The ongoing advancements
in educational technology (EdTech) are expected to have a lasting impact on the trajectory of education, presenting
novel opportunities for adaptable and captivating learning encounters.
Inequalities Exposed: Bridging the Gap in Access to Education Amidst Covid-19 Disruptions
The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the preexisting digital divide within the education system,
hence emphasising significant disparities in students' technological access. The shift of education to remote and
online modalities in response to the pandemic highlighted the considerable challenges faced by disadvantaged
students in accessing the essential resources and internet connectivity required for engaging in remote learning.One
of the most prominent differences observed was the inequitable access to technological gadgets such as computers,
tablets, and smartphones. While a portion of the student population possessed the necessary technological devices
to facilitate remote study, a significant number of students lacked such access. The existing discrepancy placed
students from disadvantaged backgrounds at a notable disadvantage, as they had difficulties keeping pace with
their peers who possessed the resources necessary to access online educational materials and participate in virtual

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instructional sessions. The absence of personal electronics not only impeded their educational advancement but
also constrained their capacity to interact with the digital realm, which had gained heightened significance within
the pandemic.
The issue of internet connectivity also surfaced as a crucial concern. The availability of a reliable and fast
internet connection played a crucial role in facilitating engagement in remote learning, the timely submission of
assignments, and active participation in online conversations. Nevertheless, a significant number of
socioeconomically disadvantaged pupils reside in regions characterised by restricted or inconsistent internet
connectivity, hence exacerbating the existing disparity in digital access. The absence of connectivity exacerbated
the isolation experienced by these students, impeding their capacity to avail educational resources and maintain
communication with their instructors and peers.
Initiatives were implemented during the pandemic to address the disparity in educational access, with a
focus on providing technology equipment and internet connectivity to kids from disadvantaged backgrounds.
Certain educational institutions and other organisations have undertaken the initiative of providing electronic
devices such as laptops, tablets, or Wi-Fi hotspots to students who lack access to these resources. Furthermore, a
collaborative effort between governments and educational institutions was undertaken to enhance the availability
of broadband connectivity in marginalised regions, with the objective of ensuring equitable access to remote
learning opportunities for all students.Nevertheless, the resolution of the digital divide necessitates continuous
dedication and financial support. It extends beyond the provision of urgent solutions in times of disaster, such as
the ongoing pandemic. The process includes the development of comprehensive, enduring initiatives that place a
high emphasis on ensuring digital inclusion for every student, irrespective of their socioeconomic circumstances.
The act of addressing the disparity in educational access is not solely crucial for achieving fair and impartial
educational achievements but also for guaranteeing that each student is afforded the chance to flourish in an ever
more digital and interconnected global society.
The Future of Education Post-Covid: Lessons Learned and Opportunities for Innovation
The COVID-19 epidemic necessitated swift adaptations within educational institutions, and when the
global community emerges from this catastrophe, the trajectory of education is anticipated to undergo substantial
transformations. One of the primary insights gained is the significance of mixed learning methods. These models
integrate conventional face-to-face instructional techniques with digital resources and technologies, providing a
versatile and dynamic approach to education. The COVID-19 epidemic has underscored the significance of
integrating these strategies, as they can offer adaptability in the midst of disturbances while simultaneously
improving the entire educational encounter.Blended learning models provide a multitude of advantages.
Personalised learning experiences are facilitated, accommodating the unique demands and learning speeds of each
pupils. This technique holds significant value in effectively addressing the varied learning styles and talents that
exist within a singular classroom setting. Furthermore, through the integration of online elements, educators have
the opportunity to utilise a wide range of digital resources, multimedia materials, and interactive instruments to
effectively captivate pupils in novel and inventive manners.
Hybrid classrooms, characterised by the integration of both traditional face-to-face instruction and online
teaching modalities, are anticipated to establish a prevailing presence within the educational framework following
the conclusion of the pandemic. These educational spaces offer a degree of adaptability, affording students the
option to select between physically attending sessions or engaging in remote participation. The provision of
flexibility in educational settings not only caters to the individual preferences of pupils but also guarantees the
uninterrupted progression of learning, even in the face of difficult situations, such as health emergencies or severe
weather occurrences.Moreover, it is anticipated that the forthcoming developments in education will persist in
highlighting the significance of digital literacy. With the growing integration of technology in education, it is
imperative for students to cultivate the necessary competencies to proficiently traverse digital tools and
information. Educators will assume a crucial role in facilitating the development of digital literacy among students,
enabling them to engage in critical evaluation of online content and effectively utilise technology as a means for
learning and enhancing productivity.An additional avenue for fostering innovation in the realm of post-COVID
education lies in the ongoing advancement of online collaboration and communication tools. These technological
advancements facilitate seamless connectivity and collaboration between students and educators, irrespective of
geographical barriers. The utilisation of virtual cooperation, video conferencing, and real-time document sharing
has the promise of augmenting collaboration and broadening educational prospects beyond the constraints of
physical location.

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In conclusion, the insights gained from the COVID-19 epidemic have laid the foundation for a
forthcoming era in education characterised by the use of blended learning approaches, hybrid instructional
environments, proficiency in digital technologies, and the utilisation of inventive tools for collaborative
endeavours. The pandemic has posed considerable difficulties, but it has also served as a catalyst for beneficial
transformations in the field of education, promoting a more flexible, inclusive, and learner-centric approach to the
process of acquiring knowledge. The post-COVID era presents an educational landscape that integrates the most
advantageous aspects of conventional and digital approaches, providing students with a comprehensive and
adaptable learning encounter.
Conclusion: Adapting to the New Normal and Navigating Uncertain Times
In a nutshell, the COVID-19 epidemic has significantly transformed the educational sector, necessitating
educational establishments, students, and educators to adjust to a novel paradigm. The epidemic presented
substantial obstacles; however, it also acted as a spur for creativity and revolution within the school system. In
light of the current circumstances and in anticipation of what lies ahead, a number of significant observations can
be made.The COVID-19 epidemic has brought to the forefront the significance of adaptability and resilience
within the realm of education. Educational institutions promptly transitioned to remote and online learning,
showcasing their capacity to effectively respond to swiftly evolving conditions. The necessity of flexibility will
persist as we confront uncertainty around the globe following the pandemic.Additionally, the adoption of blended
learning models and hybrid classrooms presents promising prospects for augmenting the field of education. By
integrating conventional face-to-face instruction with digital resources and technologies, it is possible to develop
learning experiences that are more adaptable, individualised, and inclusive, thereby addressing the different
requirements of students.In contemporary times, proficiency in digital literacy and adeptness in effectively
navigating the digital realm have emerged as essential competencies. Educators will assume a crucial role in
facilitating the acquisition of these competencies among students, ensuring their ability to engage in critical
analysis of material, successfully use technology as a means of learning, and cooperate proficiently within virtual
settings.
Ultimately, the global health crisis has served to highlight the criticality of tackling educational disparities.
It is imperative to prioritise the bridging of the digital gap and the establishment of fair access to education for all
students. The establishment of a more inclusive and equitable education system necessitates a continuous
dedication and allocation of resources.As we progress, it is imperative to engage in introspection on the insights
gained throughout the epidemic and employ them as a basis for constructing an education system that is more
robust, flexible, and focused on the needs of students. Although the future may present uncertainties, drawing on
past experiences can serve as a valuable compass in navigating towards a more promising and progressive future in
the realm of education.
References:
1. D.K. Ahorsu, C.-Y. Lin, V. Imani, M. Saffari, M.D. Griffiths, A.H. PakpourThe fear of COVID-19
scale:development and initial validation Int. J. Mental Health Addiction (2020), 10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
2. World Health Organization. (2020a). #HealthyAtHome. Retrieved 18 April, 2020, from
https://www.who.int/news-room/campaigns/connecting-the-world-to-combat-coronavirus/healthyathome
3. C.H. Ko, J.-Y. YenImpact of COVID-19 on gaming disorder: monitoring and prevention (2020) Journal of
Behavioral Addictions.
4. T. Abel, D. McQueen The COVID-19 pandemic calls for spatial distancing and social closeness: not for
social distancing! Int J Public Health (2020), 10.1007/s00038-020-01366-7
5. COVID-19 pandemic - Wikipedia. (n.d.). Retrieved January 9, 2021, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVI
D-19_pandemic
6. Impact of COVID-19 on Education System in India. (n.d.). Retrieved January 9,
2021,fromhttps://www.latestlaws.com/articles/impact-of-covid-19-on-educationsystem-in-india/
7. The Education System in India - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation. (n.d.). Retrieved January 9, 2021,
from https://www.gnu.org/education/edu -system-india.en.html
8. e-learning: Digital Learning: AICTE releases 41 e-learning platforms to facilitate studies during covid-19
lockdown, Government News, ET Government. (n.d.). Retrieved January 9, 2021, from
https://government.economictimes.in diatimes.com/news/digitalindia/digital-learning-aicte-releases41-e-learning-
platforms-to-facilitatestudies-during-covid-19- lockdown/75161549

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Revolutionizing Education: An Introduction to Artificial

Intelligence in Education
Ravikant Dixit1, Arjun Singh2
Assistant Professor, School of Law and Constitutional Studies, Shobhit University, Gangoh, Saharanpur1&2
Abstract
The publication titled "Revolutionising Education: An Introduction to Artificial Intelligence in Education"
provides a comprehensive introduction to the significant impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on the field of
education. This study explores the many effects of artificial intelligence (AI), highlighting its potential to disrupt
traditional educational paradigms. This text delves into the various ways in which artificial intelligence (AI)
contributes to the customization of learning experiences, the optimisation of administrative processes, and the use
of data-driven analysis to improve educational results. Moreover, this study investigates the ways in which
artificial intelligence (AI) facilitates inclusion and enhances accessibility within the realm of education. The
introduction abstract acknowledges the significant promise of AI integration while also highlighting the ethical and
privacy problems that accompany it. It emphasises the crucial need for responsible deployment. This article serves
as a fundamental resource for educators, policymakers, and stakeholders who are interested in comprehending the
significant transformations that artificial intelligence (AI) introduces to the field of education. As we embark upon
this age characterised by AI-driven education, this document aims to provide a solid basis for understanding these
changes.
Keyword: Artificial Intelligence, Educational, chatbots , technology
Introduction: Understanding the Basics: What is Artificial Intelligence (AI) and its Role in Education
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a discipline within the field of computer science that is dedicated to the
development of systems and computers with the ability to execute activities that conventionally require human
intelligence. Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies strive to replicate the cognitive abilities exhibited by humans,
including but not limited to learning, reasoning, problem-solving, and decision-making. Artificial intelligence (AI)
comprises a range of subfields, such as machine learning and deep learning, that play a pivotal role in the
application of AI within the domain of education.
Machine learning is a sub field within the domain of artificial intelligence (AI) that encompasses the
creation and refinement of algorithms and statistical models. These models and algorithms facilitate the
enhancement of computer systems' performance on a given job by using experiential knowledge and data. Within
the realm of education, machine learning has the potential to facilitate the customization of learning experiences
for students through the analysis of their individual learning patterns. This analysis enables the adaptation of
instructional content in a manner that aligns with the specific needs and preferences of each student. The use of a
personalised strategy has the potential to facilitate student learning at an individualised rate, thereby enhancing
student engagement and yielding improved academic achievements. Deep learning is a specialised domain within
the study of machine learning that centres on the development and utilisation of artificial neural networks, which
draw inspiration from the intricate structure and functional mechanisms of the human brain. Deep learning
techniques provide a high level of suitability for jobs that include picture and speech recognition. Within the realm
of education, the utilisation of deep learning techniques has the potential to augment the advancement of
educational technology tools, hence enhancing their efficacy in various activities such as evaluating assignments,
delivering language translation services, and even giving targeted academic support to students. Education
technology,also known as edtech, covers a diverse array of tools and platforms that utilise artificial intelligence
(AI) and other advanced technologies to augment the educational process and improve the overall teaching and
learning encounter. Educational technology solutions encompass a range of tools and platforms, such as learning
management systems, virtual classrooms, adaptive learning software, and intelligent tutoring systems. These
systems utilise artificial intelligence to deliver immediate feedback, assess student progress, and make tailored
suggestions to both instructors and learners.
The function of artificial intelligence in the field of education is diverse and encompasses several
dimensions. The implementation of automation technology enables educators to streamline administrative
activities, enabling them to allocate more time and effort towards instructional responsibilities while reducing the
burden of paperwork. Artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled chatbots and virtual assistants have the capability to
manage mundane inquiries and administrative tasks, allowing instructors to allocate their time towards actively
interacting with pupils. Moreover, the use of AI-powered analytics can offer valuable insights on student
performance, enabling educators to discern specific areas in which students may want additional support or

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resources. Likewise, artificial intelligence has the potential to enhance the whole learning process. The system has
the capability to generate customised learning trajectories by taking into account the unique strengths and
weaknesses of each student. Additionally, it is able to modify educational material to cater to various learning
styles and even anticipate forthcoming educational requirements. The use of such a high degree of personalization
has the potential to greatly enhance student engagement and ultimately provide positive educational outcomes.
Overall, artificial intelligence (AI), encompassing machine learning and deep learning, significantly
influences the trajectory of education by fostering the creation of inventive educational technology (edtech)
solutions. Artificial intelligence (AI) possesses the capacity to transform education by automating administrative
duties, personalizing learning experiences, and offering useful insights into student performance. This has the
potential to enhance the accessibility and effectiveness of learning for students from diverse backgrounds and with
varying skills.
Transforming Teaching and Learning: How AI is Enhancing the Classroom Experience
The utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing the educational setting through its ability to
augment and optimise the processes of instruction and acquisition in diverse manners. Personalized learning stands
out as a very consequential outcome of artificial intelligence (AI) in the realm of education. Artificial intelligence
algorithms analyse the unique strengths, limitations, and learning styles of each pupil in order to generate
customised learning experiences. This implies that students have the opportunity to access educational materials
and tasks that are tailored to their individual requirements and learning speed, promoting enhanced comprehension
and involvement. The utilisation of artificial intelligence in education is shown by the prominent implementation
of adaptive learning systems. These platforms utilise artificial intelligence to consistently evaluate a student's
performance and adjust the curriculum accordingly. In the event that a student encounters difficulty
comprehending a certain topic, the platform has the capability to offer further materials or workouts with the aim
of strengthening their comprehension. On the other hand, in the event that a student demonstrates exceptional
performance, the platform has the capability to expedite their advancement, therefore guaranteeing that every
student is provided with an individualised educational experience that optimises their capabilities. Intelligent
tutoring systems (ITS) represent an additional advancement in the field of education, propelled by artificial
intelligence (AI). These systems function as virtual tutors, offering students prompt feedback and support during
their engagement with lectures and tasks. Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) provide the capability to
accommodate the individual learning speed of students, providing them with explanations and support as required.
Consequently, this adaptability contributes to enhanced understanding and retention of educational content.
Moreover, they alleviate the workload of educators by offering supplementary assistance to kids.
The use of artificial intelligence in education allows for the implementation of virtual assistants that
provide support to both instructors and pupils. AI-powered assistants possess the capability to respond to
frequently asked queries, deliver reminders, and extend administrative assistance. Virtual assistants have the
potential to aid educators in several activities, including but not limited to grading assignments, scheduling, and
managing classroom supplies. Students may avail themselves of study suggestions, receive responses to
coursework-related concerns, and receive help meeting deadlines, enhancing the efficacy and efficiency of their
learning journey. The implementation of AI-powered exams is altering the manner in which pupils are assessed.
Traditional evaluations frequently depend on standard testing, which may not effectively capture an accurate
representation of a student's genuine capabilities or potential. AI-powered assessments have the potential to offer a
comprehensive perspective on a student's abilities and understanding by evaluating their performance across a
range of activities and assignments over a period of time. This methodology provides a more equitable and
inclusive assessment, facilitating instructors in gaining a deeper understanding of their students' advancement and
offering enhanced assistance.
Improving Administrative Tasks: Streamlining Operations with AI Solutions
AI solutions are progressively enhancing administrative activities in the education sector through the
optimisation of operations and the reduction of manual labour. An exemplary use pertains to the implementation of
automated grading systems. These systems employ artificial intelligence algorithms to rapidly and precisely assess
and score assignments, quizzes, and examinations. By using automation for this labour-intensive process,
instructors may effectively allocate their time, enabling them to prioritise higher-level parts of instruction and
deliver prompt feedback to pupils. This not only improves the effectiveness of administrative processes but also
provides students with the advantage of obtaining timely feedback on their academic assignments. Administrative
chatbots are an additional artificial intelligence (AI) option that is now transforming educational institutions. The
chatbots possess the capability to effectively manage regular inquiries and administrative procedures,

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encompassing tasks such as addressing often requested concerns, assisting students with the registration process,
and furnishing comprehensive details regarding courses and timetables. The service is available around the clock,
therefore guaranteeing convenient access to support for both students and staff members. By implementing
automation for these duties, educational institutions may enhance their service delivery, minimise administrative
burdens, and allocate human resources towards resolving more intricate challenges.
Data analytics in the field of education is a potent artificial intelligence-driven instrument that holds the
potential to enhance administrative operations. Educational institutions may get significant insights into several
facets of their operations, including student performance, enrollment patterns, resource distribution, and financial
administration, through the collection and analysis of extensive data. The utilisation of a data-driven strategy
empowers institutions to make well-informed decisions, optimise the allocation of resources, identify areas in need
of development, and boost overall efficiency and effectiveness.
Success Stories: Real-Life Examples of AI Integration in Educational Institutions
The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in educational institutions has yielded several success stories,
fundamentally transforming the pedagogical landscape by enhancing both student learning experiences and
instructional practices for instructors. An exemplary illustration may be observed in the utilisation of virtual reality
simulations as a means of facilitating experiential learning. Academic institutions, particularly those in disciplines
such as science, engineering, and medicine, have embraced the integration of virtual reality (VR) simulations as a
means to provide students with immersive and authentic learning opportunities. Medical schools utilise virtual
reality (VR) technology to replicate surgical scenarios, therefore enabling students to engage in simulated surgical
operations inside a secure and regulated setting. This not only facilitates the process of learning but also boosts the
acquisition and retention of skills. Intelligent content recommendation systems represent a notable achievement in
the integration of artificial intelligence. These systems employ an analysis of students' learning behaviours,
preferences, and performance statistics in order to provide recommendations for educational resources that are
pertinent to their needs. One example of the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of education is
seen in online learning platforms such as Khan Academy. These platforms utilise AI algorithms to provide
personalised recommendations for videos, exercises, and courses based on individual students' proficiency levels
and learning speeds. The use of a personalised approach in education maintains student engagement and guarantees
the delivery of information that is tailored to their specific requirements. Consequently, this strategy leads to
enhanced learning results. The incorporation of artificial intelligence has significantly improved the provision of
personalised feedback for pupils. Artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled systems have the capability to offer
immediate and comprehensive feedback on assignments and evaluations. One illustrative instance involves the use
of natural language processing by some writing evaluation systems to examine essays written by students,
therefore providing comments pertaining to grammar, style, and substance. Not only does this practice result in
time savings for instructors, but it also provides pupils with prompt feedback for enhancing their performance.
Through the customization of feedback based on individual strengths and limitations, artificial intelligence (AI)
facilitates significant advancements in individuals' educational endeavours.
These success stories exemplify the profound impact that artificial intelligence (AI) can have on the field
of education. Artificial intelligence (AI) has significantly enhanced the educational experience by including virtual
reality simulations, intelligent content suggestion systems, and personalised feedback mechanisms. These
advancements have resulted in increased engagement, improved effectiveness, and a customised approach that
caters to the unique needs of each individual. As the field of artificial intelligence (AI) progresses, it is probable
that an increasing number of educational establishments will incorporate these technologies into their instructional
practices, therefore augmenting the educational experience across diverse subject areas.
Future Opportunities and Challenges: Exploring the Potential Impact of AI on Education
The potential implications of artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of education are both promising and
formidable. One of the primary prospects is the capacity to effectively tackle the socioeconomic ramifications of
automation on the job landscape within the education sector. The increasing integration of AI and automation
technology inside educational institutions raises worries over potential job displacement for instructors.
Nevertheless, artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to generate novel positions and prospects inside the realm
of education, including occupations like AI system engineers, data analysts, and curriculum designers. The primary
objective is to ensure that educators possess the essential competencies to effectively adjust to these evolving
circumstances. Additionally, it is crucial to provide a seamless transition process, thereby mitigating any adverse
socioeconomic consequences. The substitution of human educators by powerful AI applications such as chatbots
raises substantial ethical problems. Although AI-powered chatbots have the capability to give prompt aid and

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support, they are deficient in emotional intelligence, empathy, and nuanced comprehension, which are qualities
that human instructors possess. The ethical inquiry pertains to the establishment of an optimal equilibrium between
efficiency and the human element within the realm of education. The careful examination of the consequences on
students' mental well-being and the probable absence of the mentorship and direction offered by human instructors
is of utmost importance. It is imperative to establish ethical norms and laws to guarantee that the implementation
of AI applications in the field of education serves to enhance the function of human educators rather than supplant
them, while simultaneously addressing the comprehensive requirements of students.
In brief, the future influence of artificial intelligence (AI) on education possesses the capacity to
fundamentally transform the job market and tackle socioeconomic obstacles through the emergence of novel
positions and prospects. Nevertheless, it is imperative to thoroughly examine and address the ethical considerations
pertaining to the implementation of sophisticated AI applications, such as the substitution of human educators with
chatbots. This is crucial in order to safeguard the integrity of education, ensuring that it continues to foster a
comprehensive and enriching environment that facilitates the holistic growth and progress of students. The
necessity of striking a balance between the advantages of artificial intelligence (AI) and ethical issues will be
crucial as AI assumes an increasingly significant role in the field of education.
Conclusion: Embracing the Power of Artificial Intelligence to Revolutionize Education for Future
Generations
In summary, the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) presents an opportunity to significantly transform
education for forthcoming cohorts. AI technologies, including machine learning and deep learning algorithms, are
revolutionising the methodologies employed in the domain of education. The potential advantages are extensive
and revolutionary, encompassing customised learning experiences, enhanced administrative effectiveness, and
novel educational resources.One of the most intriguing facets of artificial intelligence (AI) in the realm of
education is its capacity to offer tailored learning experiences. Through the examination of the unique strengths,
limitations, and learning styles of individual students, artificial intelligence (AI) has the capacity to customise
educational content to cater to their distinct requirements. The process of personalising not only serves to increase
engagement but also facilitates a more profound comprehension of the subject matter, eventually resulting in
enhanced learning outcomes.
Moreover, artificial intelligence (AI) plays a crucial role in enhancing efficiency in administrative chores,
therefore enabling educators to allocate their time and energy.towards their primary objective of imparting
knowledge and facilitating learning. Automated grading systems, administrative chatbots, and data analytics have
been crucial in enhancing instructors' ability to effectively manage their workloads, affording them additional time
to actively connect with students and foster the development of creative teaching methodologies. However, it is
imperative to approach the integration of AI in education with a conscientious examination of ethical and
egalitarian issues. In order to guarantee that AI effectively meets the needs of all learners, it is imperative to
proactively address concerns pertaining to privacy, prejudice, accessibility, and the possible displacement of
human educators.
In the end, it is evident that the trajectory of education is inextricably linked with the advancements in
artificial intelligence (AI). By leveraging the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) while adhering to ethical
guidelines and promoting inclusivity, it is possible to cultivate an enhanced educational experience for forthcoming
cohorts. This approach aims to provide a more adaptable, individualised, and efficient learning environment,
thereby equipping future generations with the requisite competencies and understanding to excel in an ever-
evolving and interconnected global landscape.
Reference
1. "Artificial Intelligence in Education: Promises and Implications for Teaching and Learning" by Erik Duval and Vincent
Aleven
2. "Artificial Intelligence in Education" by Rose Luckin and Wayne Holmes
3. "Artificial Intelligence and Education: Theoretical Foundations and Practical Systems" edited by Christopher M. Brown
4. "Intelligent Tutoring Systems: Evolutions in Design" by Peter Brusilovsky, Bruce N. Walker, and Robert A. Sottilare
5. "Educational Data Mining: Applications and Trends" edited by Alejandro Peña-Ayala
6. "Ten Myths About Machine Learning in Education" by Ryan S.J.d. Baker
7. "Artificial Intelligence in Education: A Review" by Kalpana C. Patil and Madhuri A. Joshi
8. "The Rise of Educational Artificial Intelligence: A Multidisciplinary Review of the Literature" by Ilya Goldin and Kevin
Ashley

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Shilpa-Shastra is a Real Treasure of Indian Mythological

Literature
Dr. Abdul Salam Khan
Assistant Professor, Amity School of Fine Arts, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract
Shilpa (art) is an integral part of human beings and it is the only way of communication and expression.In context to art
there are various manuscripts available that elaborately discuss arts and crafts. That‘s the beauty and richness of our
Indian Vedic knowledge system. Earlier for both the creative domainsof arts and crafts Rig-Veda mentioned the term
uses as ―Shilpa‖. So, my modest attempt is to investigate the term ―Shilpa‖ (Art) followingShilpa-Shastra the treasures
ofIndian mythological literature, and also throw light on how Shilpa is associated with our social and mythological
beliefs.
This studyallows us to know about the insights principlesof how to create a classical composition of Shilpa whether it is
―Charu Kala‖ (Art), ―Karu Kala‖ (Craft)―Vastu Kala‖ (Architect), etc. another major concern of this paper is to create
awareness among the new generation and cherish the intellect of our old ―Guru‘s‖ (Scholar‘s) and celebrates ―Indian
Vedic Knowledge System‖.
Key Words: Awareness,Integral, Charu Kala, Guru,Kala, Modest, Mythological,Primitive,Rig Veda,Shastra,
Shilpa,Vastu Kala, Visuals depiction,
1. Introduction:
From the very beginningIndianswerevery closely associated with the ―Shilpa‖. Shilpa is nothing but a specific
type of skill that is expressedin the form of ―Charu‖ (Fine Art) and ―Karu‖ (Crafts)―Kala‖ (Art). We the Indians are very
muchfond of arts, crafts, and architecture which are directly linked with aesthetical pleasures. Thus, it is an integral part
of human beings. Almost in every ancient documented manuscript Kala (art) is elaborately
discussed.{साहहत्यसंगीतकलाहिहीनः साक्षात्पशु ः पुच्छहिषाणहीनः ।भततृ हरििहितनीहतशतकम्}the mentioned shloka was
clearly indicating the supremacy of creativity among the society. It simply means that whatever field we belong if weare
not capable of understanding or appreciatingArt, Literature, and Musicthat means we are simply dumps and daps like an
animal.
Earlier for creative skills instead of using Art or Kala Indian mythological literature mentioned Shilpa and it
was elaborately discussed in Shilpa- Shastra. Though many of the other manuscripts such as ―NatyaSastra‖;
―Puranas‖;―Manusmriti‖; ―Kautilya‘sArtharsastra‖; ―Kamasutra‖; ―Panini‘s Ashtadhyayi‖;and some of the other
religious textsalso explainthe term, Shilpa. Shilpa Shastra is a Sanskrit word formed by a combination of two words
Shilpa whoseliterary meaning is "sculpture", "statue" and "work of art" and ―Shastra‖ is also derived from the Sanskrit
word which means "precept, rules, manual, compendium, book or treatise" in a general sense.
The word is generally used as a suffix in the Indian literature context, for technical or specialized knowledge in
a defined area of practice. Thus, the ―Shilpa Shastra‖ is an ancient Hindu mythological treatise that elaborately discusses
various arts and crafts but it well defines the structure, rules, regulations, and standards. It is referred to as a manual for
articulating Hindu temple architecture especially when it is associated with curving of sculpture or Vedic iconography.
This Shastra gives the knowledge of ―Pramana‖ which means the actual proportions figures, composition, principles,
meaning, as well as rules of architecture.
It also talks about the Sixty-four techniques for such arts or crafts, sometimes called Bahya-Kala Useful Arts or
traditional arts such as carpentry, architecture, jewelry, farriery, acting, dancing, music, medicine, poetry, etc., besides
sixty-four abhyanga-kala or "secret arts", which include mostly "erotic arts" such as kissing, embracing, etc. (Monier-
Williams s.v. śilpa).According to the Vedic literature, Shilpa means art, and those who are involved in this domain are
generally called Shilpi (Artist). If the artist is male the term is used as Shilpin (शिल्पिन्,) but when it refers to a male
artist it became mentioned as Shilpini (शिल्पिनी).
The Aitareya Brahmana, Rig Veda, verses 6.5.27 mentioned as Shilpani, works of art of man, imitate the divine
forms, by employing their rhythms, they metrically reconstitute, and interpret the limitless knowledge, of the sacred
hymns, from the limits of being human.In ancient Indian texts assert that the number of the arts is unlimited, they deploy
sixty-four kala (कला, techniques) and thirty-two Vidyas (fields of knowledge). Also, the term Shilpa is widely used in
various Vedic texts such as in Agamas, Puranas, and Vastu Shastra, etc. the Shilpa Shastra is directly linked with the
mythological beliefs of Vishvakarma and enlighten the upcoming genre in following fields.
1.1. Shilpa Shastra for Painting:
Shilpa Shastras has well-defined chapters on large and small paintings. Chapters numbers 66 and 71 of Narada
Shilpa Shastra were attributed to painting while other forms of Shilpa are covered in Saraswati Shilpa Shastra. It also

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defined the Ardhachitra (sketch work), Chitrabhasa (painting as a means of communication), and Varna samskara (color
preparation).
Vishnudharmottara Purana and Chitralakshana are also considered old Shilpa Shastra which talks about
paintings. Originally it was available in Sanskrit, while the latter is only known in Tibetan (both were initially written on
birch bark and have been translated into English and German). In these two important treaties has been elaborately
discussed various topics such as mudra, emotions, measurement, proportions, viewer perspective, and rasa. According to
well-known foreign scholar Isabella Nardi Shilpa Shastra becomes more than just a canonical literary source; it also
becomes a vehicle for the dissemination of information and spiritual ideas.
1.2. Shilpa Shastra for Carpentry:
The basics of measurement in carpentry are covered in the first chapter of Shilpa Shastra Manasara. Both
Takshaka and Vardhaki are described as wood Shilpins in the 9th-century Tamil Nadu Mayamata text and the 16th-
century Odisha Shilparatna text. Takshaka is skilled in wood cutting and has knowledge of wood types, while Vardhaki
is skilled in carpentry. One of the oldest references to carpentry can be found in Rig Veda Book 9, Chapter 112. Another
crucial Shilpa Shastra in the building of a Hindu temple was carpentry.
1.3. Shilpa Shastra for Metallurgy:
In continuation with creative arts and crafts the Shilpa Shastra and some of the notable Hindu mythological
literature such as Yantra Sarvasva, Atharva Veda, and Sthapatya Veda talks about the science of Metallurgy. According
to the Indian scholar Ravi, the Rig Veda specifies the metal casting tools such as dhamatri (cupola), gharma aranmaya
(crucible), and bhastri (blower). Here clearly instructed the rules and regulations for the creation of graceful idols which
are best on three major rubrics i.e., Talmana (proportions), Mudra (stance), and Bhava (expression).
Another two major manuscripts elaborately discussed not only the fundamentals of metal casting but it recorded
the whole process of the same. The making of holy Panchadhatu, which is a mixture of five metals such as zinc, tin,
copper, silver, and gold, and Ashtadhatu, which is an eight-metal alloy that includes iron, lead, and mercury. The major
concern of old Shilpa shastras that mentioned as Madhuchista Vidhana (cire perdue, or lost wax) casting procedure.
Later on, it spread to other ancient Asian nations from us. Unfortunately, some of the old manuscripts of our Shilpa
Shastras have been lost, despite the fact that high-purity metallurgy and artwork including other metals are empirically
supported. An example of empirical proof of the state of metallurgical arts in 5th-century India is the 23-foot-tall, 6-ton
Iron Pillar of Delhi, which is composed of 99.72% iron and has not rusted.
1.4. Shilpa Shastra for Liberal Arts Education:
There are no limitations to the subject of Shilpa's since it is for the entire domain above all genders and classes
in ancient India. According to the old Parasharan writings, anyone could practice any craft, regardless of their family's
line of work. Brahmana carpenters are mentioned in the Buddhist Jatakas, and the fourth-century literature Baudhayana
lists Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra people as chariot builders, carpenters, bricklayers, potters, and metal workers.
1.5. Shilpa Shastra for Apprenticeship:
Shilpa Shastra gives complete guidelines for Guru-Shishya Parammpara which is nothing but apprenticeship in
modern terms. In this process, the greatest were accepted into and acknowledged as members of different art guilds.
From early childhood onwards, students received instruction in dharma, culture, reading, writing, mathematics,
geometry, colors, tools, and trade secrets which were referred to as Traditions.
1.6. Shilpa Shastra for Guilds:
Shilpa Shastra has also talked about Shilpi Shreni which modern term that is guilds. Thus, this ancient treatise
elaborately mentioned its manifestation. This manifestation, clearly emphasizes that each Shreni (guild) can establish its
own regulations and code of behaviour, it is advised that each one of the Hindu and Buddhist kings is revered by legend
or a scholar. In some circumstances, the king established guild statutes; in others, the king's treasurer had the last say and
functioned as judge of many guilds throughout a kingdom. In ancient India, these guilds recognized all talented peoples,
regardless of their caste or creed.
Shilpa Shastra also gives data regarding how they raised their funds. It is instructed that each guild's funding
came from fees paid by new members joining the guild, fines on those who violated the guild's code of conduct, and
levies on tools used for that art. The guilds also did charitable work and donated collective works of art created by their
members to temples and other social organizations. During festivals and social gatherings, each guild would provide its
own performance as well as tents with flags and symbols. It is astonishing that our Vedic Indian knowledge system has
that much potential that looks relevant and practical in contemporary scenarios.
1.7. Shilpa Shastra for Art Spiritualism:
According to Western scholar and researcher Stella Kramrisch, in ancient Indian society, creative endeavors and
artists were awarded the sanction of a sacrament. In his or her art, an artist portrays the spiritual and holiness. This idea
persists in modern India in the form of ceremonies, where craftsmen in areas of India worship their instruments with
incense, flowers, and unhusked rice during the autumn festival (Dashahra).

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One can justify the humbleness of ancient India from verses 57.10–11 of Brhat Samhita which earlier carpenters
gave prayers and requested forgiveness from trees before cutting them down. To reduce the harm to the tree—which was
seen as a living thing—the axe used to chop it down would be slathered with butter and honey. The art form was
perceived as a means of imbuing certain aspects of nature with the essence of Purusha (Universal Principles), thereby
transforming them into artistic creations.
1.8. Shilpa Shastra for Pramana:
Pramana is a very important parameter for creating sublime beauty. Thus, the Shilpa Shastra strongly focuses on
proportion and its execution. In this context, the Hindu Agamas provide various sets of measurements for creating any
type of visuals. Each of these differs depending on the subject; for instance, images of the three Supreme deities,
Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva, must be created using the set of proportions known as the Uttama-dasa-tala measurement;
likewise, images of the principal Saktis (goddesses), Lakshmi, Bhumi, Durga, Parvati, and Sarasvati, must be created
using the malhyama-dasa-tala: the pancha-tāla is used to create the figure of Gaṇapati, and the status-tala is used for
figures of children and deformed or dwarfed men.
The length measured between the tip of the middle finger and the end of the palm at the wrist is implied by the
term "Tala," which literally means "the palm of the hand." This is used as the first unit or unit of measurement. The
length is always assumed to be the same as the face's length, measured from the scalp to the chin. Therefore, rather than
measuring the entire length in terms of the hand's palm, it is customary to measure the length of the face. The paragraphs
that follow also adhere to this practice.
It is likely that the reader would assume that the terms Dasa-tala, Paacha-tala, and ek-tala refer to lengths of ten,
five, and one tala, respectively. Sadly, this interpretation does not appear to match the actual measurements; for instance,
an image created using the Uttama-dasa-tala measurement has a total length of 124 angulas, and its tala measures 13
angulas; dividing the total length by the tala's length, we find that there are only 9 talas in it; similarly, the total length of
a Chatus-tala image is 48 angulas, and its tala is 8 angulas, meaning that there are six talas in this set of proportions. The
intellects of our ancient Indian knowledge system and the role of Shilpa Shastra in the context of various arts, crafts,
science, and architecture is incomparable and accomplished.
Conclusion:
This research is basically based on Indian knowledge system that talks about the golden ratio of forming
classical art, craft and Hindu architecture. It also given the idea regarding the origin of different types of Shilpa‘s in
context of Hindu mythological literature or Vedic knowledge. Also, justify the importance of Shilpa‘s from our ancient
Hindu mythological point of view and its impacts in our daily lives.Through this research one can know the basic terms,
as well as the fundamental rules and regulation for articulating different kinds of arts, crafts and architecture instructed
in ―Shilpa Shastra‖.
It also provides the professional terminology and vocabulary of Shilpa (art)in accordance to Indian Vedic
knowledge. It provides an in-depth understanding of various aspects, terminology, and classification of art (Charu) and
craft (Karu). Moreover, it emphasizes the knowledge and ineluctability of our ancestors'Guru‘s (Masters) on global
topics of Shilpa or art, crafts and architectures.
References:
 Kramrisch. S, The Vishnu-Dharmottara Part III, A. Treatise on Indian Painting and
 Image-Making, Calcutta University Press, 1928.
 Dr. Saha. P, Vishnu-Dharmottara-Purana-3, Parimal Publication Pvt. Ltd., 2005.
 Sharma. C.L, A Brief History of Indian Art, Goel Publishing House, 2004.
 Rao. A, Ketkar. S, The History of Indian Art, Jyotsna Prakashan. 2017.
 Coomaraswamy. A.K, History of Indian and Indonesian art, Dover Publications, 1927.
 Varadpande. M. L, History of Indian Theatre, Abhinav Publication, 1992.
 Chaitanya. K, History of Indian Painting, Volume 2, Abhinav Publication, 1994.
 Swarajya Prakash Gupta. S. P, Asthana. S, Elements or Indian Art, Indraprastha Museum of Art and Archaeology,
2002.
 Sinha. C.P, Recent Researches in Indian Art and Iconography, Kaveri Books, 2008.
 Tomory. E, A History of Fine Arts in India and the West, Orient Longman, 1982.
 Sharma. C.L., A Brief History of Indian Art, Goel Publishing House, 2004.
 Rao. A, Ketkar. S, The History of Indian Art, JyotsnaPrakashan. 2017.
 Coomaraswamy. A.K, History of Indian and Indonesian art, Dover Publications, 1927.
 Chaitanya. K, History of Indian Painting, Volume 2, Abhinav Publication, 1994.
 Gupta. S.P, Asthana. S, Elements or Indian Art, Indraprastha Museum of Art and Archaeology, 2002.
 Sinha. C.P, Recent Researches in Indian Art and Iconography, Kaveri Books, 2008.

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Research in Multidisciplinary Subjects (Volume-12) ISBN: 978-81-966799-8-9

Transformative Role of Artificial Intelligence in Scientific

Research: A Comprehensive Review
Gurpreet Kaur1, Harinder Pal Singh2
GTBIMT, Dakha, Punjab1, PCTE Group of Institutes, Punjab2
Abstract
This research article presents a comprehensive review of the transformative role of artificial intelligence (AI) tools
in scientific research across diverse disciplines. The article begins with an introduction to the integration of AI
techniques in research processes, followed by a literature review highlighting AI applications in biology,
chemistry, medicine, astronomy, and Earth sciences. The methodology section outlines the general approaches
used in AI-driven research. The results and discussions section showcases the impactful outcomes of AI
implementation, emphasizing accelerated discovery, data analysis, and enhanced insights. The article concludes
with a reflection on the evolving landscape of AI in scientific research.
Keywords: artificial intelligence, scientific research, machine learning, data analysis, interdisciplinary
1. Introduction
Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a game-changer in the realm of scientific research,
revolutionizing the way data is processed, analyzed, and interpreted across diverse disciplines. This integration of
AI techniques brings unprecedented opportunities to accelerate discovery, enhance problem-solving, and gain
deeper insights into complex phenomena. This article explores the transformative role of AI in scientific research,
focusing on its applications, methodologies, and outcomes.
2. Literature Review
2.1 AI in Computational Biology:AI, particularly deep learning, has made significant strides in computational
biology. Deep learning models have been employed to predict protein structures, identify disease-related genetic
variants, and analyze omics data, enabling researchers to uncover hidden patterns and relationships within
biological systems(Zhou & Troyanskaya, 2015)
2.2 AI in Chemistry and Materials: Discovery Machine learning algorithms have played a crucial role in
accelerating materials discovery and chemical data analysis. These tools assist in predicting molecular properties,
optimizing reactions, and exploring chemical spaces, leading to more efficient drug development and materials
design(Rupp et al., 2018).
2.3 AI in Medicine: The medical field benefits from AI applications in disease diagnosis, personalized treatment,
and drug discovery. However, ethical concerns related to patient privacy and bias need to be addressed as AI
algorithms become integral to medical research (Yoon et al., 2020)
2.4 AI in Astronomy: Astronomy has witnessed remarkable advancements through AI-powered techniques. AI
assists in processing vast astronomical datasets, classifying celestial objects, and discovering transient events,
enhancing our understanding of the universe (Zejko ivezic, andrew j connolly, 2020).
2.5 AI in Earth Sciences: In Earth sciences, AI is employed to monitor and predict Earth system behaviors using
remote sensing data. Applications include data fusion, land cover classification, weather prediction, and climate
modeling(Moramarco et al., 2020).
2.6 AI in Observational Astronomy: The integration of AI and robotic telescopes enables automatic detection and
observation of transient astronomical events, providing insights into dynamic celestial phenomena(Artola et al.,
2020).
3. Methodology
The methodology for integrating AI tools into scientific research is characterized by several stages, each
contributing to the overall success of the research process.
3.1 Data Collection and Preprocessing
The foundation of AI-driven research lies in the quality and quantity of data. Depending on the research domain,
data can range from biological sequences to astronomical images. Proper preprocessing techniques are employed
to clean and normalize the data, ensuring that the AI models receive accurate input.
3.2 Feature Extraction and Selection
Feature extraction is crucial for transforming raw data into meaningful representations that AI models can
understand. In genomics research, for instance, features could include sequence motifs, secondary structure
elements, and physicochemical properties. Selecting relevant features helps in reducing dimensionality and
enhancing model performance.
3.3 Model Selection and Training

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The choice of AI model depends on the research objectives and the nature of the data. Machine learning algorithms
such as neural networks, decision trees, and support vector machines are commonly used. These models undergo
training on labeled data, where the algorithm learns to recognize patterns and relationships.
3.4 Validation and Evaluation
The performance of AI models is assessed through various validation techniques, such as cross-validation and
hold-out validation. Metrics like accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score are employed to evaluate model
effectiveness. Iterative refinement and hyperparameter tuning enhance model performance.
4. Results and Discussions
4.1 Accelerated Discovery in Biology
AI techniques have propelled advancements in biology by enabling rapid data analysis and hypothesis testing.
Deep learning models have successfully predicted protein structures, shedding light on the molecular mechanisms
of diseases (Troyanskaya, 2015). The ability to analyze omics data at scale has led to the identification of
biomarkers and potential drug targets.
4.2 Quantum Leap in Chemistry
In chemistry, AI-powered approaches have expedited materials discovery and property prediction. Machine
learning models have facilitated the discovery of novel catalysts and materials with specific properties, reducing
the trial-and-error approach in material synthesis (Rupp, 2018). AI-driven simulations also provide insights into
chemical reactions at a quantum level.
4.3 Transformative Medical Insights
AI is revolutionizing medical research by enhancing disease diagnosis and treatment personalization. Advanced
image recognition algorithms aid radiologists in detecting anomalies from medical images, while predictive models
assist clinicians in identifying high-risk patients (Koo & Lee, 2020). However, ethical considerations regarding
patient data usage remain paramount.
4.4 Unveiling Celestial Wonders
The astronomy community has harnessed AI's power to process vast amounts of astronomical data. AI algorithms
classify celestial objects, identify rare events, and predict the behavior of celestial bodies (Ivezić et al., 2019).
Moreover, AI-driven robotic telescopes autonomously detect transient events, providing astronomers with real-
time observations.
4.5 Earth Sciences and Environmental Understanding
AI-enabled remote sensing is revolutionizing Earth sciences. Machine learning algorithms process satellite
imagery to monitor land cover changes, predict weather patterns, and model climate shifts (Lacava et al., 2020).
These tools aid in understanding environmental dynamics and predicting natural disasters.
4.6 AI in Observational Astronomy
Robotic telescopes equipped with AI algorithms are transforming observational astronomy. These telescopes
automatically select and observe transient events, capturing data that contributes to our understanding of cosmic
phenomena (Beroiz et al., 2017). AI-driven surveys are uncovering rare phenomena and transient celestial objects.
5. Conclusion
The integration of AI tools into scientific research has ushered in an era of unprecedented discovery and
innovation. From unraveling the mysteries of protein folding to predicting climate patterns, AI's impact spans
across disciplines. However, researchers must remain vigilant in addressing ethical concerns, bias, and the
interpretability of AI models. As AI continues to evolve, its role in scientific research will become increasingly
indispensable, shaping the way we explore and understand the world around us.
6. Future Directions
The trajectory of AI in scientific research holds immense potential. Future developments may include the
integration of AI with quantum computing for complex simulations, the utilization of AI in drug discovery
pipelines, and the advancement of explainable AI models to enhance transparency and accountability.
Acknowledgments
The authors extend their gratitude to the pioneers and practitioners in the field of AI-driven scientific
research for their contributions to knowledge and discovery
References
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D. L., Diaz, M. C., Dominguez, M., Dultzin, D., Fernandez, D., Ferreyra, A. C., Fonrouge, A., Franco, J.,
Graña, D., Girardini, C., Gurovich, S., … Zadrożny, A. (2020). TOROS optical follow-up of the advanced

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LIGO-VIRGO O2 second observational campaign. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 493(2),
2207–2214. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz3634
 Moramarco, A., Mallone, F., Pirraglia, M. P., Bruscolini, A., Giustolisi, R., La Cava, M., & Lambiase, A.
(2020). Clinical Features of Ocular Syphilis: a Retrospective Clinical Study in an Italian Referral Centre.
Seminars in Ophthalmology, 35(1), 50–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/08820538.2020.1723651
 Rupp, M., Von Lilienfeld, O. A., & Burke, K. (2018). Guest Editorial: Special Topic on Data-Enabled
Theoretical Chemistry. Journal of Chemical Physics, 148(24). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5043213
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Y. (2020). Artificial intelligence to predict the BRAFV600E mutation in patients with thyroid cancer. PLoS
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Astronomy.
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sequence model. Nature Methods, 12(10), 931–934. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.3547
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Molecular Systems Biology, 12(7), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.15252/msb.20156651
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https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14539
 Gonzalez, T. F. (2007). Handbook of approximation algorithms and metaheuristics. Handbook of
Approximation Algorithms and Metaheuristics, 1–1432. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420010749
 Silver, D., Schrittwieser, J., Simonyan, K., Antonoglou, I., Huang, A., Guez, A., Hubert, T., Baker, L., Lai, M.,
Bolton, A., Chen, Y., Lillicrap, T., Hui, F., Sifre, L., Van Den Driessche, G., Graepel, T., & Hassabis, D.
(2017). Mastering the game of Go without human knowledge. Nature, 550(7676), 354–359.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature24270
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Eccentricity of ABC index for some graphs

R.Rajeswari1, R.Geetha2 (Reg.No.23112012092002)
Assistant Professor1, Research Scholar2
PG& Research Department of Mathematics, A.P.C. Mahalaxmi College for women, Thoothukudi1&2
Abstract
Graph theory has a remarkable application of linking certain graphs with many types of topological Indices. In this
paper a new type of topological index namely eccentricity ABC index has been introduced and few observation for some
graphs like Star, Bistar, Complete Bipartite, fan, Gear graph, friendship graph, Wheel graph, Double fanetc has been
eludicated as a theorem.
Keywords:Eccentricity, Star, Bistar, Complete Bipartite,fan
AMS Classification number 2020: 05C09,05C38
1. INTRODUCTION
In the field of Mathematics and Chemistry, the topological indices play an important role to model different
properties and activities of Chemical structures and networks. A topological index is a mapping from the collection of all
graphs to the set of real numbers that remains invariant under graph isomorphism. Utilization of such indices in Chemistry and
biology started in 1947 when chemist H. Wiener [7] presented the wiener index for searching boiling points of alkane. Now,
hundreds of topological indices have been defined in Chemical literatures with various applications and many mathematics
properties. The present work deals with eccentricity based topological indices. In 1997, Sharma, et al. [6] introduced the
eccentric connectivity index of molecular graph. In [2] Fathalikhani et al. studied total eccentricity of some graph operations.
Some studies on average eccentricities are also found in literature [1]. In this paper, the eccentricity ofABC index forSome
graphs are computed.
2. PRELIMINARIES
Definition:2.1Eccentricity of a vertex is the maximum distance between a vertex to all other vertices.
Definition:2.2The graph obtained by attaching n-pendent vertices to a single support vertex is called a star. It is denoted as
𝐾1,𝑛.
Definition:2.3Bistar is the graph obtained by joining the apex vertices of two copies of star 𝐾1,𝑛 by an edge. It is denoted as
𝐵𝑛,𝑛 . It is also called double star.
Definition:2.4The graph obtained by subdividing the edges of the outer cycle of a wheel is called a geargraph. If there are n
vertices in the outer cycle of the wheel. It is denoted as 𝐺𝑛 .
Definition:2.5The graph obtained by joining all the vertices of a path 𝑃𝑛 to a new vertex named centre is called a fan graph
and is denoted as Fn. Clearly 𝐹𝑛 ≅ 𝑃𝑛 + 𝐾1
Definition:2.6A Wheel graph on 𝑛 + 1 vertices is the joint sum of 𝐶𝑛 and𝐾1 . It is denoted as 𝑊𝑛 .
3.Eccentricity of ABC index
𝑒 𝑖 +𝑒 𝑗 −2
Definition:The Eccentricity of ABC index is given by 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝜀 𝐺 = 𝑖,𝑗𝜖𝐸 (𝐺) where 𝑒𝑖, 𝑒𝑗 eccentricity of the vertex.
𝑒𝑖 𝑒𝑗

1
Theorem:3.1 For any star graph 𝐾1,𝑛 𝑛 ≥ 2 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝜀 𝐺 = 𝑛
2
Proof: Let G be a Star graph 𝐾1,𝑛 (𝑛 ≥ 2)
𝑉 𝐺 = 𝑣0 , 𝑣1 , … . 𝑣𝑛
𝐸 𝐺 = 𝑣0 𝑣𝑖 1 ≤ 𝑖 ≤ 𝑛
Here 𝑣0 is adjacent to every other 𝑣𝑖 ′𝑠 where 1 ≤ 𝑖 ≤ 𝑛
The eccentricity of 𝑣0 is 1 and the eccentricity of 𝑣𝑖 ′𝑠 is 2.
Therefore eccentricity ABC index is
𝑒𝑖 + 𝑒𝑗 − 2
𝐴𝐵𝐶𝜀 (𝐺) =
𝑒𝑖 𝑒𝑗
𝑖,𝑗𝜖𝐸 (𝐺)
𝑒𝑣 0 +𝑒𝑣 1 −2 𝑒𝑣 0 +𝑒𝑣 2 −2 𝑒𝑣 0 +𝑒𝑣 𝑛 −2
= + +…….+
𝑒𝑣 0 𝑒𝑣 1 𝑒𝑣 0 𝑒𝑣 2 𝑒𝑣 0 𝑒𝑣 𝑛

1+2−2 1+2−2 1+2−2

= + +…….+
1.2 1.2 1.2
1 1 1
= + + ⋯+ (n times)
2 2 2
1
=𝑛
2
1
Theorem:3.2 For any Complete Bipartite graph 𝐾2,𝑛 𝑛 ≥ 2 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝜀 𝐺 = 2𝑛
2
Proof: Let 𝐺 be a Complete Bipartite graph𝐾2,𝑛 (𝑛 ≥ 2)

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Research in Multidisciplinary Subjects (Volume-12) ISBN: 978-81-966799-8-9
𝑉 𝐺 = {𝑣0 , 𝑣1 , … … 𝑣𝑛 }
𝐸 𝐺 = 𝑣0 𝑣𝑖 , 2 ≤ 𝑖 ≤ 𝑛
Here 𝑣0, 𝑣1 is adjacent to every other 𝑣𝑖′ 𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 2 ≤ 𝑖 ≤ 𝑛
The eccentricity of 𝑣0 and𝑣1 is 2 and the eccentricity of 𝑣𝑖 ′𝑠 is 2.
Therefore eccentricity ABC index is
𝑒𝑖 + 𝑒𝑗 − 2
𝐴𝐵𝐶𝜀 (𝐺) =
𝑒𝑖 𝑒𝑗
𝑖,𝑗𝜖𝐸 (𝐺)
𝑒𝑣 0 +𝑒𝑣 2 −2 𝑒𝑣 0 +𝑒𝑣 3 −2 𝑒𝑣 0 +𝑒𝑣 𝑛 −2 𝑒𝑣 1 +𝑒𝑣 2 −2 𝑒𝑣 1 +𝑒𝑣 3 −2 𝑒𝑣 1 +𝑒𝑣 𝑛 −2
= + + ⋯+ + + + ⋯+
𝑒𝑣 0 𝑒𝑣 2 𝑒𝑣 0 𝑒𝑣 3 𝑒𝑣 0 𝑒𝑣 𝑛 𝑒𝑣 1 𝑒𝑣 2 𝑒𝑣 1 𝑒𝑣 3 𝑒𝑣 1 𝑒𝑣 𝑛

2+2−2 2+2−2 2+2−2 2+2−2 2+2−2 2+2−2

= + +…….+ + + + ⋯….+
4 4 4 4 4 4
1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + ⋯+ + + +⋯+
2 2 2 2 2 2

1 1
=𝑛 +𝑛
2 2

1
= 2𝑛
2
1
Theorem:3.3For any Bistar graph 𝐵𝑛,𝑛 𝑛 ≥ 2 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝜀 𝐺 = (2𝑛 + 1)
2
Proof: Let G be a Bistar graph 𝐵𝑛,𝑛 𝑛 ≥ 2
𝑉 𝐺 = {𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑣1 , … … 𝑣𝑛 }
𝐸 𝐺 = 𝑢𝑣, 𝑢𝑣𝑖 , 𝑣𝑣𝑖 1 ≤ 𝑖 ≤ 𝑛
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 v 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑖′ 𝑠 1 ≤ 𝑖 ≤ 𝑛
The eccentricity of u and v is 2 and the eccentricity of 𝑣𝑖 ′𝑠 is 3.
Therefore eccentricity ABC index is
𝑒𝑖 + 𝑒𝑗 − 2
𝐴𝐵𝐶𝜀 𝐺 =
𝑒𝑖 𝑒𝑗
𝑖,𝑗𝜖𝐸 (𝐺)
𝑒𝑢 +𝑒𝑣 1 −2 𝑒𝑢 +𝑒𝑣 2 −2 𝑒𝑢 +𝑒𝑣 𝑛 −2 𝑒𝑣 +𝑒𝑣 1 −2 𝑒𝑣 +𝑒𝑣 2 −2 𝑒𝑣 +𝑒𝑣 𝑛 −2 𝑒𝑢 +𝑒𝑣 −2
= + + ⋯+ + + + ⋯+ +
𝑒𝑢 𝑒𝑣 1 𝑒𝑢 𝑒𝑣 2 𝑒𝑢 𝑒𝑣 𝑛 𝑒𝑣 𝑒𝑣 1 𝑒𝑣 𝑒 𝑣2 𝑒𝑣 𝑒𝑣𝑛 𝑒𝑢 𝑒𝑣

2+3−2 2+3−2 2+3−2 2+3−2 2+3−2 2+3−2 2+2−2

= + +⋯+ + + +⋯+ +
6 6 6 6 6 6 4

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + +⋯+ + + + ⋯+ +
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1
=𝑛 +n +
2 2 2

1
= (2𝑛 + 1)
2
1 5
Theorem: 3.4 For any Gear graph 𝐺𝑛 𝑛 ≥ 4 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝜀 𝐺 = 𝑛 + 2𝑛
2 12
Proof: Let G be a Gear graph 𝐺𝑛 𝑛 ≥ 4
𝑉 𝐺 = {𝑣0 , 𝑣1 , … … 𝑣𝑛 }
𝐸 𝐺 = 𝑣0 𝑣𝑖, 𝑣𝑖 𝑣𝑖+1 1 ≤ 𝑖 ≤ 𝑛
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑣0 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑖′ 𝑠 1 ≤ 𝑖 ≤ 𝑛
The eccentricity of 𝑣0 is 2 and the eccentricity of 𝑣𝑖 ′𝑠 is 3 and 4.
Therefore eccentricity ABC index is
𝑒𝑖 + 𝑒𝑗 − 2
𝐴𝐵𝐶𝜀 (𝐺) =
𝑒𝑖 𝑒𝑗
𝑖,𝑗𝜖𝐸 (𝐺)

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𝑒𝑣0 + 𝑒𝑣1 − 2 𝑒𝑣0 + 𝑒𝑣2 − 2 𝑒𝑣0 + 𝑒𝑣𝑛 − 2 𝑒𝑣1 + 𝑒𝑣2 − 2 𝑒𝑣1 + 𝑒𝑣3 − 2 𝑒𝑣1 + 𝑒𝑣𝑛 − 2
= + + ⋯+ + + + ⋯+
𝑒𝑣0 𝑒𝑣1 𝑒𝑣0 𝑒𝑣2 𝑒𝑣0 𝑒𝑣𝑛 𝑒𝑣1 𝑒𝑣2 𝑒𝑣1 𝑒𝑣3 𝑒𝑣1 𝑒𝑣𝑛

𝑒𝑣𝑛 + 𝑒𝑣0 − 2 𝑒𝑣𝑛 + 𝑒𝑣1 − 2 𝑒𝑣𝑛 + 𝑒𝑣𝑛 − 2

+ + + ⋯+
𝑒𝑣𝑛 𝑒𝑣0 𝑒𝑣𝑛 𝑒𝑣1 𝑒𝑣𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑛
2+3−2 2+4−2 2+3−2 3+4−2 4+3−2 3+4−2 3+4−2 4+3−2 3+4−2
= + +…+ + + +….+ + + +….+
6 8 6 12 12 12 12 12 12
1 5 5
=n +𝑛 +𝑛
2 12 12
1 5
=n + 2𝑛
2 12
1
Theorem:3.5For any Fan graph 𝐹𝑛 𝑛 ≥ 4 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝜀 𝐺 = (2𝑛 − 1)
2
Proof:Let G be a Fan graph 𝐹𝑛 𝑛 ≥ 4
𝑉 𝐺 = {𝑣0 , 𝑣1 , … … 𝑣𝑛 }
𝐸 𝐺 = 𝑣0 𝑣𝑖, 𝑣𝑖 𝑣𝑖+1 1 ≤ 𝑖 ≤ 𝑛
Here 𝑣0 is adjacent to every other 𝑣𝑖 ′𝑠and 𝑣𝑖 is adjacent to every other 𝑣𝑖+1 where 1 ≤ 𝑖 ≤ 𝑛
The eccentricity of 𝑣0 is 1 and the eccentricity of 𝑣𝑖 ′𝑠 is 2.
Therefore eccentricity ABC index is
𝑒𝑖 + 𝑒𝑗 − 2
𝐴𝐵𝐶𝜀 (𝐺) =
𝑒𝑖 𝑒𝑗
𝑖,𝑗𝜖𝐸 (𝐺)

𝑒𝑣0 + 𝑒𝑣1 − 2 𝑒𝑣0 + 𝑒𝑣2 − 2 𝑒𝑣0 + 𝑒𝑣𝑛 − 2 𝑒𝑣1 + 𝑒𝑣2 − 2 𝑒𝑣2 + 𝑒𝑣3 − 2 𝑒𝑣𝑛 + 𝑒𝑣𝑛 +1 − 2
= + + ⋯+ + + + ⋯+
𝑒𝑣0 𝑒𝑣1 𝑒𝑣0 𝑒𝑣2 𝑒𝑣0 𝑒𝑣𝑛 𝑒𝑣1 𝑒𝑣2 𝑒𝑣2 𝑒𝑣3 𝑒𝑣𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑛 +1
1+2−2 1+2−2 1+2−2 2+2−2 2+2−2 2+2−2
= + + ⋯+ + + + ⋯+
2 2 2 4 4 4

1 1
=𝑛 + (𝑛 − 1)
2 2
1
= (2𝑛 − 1) .
2
1
Theorem:3.6For any friendship graph 𝐹𝑛 𝑛 ≥ 2 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝜀 𝐺 = 3𝑛
2
Proof: Let G be a friendship graph 𝐹𝑛 𝑛 ≥ 2
𝑉 𝐺 = {𝑣0 , 𝑣1 , … … 𝑣𝑛 }
𝐸 𝐺 = 𝑣0 𝑣𝑖, 𝑣𝑖 𝑣𝑖+1 1 ≤ 𝑖 ≤ 𝑛
Here 𝑣0 is adjacent to every other 𝑣𝑖 ′𝑠 and 𝑣𝑖 is adjacent to every other 𝑣𝑖+1 where 1 ≤ 𝑖 ≤ 𝑛
The eccentricity of 𝑣0 is 1 and the eccentricity of 𝑣𝑖 ′𝑠 is 2.
Therefore eccentricity ABC index is
𝑒𝑖 + 𝑒𝑗 − 2
𝐴𝐵𝐶𝜀 (𝐺) =
𝑒𝑖 𝑒𝑗
𝑖,𝑗𝜖𝐸 (𝐺)

𝑒𝑣0 + 𝑒𝑣1 − 2 𝑒𝑣0 + 𝑒𝑣2 − 2 𝑒𝑣0 + 𝑒𝑣𝑛 − 2 𝑒𝑣1 + 𝑒𝑣2 − 2 𝑒𝑣2 + 𝑒𝑣3 − 2 𝑒𝑣𝑛 + 𝑒𝑣𝑛 +1 − 2
= + +⋯+ + + +⋯+
𝑒𝑣0 𝑒𝑣1 𝑒𝑣0 𝑒𝑣2 𝑒𝑣0 𝑒𝑣𝑛 𝑒𝑣1 𝑒𝑣2 𝑒𝑣2 𝑒𝑣3 𝑒𝑣𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑛 +1
1+2−2 1+2−2 1+2−2 2+2−2 2+2−2 2+2−2
= + + ⋯+ + + + ⋯+
2 2 2 4 4 4

1 1
=𝑛 + 2𝑛
2 2

1
= 3𝑛
2
1
Theorem 3.7:For any wheel graph𝑊𝑛 𝑛 ≥ 4 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝜀 𝐺 = 2𝑛
2

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Proof: Let G be a wheel graph 𝑊𝑛 𝑛 ≥ 4
𝑉 𝐺 = {𝑣0 , 𝑣1 , … … 𝑣𝑛 }
𝐸 𝐺 = 𝑣0 𝑣𝑖, 𝑣𝑖 𝑣𝑖+1 1 ≤ 𝑖 ≤ 𝑛
Here 𝑣0 is adjacent to every other 𝑣𝑖 ′𝑠and 𝑣𝑖 is adjacent to every other 𝑣𝑖+1 ′𝑠where 1 ≤ 𝑖 ≤ 𝑛
The eccentricity of 𝑣0 is 1 and the eccentricity of 𝑣𝑖 ′𝑠 is 2.
Therefore eccentricity ABC index is
𝑒𝑖 + 𝑒𝑗 − 2
𝐴𝐵𝐶𝜀 (𝐺) =
𝑒𝑖 𝑒𝑗
𝑖,𝑗𝜖𝐸 (𝐺)
𝑒𝑣 0 +𝑒𝑣 1 −2 𝑒𝑣 0 +𝑒𝑣 2 −2 𝑒𝑣 0 +𝑒𝑣 𝑛 −2 𝑒𝑣 1 +𝑒𝑣 2 −2 𝑒𝑣 2 +𝑒𝑣 3 −2 𝑒𝑣 𝑛 +𝑒𝑣 𝑛 +1 −2
= + +⋯+ + + +…+
𝑒𝑣 0 𝑒𝑣1 𝑒𝑣 0 𝑒𝑣2 𝑒𝑣 0 𝑒𝑣 𝑛 𝑒𝑣 1 𝑒𝑣 2 𝑒𝑣 2 𝑒𝑣 3 𝑒𝑣 𝑛 𝑒𝑣 𝑛 +1

1+2−2 1+2−2 1+2−2 2+2−2 2+2−2 2+2−2

= + + ⋯+ + + +… +
2 2 2 4 4 4

1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + ⋯+ + + +⋯+
2 2 2 2 2 2

1 1
=𝑛 +𝑛
2 2

1
= 2𝑛
2
1
Theorem 3.8: For any Double fan graph 𝐷𝐹𝑛 𝑛 ≥ 3 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝜀 𝐺 = (3𝑛 − 1)
2
Proof: Let G be a Double fan graph 𝐷𝐹𝑛 𝑛 ≥ 3
𝑉 𝐺 = {𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑣1 , … … 𝑣𝑛 }
𝐸 𝐺 = 𝑢𝑣𝑖, 𝑣𝑣𝑖 , 𝑣𝑖 𝑣𝑖+1 1 ≤ 𝑖 ≤ 𝑛
Here u and vis adjacent to every other 𝑣𝑖 ′𝑠where 1 ≤ 𝑖 ≤ 𝑛
The eccentricity of u and v is 2 and the eccentricity of 𝑣𝑖 ′𝑠 is 2.
Therefore eccentricity ABC index is
𝑒𝑖 + 𝑒𝑗 − 2
𝐴𝐵𝐶𝜀 (𝐺) =
𝑒𝑖 𝑒𝑗
𝑖,𝑗𝜖𝐸 (𝐺)
=
𝑒𝑢 +𝑒𝑣1 −2 𝑒𝑢 +𝑒𝑣 2 −2 𝑒𝑢 +𝑒𝑣 𝑛 −2 𝑒𝑣 +𝑒𝑣 1 −2 𝑒𝑣 +𝑒𝑣 2 −2 𝑒𝑣 +𝑒𝑣 𝑛 −2 𝑒𝑣 1 +𝑒𝑣 2 −2
+ + ⋯+ + + + ⋯+ + +
𝑒𝑢 𝑒𝑣 1 𝑒𝑢 𝑒𝑣 2 𝑒𝑢 𝑒𝑣 𝑛 𝑒𝑣 𝑒𝑣 1 𝑒𝑣 𝑒𝑣 2 𝑒𝑣 𝑒𝑣 𝑛 𝑒𝑣 1 𝑒𝑣 2
𝑒𝑣 2 +𝑒𝑣 3 −2 𝑒𝑣 𝑛 +𝑒𝑣 𝑛 +1 −2
+…+
𝑒 𝑣 2 𝑒𝑣 3 𝑒𝑣 𝑛 𝑒𝑣 𝑛 +1

2+2−2 2+2−2 2+2−2 2+2−2 2+2−2 2+2−2 2+2−2 2+2−2 2+2−2

= + + …+ + + +….+ + + + …+
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

1 1 1
=𝑛 +𝑛 + (𝑛 − 1)
2 2 2
1
= (3𝑛 − 1)
2
References
1. P. Dankelmann, W. Goddard and C. S. Swart, ―The Average Eccentricity of a Graph and Its Subgraphs‖, Utilitas
Mathematica, Vol. 65, 2004, pp. 41-51.
2. K.Fathalikhani,H.Faramarzi,H.YoursefiAzari,―Total Eccentricity of some Graph Operations‖, Electronic Notes in
Discret.Math.,2014,volume 45,125-131
3. Kinkar Ch. Das , Suresh Elumalai , Ivan Gutman, ―On ABC Index of Graphs‖, MATCH Commun. Math. Comput.
Chem. 78 (2017) 459-468 ISSN 0340 - 6253
4. Dr. K. Palani, S.S. Sabarina Subi, ―Graphs-A collection‖, Charulatha publication ISBN No: 978-93-5577-183-4.
5. R.Rajeswari, K.Aruna Sakthi , ―Graph Theoretical Parameters on Some Graphs‖ ,Research in Multidisciplinary
Subjects (Volume-3),ISBN: 978-81-964776-1-5
6. Sharma, V., Goswami, R. and Madan, A.K. (1997) ―Eccentric Connectivity Index‖, The Journal for Chemical
Information and Computer Scientists, 37, 273-282.
7. H. Wiener, ―Structural Determination of Paraffin Boiling Points‖,J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1947, 69, 17-20.

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ISSUES RELATED TO CRIME AGAINST WOMEN IN

MODERN INDIA
Ms Madhuri Shukla1, Dr Mahasweta Sengupta2
Assistant Professor SAGE University, Indore1&2
ABSTRACT
Vedic era has been the golden age for women. The power and the equality was witnessed in the just
societal rules. Unfortunately, with time, status of women and their security in the society took a u-turn. This
chapter focuses on the core issues related to crime against Women in Modern India. The focus ids the
understanding of the problems and their interpretation in todays era. In spite of the recognition of women‗s status
equal to that of men, the majority of them suffer in primitive ignorance as ever before. Illiteracy and ignorance is
prevalent more in women folk than in men-folk and this evil is rampant especially in rural areas and backward
communities.As a democratic nation, we are proud on our strong family values but in the real sense most of us are
still dwelling with Artificial Balance family. This chapter ioterates the laws that left the world speechless.
INTRODUCTION
Constitution of India gives equal rights to both men and women in every field. Today, women enjoy voting
rights, right to inheritance and property. In fact, the Constitution lay down that the government should promote
with special care the interests of the people of weaker sections of the society. Several laws have been passed since
independence to promote the interests of women in every field such as laws related to marriage, inheritance of
property, divorce, dowry, etc (K., Oviya, 2021).
In 1976, the Equal Remuneration Act was passed to provide for equal remuneration to both men and
women for similar work. Recently, the government of India has started a scheme for the protection of girl child.
The scheme is called Ladli‗, in which an amount is set aside at the time of the birth of a girl child which she gets
when she completes eighteen years of age (Pathak, B.,2021).
This amount is then used for the education or the marriage of the girl child. Similarly, there is another
scheme called ‗Janani Suraksha Yogna‗ under which, the state governments take care of the birth of the girl child
and all expenditure related to medical assistance for the upbringing of the child (Mishra, et al, 2021). However,
despite these provisions, we find a lot of discrimination against women.
1. Gender Discrimination:Gender discrimination refers to the practice whereby one sex is given preferential
treatment over the others. The practice of giving social importance to the biological differences between men and
women is there everywhere. In some societies, these differences are very much pronounced while in others, they
are given less importance. Even the Indian society is not an exception to this.
2. Dowry System: The practice of dowry is one of the worst social practices that haveaffected our culture. In
independent India, one of the landmark legislations is the passing of the Dowry Prohibition Act in 1961 by the
Government of India (Verma, N., 2022).
Even though the practice of both giving as well as accepting dowry is banned (Shrivastava et al, 2021) by law and
such acts are punishable offences, the system is so thoroughly imbedded in our culture that it continues unabated.
Whether it is rural or urban India, the blatant violation of this law is rampant.
Not only dowry deaths, even most of the acts of domestic violence against women including psychological
as well as physical torture are related to matters of dowry. Some of the very basic human rights of women are
violated almost every day. Sometimes it is heartening to see some girls stand firm to assert their rights against
dowry.
There is an urgent need to strengthen such hands by taking some concrete as well as comprehensive social,
economic, political and administrative measures in order to free Indian society of this disease.Women were
regarded as the bonded slave to men for their economic dependence on them. Women in independent India are
comparatively in more respectable position as compared to medieval India.
Even today, in spite of the recognition of women‗s status equal to that of men, the majority of them suffer
in primitive ignorance as ever before. Illiteracy and ignorance is prevalent more in women folk than in men-folk
and this evil is rampant especially in rural areas and backward communities.
THE PRESENT POSITION OF WOMEN IN INDIAN SOCIETY
Unfortunately, the liberty and equality enjoyed by Indian women today have not reached to most women
in India. When a brief study was done through facts escalation and consequences of sex-selection of boy child over
girlchild it was quite shocking and very disturbing and very much widely practiced even today in almost all parts
and all sections of people in India.

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The question arises here – are we a Nation of Mass Murders? Does a Girl not have a right to born
peacefully and with the same respect like a boy child in our so called cultural and spiritual enriched land?
As a democratic nation, we are proud on our strong family values but in the real sense most of us are still
dwelling with Artificial Balance family to have a son by killing preceding daughters? Ultimately the way we treat
anyone in the family will eventfully affect every other person in the family. Marriage is one of the key institutions
of civilization. The family unit created in the society is a fundamental building block of the Nation Building.
Unstable, unhappy family and children will create an unstable and chaotic society.
Whereas happy family with strong family values will produce children with high self-esteem children who
will enrich the world around them and become catalysts of positive Change. Can a life built on another‗s suffering
ever bring us happiness? Indifference is also an action – Silence is also a choice. If each one of us does not do
something to stem this crisis, we will definitely have to face the consequences of both Indifference and Silence in
some point of our respective lives.
In our country, there is tremendous pressure on women to bear sons to such an extent that they are made to
feel like failures if they do not. Some women also get threatened for her own life, abandonment, forced abortions
and even divorced in some cases.
A childless woman is tagged as ‗Banj‗ which means her married life is total ‗incomplete‗ one who only
has daughters are also regarded as partially incomplete. Most married women feels secured and enjoy the status of
sorts only after giving birth to a boy child.[1]
A large percentage of Indian women are anemic and consecutive abortions ruin their health. They may get
prolonged diseases or die early. The scientific truth is women have nothing to do with the gender of the baby. But
it is only women who get blamed and even today.[2]
India is suffering from its partial paralysis due to traditional and ill social practices and poor mindset. The
experts predict that this situation will lead to increased levels of anti-social behaviors and rise violence and crime
against women and will ultimately present a threat to the stability and security of our country.History proves, that
an adverse sex ratio of women against /men is decreasing day by day in India which results increased increasing
violence against women.
The following crimes were committed against women:
• 1 woman was sexually harassed every 48 hours
• 1 woman or minor girl was abducted every 26 minutes
• 1 woman was raped every 25 minutes
• 1 woman was molested every 14 minutes.
DECLINING SEX RATIOINDIA
UNICEF recently concluded that, ―the alarming decline in child sex ratio (in India) (White and Saran
2022)is likely to result in more girls being married at a younger age, more girls dropping out of education,
increased mortality because of early child-bearing and associated increase in acts of violence against girls and
women such as rape, abduction, trafficking and force. Women in independent India are comparatively in more
respectable position as compared to medieval India.
Moreover, child marriage was prevalent in India and continues even today. In India, however the child
marriage was outlawed in 1860 but according to UNICEF on ‗State of the World‗s Children 2009 report, 47% of
India‗s women aged 20-24 were married before the legal age of 18, with 56% in rural areas. The report also
showed that 40% of the world‗s child marriages occur in India.
Sex ratio is a valuable source for finding the population of women in India and what is the ratio of women
to that of men in India.Sex ratio is used to describe the number of females per 1000 of males(Chao and Yadav,
2019). In the Population Census 2011 in India it was revealed that the population ratio in India 2011 was 940
females per 1000 of males. The Sex Ratio 2011 shows an upward trend from the census 2001 data.
Census 2001 revealed that there were 933 females to that of 1000 males. Since decades India has seen a decrease
in the sex ratio 2011 but since the last two decades there has been in slight increase in the sex ratio. Since the last
five decades the sex ratio has been moving around 930 of females to that of 1000 of males as in case of
India(Agarwal and Kumar)1.
The Sex Ratio in India was almost normal during the phase of the years of independence, but thereafter it
started showing gradual signs of decrease. Though the Sex Ratio in India has gone through commendable signs of
improvement in last 10 years, there are still some states where the sex ratio is still low and is a cause of alarming

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concern. One of the states which are continuously showing a decreasing trend in the population of women 2011 is
the state of Haryana.
The state of Haryana has the lowest rate of sex ratio in India and the figure shows a number of 877 of
females to that of 1000 of males(Kumar, A.,2023) but at the same time there are states such as Pondicherry and
Kerala where the number of women is more than the number of men. Kerala houses a number o2f 1084 females to
that of 1000 males. In India, Pondicherry and Kerala are the only two states where the number of female is more
than the number of men, there are also states in India like that of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra
where the sex ratio 2011 is showing considerable signs of improvement.
Some facts related to the Sex ratio in India follows the main cause of the decline of the sex ratio in India is
due to the biased attitude of the society which meted out to the women. The main cause of this gender biasness is
inadequate education. Pondicherry and Kerala house the maximum number of female while the regions of Daman
and Diu and Haryana have the lowest density of female population (Kumar and Rani, 2019).
CASE LAWS
India has witnessed extreme victimization of women. Nirbhaya case was an eye opener.
Mukesh and Anr v State forNCT of Delhi and Ors(2017) 6 SCC 1
A girl Jyoti Singh and her friend went for a movie and was waiting for public transport. They hailed a bus to return
home. On the bus she was gangraped by 6 men. When her friend tried to help her, he too was very badly assaulted.
The brutality of the case left India spell bound in tears. Her intestines were taken out and her private parts
completely mutilated. She succumbed to cardiac arrest and multiorgan failure on 29 th December 2012. The three
judge bench of supreme court took cognizance of the brutality of the crime and in a simple mandate, the court
stated that the diabolic act had shaken the common consciousness of the nation and that the court should regard it
as the rarest of the rare case in which death sentences could be awarded.
State of Jharkhand V. Shailendra Kumar Rai (2022 Scc Online Sc 1494)
The brutality against a victim doesn‘t end at the crime scene. The Two finger Test continues to revictimize the
Victims. The bench constituted of CJI DY Chandrachur and Justice Hima Kohli.
The bench agreed to the trial courts decision and overturned a decision of the Jharkhand High Court acquitting a
rape and murder convict and upheld a decision of a trial court holding him guilty. "This court has time and again
deprecated the use of two finger test in cases alleging rape and sexual assault. The so-called test has no scientific
basis. It instead re-victimises and re-traumatises women. The two-finger test must not be conducted...The test is
based on an incorrect assumption that a sexually active woman cannot be raped. Nothing can be further from the
truth"
CONCLUSION
Women in independent India are comparatively in more respectable position as compared to medieval
India. Some of the major problems which had been haunting the community of women for centuries are rarely
found now. Problems such as child marriage, practice of ‗sati‗, prohibition on widow remarriage, exploitation of
widows, devadasi system, purdah system, etc. have almost disappeared from the society (Pakira, J., 2022).
Development in the field of science and technology, universalisation of education, socio-political movements,
modernisation, and other similar developments have changed the approach of people towards women to a certain
extent. These developments for the benefit of women have boosted the morale and self- confidence of women.
As a result of these changes, Indian women now feel that they too have their own individuality, personality, self-
respect, talent, capacity, and efficiency. Many of those women who grab the opportunities extended to them have
proved that they can discharge their responsibilities on par with men. The nation which neglected almost 50% of
its population for several centuries has now understood the necessity of giving equal rights and opportunities to its
women.
Our Constitution provides equal rights and opportunities to women. It does not make any discrimination on
the grounds of sex, religion race, caste and place of work. Indian women are also responding positively to this
change in society. This does not mean that our women are completely free from problems and issues. On the
contrary, the changing situation is also bringing with them new problems. They are now suffering with new
stresses and strains. Some of the major problems haunting the modern women was analyzed by various thinkers. In
the famous book status of women in Indian society-issues and challenges in processes of empowermentby Prof.
Nirupama Prakash, during the Vedic period, there was no gender discrimination in India. Women were extremely
respected by the male members of the family and were considered goddesses. In those times, women took part in

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several professions and are free to marry as per their choice, study and gain education until they get married, etc.
They had a special place in the society. The gender discrimination was started in the post-Vedic period and it
reached its highest peak in the Mughal period. In this period, crimes against women became highly dominant and
women were treated as objects with no value.
Women went from the highest position in the society to the lowest position. They were subjected to
constant discrimination and suffering had no fundamental rights. Even minimum freedom was denied to her in the
society. This continued even in the British period, and it remains unchanged for a long period and still shows its
bad effect.
However, in the post-independence era, the position of women in India changed significantly and they
were given several fundamental rights. There are several laws protects rights of every person. Still, women on
ground level continue to suffer due to social evils like gender inequality, unethical beliefs, etc. Things have
changed a lot from Vedic to post-Vedic and to contemporary times, but we still live in a patriarchal society. As a
society, we have to work together to make the life of women safe and happy in our country. This is only possible
through 3Es - Empower, Educate, and Enable(Saxena, et al, 2018).
Women play many roles in their lives, that of a daughter, sister, wife, daughter-in-law, mother, friend,
colleague, professional and the list is never ending. With addition of roles, comes addition of responsibilities and
women have to handle everything in a very dignified manner. The modern-day woman is more aware of the
society around her and believes in her strengths, handles her weaknesses with grace, identifies the goodness in
things and is socially responsible towards her duties. Women don many roles and handle them with grace. There is
no profession that does not have women enrolment.
The government has put together many schemes especially for the empowerment of women (Singh, A.P.,
2019). Many seats are reserved in parliament to encourage women participation. Education of girls is made free
and compulsory in government schools to encourage women to join different institutions and render their valuable
services. Our armed forces have seen a rise in women enrolment and it‗s a matter of pride for the nation to have
great daughters in the country.
REFERENCES:
 Agrawal, D., & Kumar, M. The Study Of Socio-Cultural And Economic Factors Contributing To The Declining Sex
Ratio. Pace, 31.
 Chao, F., & Yadav, A. K. (2019). Levels and trends in the sex ratio at birth and missing female births for 29 states
and union territories in India 1990–2016: A Bayesian modeling study. Foundations of Data Science, 1(2), 177-196.
 K., Oviya. (2021). Evolution of Women Related Laws in India. Indian JL & Legal Rsch., 3, 1.
 Kumar, A. (2023). An Analysis of Sex Ratio among Scheduled Castes in Haryana State: 2001-2011. IAHRW
International Journal of Social Sciences Review, 11(2), 219-221.
 Kumar, N., & Rani, R. (2019). Regional disparities in social development: evidence from states and union territories
of India. South Asian Survey, 26(1), 1-27.
 Mishra, P. S., Veerapandian, K., & Choudhary, P. K. (2021). Impact of socio-economic inequity in access to
maternal health benefits in India: Evidence from Janani Suraksha Yojana using NFHS data. Plos one, 16(3),
e0247935.
 Mukesh and Another v State of NCT of Delhi (2017) 6 SCC 1
 Pakira, J. (2022). Legal Status of Women in India from Ancient to Modern Time. Issue 2 Indian JL & Legal Rsch.,
4, 1.
 Pathak, B. (2021). Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) Schemes-A Significant Step towards Prevention of the Crime
of Female Infanticide in India. Issue 6 Int'l JL Mgmt. & Human., 4, 335.
 Saxena, G. K., Sharma, P. K., & Law, P. S. (2018). Position of Women in Vedic, Post-Vedic, British and
Contemporary India. International Journal of Legal Developments and Allied, (4), 4.
 Singh, A. P. (2017). An attempt to women empowerment through government policies and programmes: An Indian
perspective. International Journal of Advanced Research and Development, 2(5).
 Srivastava, S., Chauhan, S., Patel, R., Marbaniang, S. P., Kumar, P., Paul, R., & Dhillon, P. (2021). Banned by the
law, practiced by the society: The study of factors associated with dowry payments among adolescent girls in Uttar
Pradesh and Bihar, India. Plos one, 16(10), e0258656.
 State of Jharkhand V. Shailendra Kumar Rai (2022 Scc Online Sc 1494)
 Verma, N. (2022). A Critique of the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961. Jus Corpus LJ, 3, 421.
 White, H., & Saran, A. (2022). UNICEF Strategic Plan 2018-2021 Goal Area 1: Every Child Survives and Thrives.
Evidence and Gap Map Research Brief. Innocenti Research Brief 2022-04. UNICEF Office of Research-Innocenti.

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METHODOLOGY OF DRAINAGE MORPHOMETRY

IN RIVER BASIN WATERSHED
Dr. C. P. Dorlikar
P.G. Department of Geology M. G. College of Science Armori, District-Gadchiroli, Maharashtra.441208, India
ABSTRACT:
Water is elixir of life, without it life cannot sustain. It is national resource required for ecological sustenance, agricultural
productivity, environmental purity, industrial growth, power generation, enrichment and renewal of land and air. Groundwater
plays a vital role in augmenting water supply to meet ever increasing demands for various domestic, agriculture and industrial
uses. Hence the quality of groundwater is of prime concern to the mankind, as it has direct link with human health and
surrounding environment. In present article various methodologies is adopted for ground water assessment. This article
represents the GIS and RS techniques are used to prepare various geological maps. For preliminary requirements the data used
from the government agencies and NGOs reference to prepare geological map and base mapping in the different geological
units. The database is related to drainage, village settlement, roads, geomorphology and geology is collected. The collected
data is used for generating co-ordination regarding drainage morphometry.
KEYWORDS: Watershed, GPS, GIS and RS techniques, DRM
Introduction
The investigation exhaustive database on surface and subsurface water resources, geology, geological structures and
demography has been collected. The methodology adopted in the present study involves the steps are 1. The collection of data
from study areas 2. Previous work carried out in some aspect like Geology, Hydrogeology 3. Information collected from
techniques used in RS GIS and GIS implications 4. Preparation of Thematic maps and Geological maps.
Collection of Data
The preliminary data is collected from various Government institutions and agencies are given first thought. The
Watershed delineated is extrapolated on Survey of India Existing geological map prepared by Geological Survey of India is
referred for mapping in the different geological units.
The database is related to Drainage, village settlement, roads, geomorphology and geology is collected. The collected data is
used for generating co-ordination regarding drainage morphometry.
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System
The term RS is coined for the science and art of acquiring information about objects from the measurements made
from a distance without any physical contact with the object. The relationship of electromagnetic radiation with RS is
important because RS involves the measurement and recording of electromagnetic energy reflected from or emitted by the
earth's surface and atmosphere from a point above the earth's surface.
The electromagnetic spectrum is continuum of energy that ranges from nanometers to meters in wavelength. It spans
a large spectrum of wavelength right from very short wavelength gamma rays (100m) to long radio waves (10 m). In RS the
most useful regions are the visible wavelength (0.4 to 0.7 um), the reflected IR (0.7 to 3.0 µm), the thermal IR (3 to 5 um and 8
to 14 um) and the microwave regions (0.3 to 300 cm). The electromagnetic radiation when incident on the earth gets reflected
or absorbed re-radiated or transmitted through the material depending upon the nature of the object and the wavelength
The spectral signature of water, vegetation and bare soil differs from each other distinctly. Some of the spectral bands
play an important role in the remote sensing studies related to water. The near IR spectral bands that are very useful due to its
low reflectance have enabled the accurate mapping of surface water bodies, rivers, drainage channels etc.
Geographic Information System
The Geographic Information System works as a powerhouse for storing. Manipulating, retrieving and presenting both
spatial and non-spatial data in a quick, efficient and organized manner. It is an organized collection of computer Hardware,
software and the geographic data.The term geographic in GIS environment refers to the location attribute that defines the
spatial positioning of the piece of information on the face of the earth. Functionality of the GIS can be subdivided in to four
main components or subsystems Data Input, Data Manipulation, Data Analysis and Data Presentation. Components of GIS
Components of GIS
At the simplest level, a GIS can be viewed as a software package: the various components involved are the computer
hardware, sets of application software and the proper organizational context. These three components need to be in balance if
the system has to function satisfactorily.
1. Topology: In the vector representation, the various geographical objects have a definite spatial relation called topology.
The topology defines the spatial relationships between objects (points, lines and polygons) and it allows a GIS to perform
spatial analysis functions on geographical data. The most important spatial relations include viz. i) connectivity (lines are
connected at nodes), ii) adjacency (polygons are adjacent if they share a common boundary line) and iii) containment (one
polygon can contain another).
2. GIS Analysis: There is wide range of functions available for data analysis in most GIS packages, including measurement
techniques, attribute queries, proximity analysis, overlay operations, and the analysis of models for surface and networks for
the watershed studies
3. Measurements in GIS: Calculating lengths, perimeters and areas is a common application of GIS. Different measurements

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can be obtained depending on the type of GIS used (Raster or Vector) and the method of measurements.
Integration of RS and GIS:
The remote sensing data can readily be merged with other sources of geo referenced information in a GIS. It allows
the overlapping of the several layers of information with the remotely sensed data and the applications of virtually unlimited
number of forms of data analysis.

Figure represents elements of GIS (modified after Joshi, 2012)

PREPARATION OF THEMATIC MAPS
Base Map
The data generated from the satellite imagery, field data and the data collected from various agencies/ institutions have been
utilized for updating terrain in details. The base map is composed of details namely, i) Streams, canals and water bodies, ii)
Road Network, iii) Villages, iv) Existing conservation structures and v) Sample Locations.
Geological Map
Geological map and district resource maps (DRM) is used which is provided by GSI and Toposheet is provided by
Survey of India
MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS
The quantitative study of the area, altitude, volume, slope as well as profiles of the land and drainage basin characteristics of
the area represents the morphometric setup of the area. Mathematically it analyses the Configuration of shape and dimension
of its landform on earth's surface (Clarke, 1966). Davis (1894) considered that the landforms are functions of three variables
viz structure, process and time wherein structure reflects attitude of rocks Process corresponds to the action of both external and
internal forces that disintegrate the rocks and time refers to the length of time in which a particular area has been at work on by
process or a combination of processes. An integrated study of the geology and study of landform characteristics is useful for
understanding the occurrence of porous and permeable zone in the rock formations. Thus morphometric study has direct
control on groundwater occurrences. Morphometric characteristics of the area which is deciphered with the help of satellite
imagery and Arc GIS 10.4.1 software are used.
REFERENCES
 B.R. Manjunath. Integrating Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and Geographic Information System (GIS) For
Hydrogeomorphic Characterization of Sub Watershed in Geba River Basin, Tigray, Ethiopia.
 Clark J.J 1966. Morphometry from maps, Essays in Geomorphology. Heinmann
 Das A.K & Mukherjee S. 2005 Drainage Morphometry using satellite data and GIS in aigad district, Maharashtra. Jour,
Geol, Soc, India. V.65, pp.577-588. Davis (1894).

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