INTERNSHIP AND TRAINING REPORT

AT
TATA POWER DDL

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY:
ASHUTOSH TRIPATHI (2000910200025)

JSS ACADEMY OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION NOIDA

SECTOR 62 NOIDA 201301

SUBMITTED TO:

Mr Vijender Kumar Rathor

(R.M TATA POWER DDL)
Mr. Atul Lariwal
(AGM TATA POWER DDL)
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that ASHUTOSH TRIPATHI has successfully completed the
training program at TATA POWER DELHI DISTRIBUTION LIMITED STS-
NORTH WEST2 GRIDS training was held for forty-seven days, and the participant
has demonstrated a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter.
Training Period- 10/07/2023 to 25/08/2023

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 2

DECLARATION

I hereby certify that the work which is being presented at “TATA Power Delhi
Distribution Limited” by Ashutosh Tripathi is in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the award of the degree of B.Tech. (Electrical Engineering) Submitted in the
Department of Electrical Engineering at JSS ACADEMY OF TECHNICAL
EDUCATION NOIDA is an authentic record of work carried out during a period from
10th JULY to 25th August 2023 under the supervision of Mr Vijender Singh Rathore and
Mr Atul Lariwal.
The matter presented in this project has not been submitted to any other University /
Institute for the award of B.Tech. Degree. This is to certify that the above statement
made by the student is correct to the best of our knowledge and belief.

ASHUTOSH TRIPATHI (2000910200025)

JSSATE NOIDA, EE DEPARTMENT

Date:___________

Signatures of Supervisors
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Training in such comprehensive coverage cannot be realised without help from numerous
sources and people in the organisation.

I am thankful to Mr. Vijender Singh Rathore, for providing the necessary facilities to complete
my training.

I like to take this opportunity to show my gratitude towards Mr YOGESH and Mr Surjeet Singh
who helped me in completing my internship and training. They have been a motivator & source
of inspiration for me to carry out the necessary proceedings for the Internship to be completed
successfully.

Finally I would like to take this opportunity to thank the organisation, TPDDL who helped me
to acquire proper knowledge and success in my training.

I shall cherish the memories of the co-operation and help extended by the staff of this
organisation to a trainee and shall feel honoured if I could help this organisation.

Finally, I would like to thank each and every member of TPDDL family the for making me feel
comfortable and helping me in every possible manner.

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 ABSTRACT

This training is a part of our B-Tech, Electrical Engineering. Practical Industrial Training
mainly aims at making one aware of the industrial environment; which means that one gets to
know the limitations, constraints and freedom under which an engineer works. One also gets
an opportunity to watch from a close quarter that indicates manager relation. This training
mainly involves industrial and complete knowledge about designing, assembling and
manufacturing processes of various equipment manufactured by industry.

During this period, as a student, there is a great opportunity to understand Industrial practices.
Most of the theoretical knowledge that has been gained during our course is useful only if it
can be applied to production and services in the industry. The learnt is applied, tested, vitrified
and rectified. Apart from this the student gets an opportunity to learn the latest technology and
is upgraded to the new trends immersing in the industry of interest.

I had the opportunity to utilise my forty-seven days summer internship in TPDDL, North
West2 Grids Department. Tata Power helped me a great deal of learning. My sphere of

knowledge was expanded both at technical and personal levels.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

TABLE OF CONTENT
__________________________________________________________________________
DECLARATION (iii)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT (iv)
ABSTRACT (v)

Chapters

1. Introduction to TATA POWER- DDL 10

1.1 About Tata Power10
1.2 TPDDL Presence in the Power Sector 12
2 Substations and its operation 14
2.1 Introduction 14
2.2 Types of Substations 15
2.3 Classification of Substation 16
2.4 Equipments 19
3 Automation at substations 27
3.1 Automation Architecture 27
3.2 Introduction to ADMS 30
3.3 Technology Adoption ADMS 33
4 Introduction to Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System 33
4.1 Introduction to SCADA 33
4.2 Features of SCADA 35
4.3 SCADA Communication Overview 36
4.4 Distribution Management System38

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5 Remote Terminal Unit 40
5.1 Introduction 40
5.2 Configuration 42
5.2.1 Network Tree 43
5.2.2 Signal Tree 43
5.2.3 Hardware Tree 43
5.2.4 Link and link actions 44

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO TATA POWER -DDL

___________________________________________________________________________

1.1 About TPDDL

Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited [TPDDL] is a joint venture between Tata Power and the
Government of NCT of Delhi with the majority stake being held by Tata Power (51%). TPDDL
distributes electricity in North & North West parts of Delhi and serves a populace of 6 million.
The company started operations on July 1, 2002 post the unbundling of the erstwhile Delhi
Vidyut Board (DVB). With a registered consumer base of 1.44 million and a peak load of
around 1704 MW in FY 14-15, the company's operations span across an area of 510 sq. Kms.

Tata Power-DDL has been the frontrunner in implementing power distribution reforms in the
capital city and is acknowledged for its consumer-friendly practices. Since privatisation, the
Aggregate Technical & Commercial (AT&C) losses in Tata Power-DDL areas have shown a
record decline. Today they stand at 13% ( As on March 31, 2012) which is an unprecedented
reduction of over 75% from an opening loss level of 53%.

On the power supply front too, Tata Power-DDL areas have shown remarkable improvement.
The company has embarked upon an ambitious plan to implement high-tech automated systems
for its entire distribution network. Systems such as SCADA, GIS and OTS are the cornerstone
of the company's distribution automation project. To fight the menace of power theft, modern
techniques like High Voltage Distribution (HVDS) Systems and LT Aerial Bunched
Conductors have been adopted.

Tata Power-DDL has to its credit several firsts in Delhi: SCADA controlled Grid Stations,
Automatic Meter Reading, GSM-based Street Lighting system and SMS-based Fault
Management System. To ensure complete transparency, the company has provided online
information on billing and payment to all its 1 million consumers. This happened in the first
year of operations itself. Tata power-ddl believes in providing more value than just electricity
and is even rewarding its consumers for timely payment.
As a step towards captive generation, Tata power-ddl has also established a 108MW gas-based
combined cycle power generating facility at Rithala, North Delhi in its distribution area.

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Tata power-ddl has won several accolades for its pioneering efforts in power distribution
reforms. It has the rare distinction of being the first power distribution utility from India to
have received the prestigious honour in the international category by winning the 2008 Edison
Award and again in 2009 for Policy Advocacy. Some of the other key recognitions include
international Palladium Balanced Scorecard Hall of Fame award- 2008, SAP Ace award 2008;
UPN, USA metering award; Asian Power Award 2011 ( 5th consecutive year), Asia's Best
Employer Brand Award 2011, Falcon Media Group- Best Performing Utility
(Urban), India Power Award- Research & Technology and the Asian Power Most Inspirational
CEO of the Year 2008 award.

Tata power-ddl has also been conferred the 'National Award for Meritorious Performance' thrice
by the Ministry of Power, Government of India for outstanding performance in power
distribution for 2004-2005, 2005-06 and 2008-09. Tatapower-ddl is also the youngest company
and the first power utility in India to receive the prestigious CII EXIM Award for 'strong
Commitment to Excel'. It is also the only distribution utility to receive the ISO 9001, ISO 14001
and OHSAS 18001 certification.

The population of Delhi is approx. 1.70 crore spanned in the area of 1483 Sq kms. The
total electricity consumed in the national capital during the year 2012-13 was 33442 MU
4970 MU generated locally and 28472 MU purchased from other States.
Importantly, the total consumption of Delhi has grown by 85% in the last 10 years.
Total numbers of electricity consumers in Delhi are nearly 46 lakhs, approx. the same
as that of Australia and double of Bihar (23 lakhs consumers).

Daily power demand of Delhi is 90 MU which is the average quantity supplied in UP (UP
has a population of approx. 20 crores compared to Delhi’s population of 1.70 crore.).
Delhi’s Peak Demand approx. 5600 MW, which is also the peak demand met of UP as it
resorts to approx. 6-8 hours of load shedding on a day to day basis. It is noteworthy here
that, the peak demand of Delhi is sum total of demands of other these metro cities namely
Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata.

1.2 TPDDL Presence in the

Power Sector

TATA Power-DDL has also added

solar generation as a part of its
sustainable initiatives since 2008,
and has installed fourteen (14)
Solar Plants in its Licensed Area
with a total generation capacity of
1.65 MW. It has a total of 1591
Rooftop solar plants under net metering with a cumulative capacity of 45.9 MWp. The

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company has set up a state-of-the-art Smart Grid Lab showcasing advance technology being
adopted with integration of Rooftop Solar, Energy Storage, E-Charging of Electric Vehicles,
Home Automation etc. in its network.
Tata Power-DDL's change management experience, distributed leadership system, adoption of
latest technology; robust competence development process and innovative & open work culture
are the key strategic boosters which helped in building and sustaining competitive advantage
in the changing business scenario. A journey which began a decade ago for empowering the
consumers in Delhi now holds the potential to transform the distribution sector in India and
similarly help utilities across the globe. Tata Power-DDL has a presence in India in nearly 20+
States and working with 30+ Discoms including Goa, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh
etc. as well as in International cities such as Benin, Eko, Kaduna, Kano etc

Tata Power-DDL is focused and committed to the road ahead and is exploring new
opportunities to replicate its experience of distribution reforms both in India and abroad. It is
leveraging its unique learning and skill sets solely and in collaboration with leading utilities
and technology providers like GE, IBM, Enel, Omron, 3M, Panasonic, AES, Mitsubishi etc. in
the areas of communications & smart grid technology, change management, consumer service
delivery and business process re-engineering. Tata Power-DDL has also collaborated with
leading international and national Institutions like Harvard, MIT, Ryerson University, IIT
Delhi, Punjab Engineering College, Delhi University,Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology
etc. to carry out research activities in energy space.

Tata Power-DDL has also been reaching out to the communities it serves and has been
consistently strengthening and empowering the underprivileged, primarily over 1.5 million
people residing in over 223 JJ clusters in its area of operation who are also company’s
consumers through its focused Social Innovation Initiative SAATHI. Under the umbrella of
SAATHI several initiatives, like Women Literacy Centres, Vocational Training Centres,
Tutorials, Medical Camps, Drug de-addiction camps, Energy Conservation, safety etc. Tata
Power-DDL is sensitive to the aspect of Climate Change and is committed to introducing
energy efficient and greener technologies. It is working very closely with EESL to promote
Energy Efficient schemes.

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Fig 1.2 : TPDDL Presence in India

Fig 1.3 : International Footprint

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 CHAPTER 2
SUBSTATIONS AND ITS OPERATION
___________________________________________________________________________

2.1 Introduction

A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system.

Substations transform voltage from high to low, or vice-versa, or perform any of several other
important functions. Electric power may flow through several substations between generating
plant and consumer, and its voltage may change in several steps.

A substation that has a step-up transformer increases the voltage while decreasing the current
while a step-down transformer decreases the voltage while increasing the current for domestic
and commercial distribution.

Substations may be on the surface in fenced enclosures, underground, or located in special-

purpose buildings. High-rise buildings may have several indoor substations. Indoor substations
are usually found in urban areas to reduce the noise from the transformers, for reasons of
appearance, or to protect switchgear from extreme climate or pollution conditions. Where a
substation has a metallic fence, it must be properly grounded to protect people from high
voltages that may occur during a fault in the network. Earth faults at a substation can cause a
ground potential rise. Currents flowing in the Earth's surface during a fault can cause metal
objects to have a significantly different voltage than the ground under a person's feet; this touch
potential presents a hazard of electrocution.

Figure 2.1 Substation Single line diagram TPDDL Badli Grid

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2.2 Types of Substations

1 .Transmission substation:

Substation which connects two or more transmission lines is called transmission substation.
The simplest case is where all transmission lines have the same voltage. In such cases, the
substation contains high-voltage switches that allow lines to be connected or isolated for fault
clearance or maintenance. A transmission station may have transformers to convert between
two transmission voltages, voltage control devices such as capacitors, reactors or static VAr
compensators and equipment such as phase shifting transformers to control power flow
between two adjacent power systems.

Transmission substations can range from simple to complex. A small "switching station" may
be little more than a bus plus some circuit breakers. The largest transmission substations can
cover a large area (several acres/hectares) with multiple voltage levels, many circuit breakers
and a large amount of protection and control equipment (voltage and current transformers,
relays and SCADA systems).

Figure 2.2 : Transmission Substation

2 .Distribution substation:

A distribution substation transfers power from the transmission system to the distribution
system of an area. It is uneconomical to directly connect electricity consumers to the high-
voltage main transmission network, unless they use large amounts of power, so the distribution
station reduces voltage to a value suitable for local distribution.

The input for a distribution substation is typically at least two transmission or sub transmission
lines. Input voltage may be, for example, 66 kV, or whatever is common in the area. The output
is a number of feeders. Distribution voltages are typically medium voltage, between 11 and 33
kV depending on the size of the area served and the practices of the local utility. The feeders
will then run overhead, along streets (or under streets, in a city) and eventually power the

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distribution transformers at or near the customer premises. Besides changing the voltage, the
job of the distribution substation is to isolate faults in either the transmission or distribution
systems. In a large substation, circuit breakers are used to interrupt any short or overload
currents that may occur on the network. Distribution substations may also be the points of
voltage regulation, although on long distribution circuits (several km/miles), voltage regulation
equipment may also be installed along the line. Complicated distribution substations can be
found in the downtown areas of large cities, with high-voltage switching, and switching and
backup systems on the low-voltage side.

Fig 2.3 GIS SUBSTATION PRASHANT VIHAR GRID AND RG 5 DISTRIBUTION

SUBSTATION

1. According to service requirement

a) Transformer substation: Those substations which change the voltage level of electrical
supply are called Transformer substations.

b) Switching substation: This sub-station simply performs the switching operation of the
power line.

c) Power factor correction S/S: This sub-station which improves the p.f. of the system is
called p.f. correction s/s. These are generally located at the receiving end s/s.

d) Frequency changer S/S: Those sub-stations, which change the supply frequency, are
known as frequency changer s/s. Such s/s may be required for industrial utilisation

e) Converting sub-station: That substation which changes A.C power into D.C. power are
called converting s/s ignition is used to convert AC to dc power for traction, electroplating,
electrical welding etc.

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f) Industrial substation: Those sub-stations, which supply power to individual industrial
concerns, are known as industrial substations.
2. According to constructional features

a) Outdoor Substation :

For voltage beyond 66KV, equipment is invariably installed outdoor. It is because for such
Voltage the clearances between conductor and the space required for switches, C.B. and other
equipment becomes so great that it is not economical to install the equipment indoor.

Fig 2.4 : Outdoor Substation

b) Indoor Substation
A substation in which the apparatus is equipped inside the substation building is called indoor
substation. Such type of substation is mainly used for the voltage up to 11000 v, but when the
surrounding air is contaminated by impurities such as metal corroding gases and fumes,
conductive dust, etc., their voltage can be raised up to 33000 V to 66000 v.

Fig 2.5 : Indoor Substation

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C) Underground substation :
In thickly populated areas, the space available for equipment and building is limited and
the cost of the land is high. Under such situations, the sub-station is created underground.
The design of underground s/s requires more careful consideration.

• The size of the s/s should be as small as possible.

• There should be reasonable access for both equipment & personal.
• There should be provision for emergency lighting and protection against fire. •
There should be good ventilation

Fig 2.6 : Underground Substation

3. According to nature of duties

a)Step-up or Primary Substations- Where from power is transmitted to various load centers in
the system network and are generally associated with generating stations.

b) Step-up and Step-down or Secondary Substations- may be located at generating points

where from power is fed directly to the loads and balance power generated is transmitted to the
network for transmission to other load centers.

c) Step-down or Distribution Substations- receives power from secondary substations at

extra high voltage (above 66 kV) and step down its voltage for secondary distribution

4. According to operating voltage

a) High Voltage Substations (HV Substations) - involving voltages between 11 kV and 66 kV.

b) Extra high voltage substations (EHV Substations) - involving voltages between 132 kV and
400 kV and

c) Ultra high voltage substations (UHV Substations) - operating on voltage above 400 kV

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5. According to Importance

a) Grid Substations- These are the substations from where bulk power is transmitted from
one point to another point in the grid. These are important because any disturbance in
these substations may cause the failure of the grid.

b) Town Substations- These substations are EHV substations which step down the
voltages at 33/11 kV for further distribution in the towns and any failure in such
substations results in the failure of supply for the whole of the town.

2.4 Main Equipments used in a Substation

Substation is an assembly of various electrical equipment connected to step down electric

power at higher voltages i.e. 66kV/33kV to 11kV .The various electrical equipments used in
the distribution substation are as follows:1. Power Transformers
2. Instrument Transformers i.e. CT, PT and CVT
3. Bus Bars
4. Isolators
5. Relays
6. Circuit Breakers
7. Lightning Arrestors
8. Battery chargers
9. Capacitor banks
10. Earthing equipments
11. Control and relay (C & R) panels
12. PLC’s or RTU (remote terminal units)
13. Multi function Metres

1. Power Transformers

A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through
inductively coupled conductors—the transformer's coils. A varying current in the first or
primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core, and thus a varying
magnetic field through the secondary winding.It is the costliest equipment in a substation and
important from the view of station layout.

One of the governing factors affecting the layout of a substation is that weather the transformer
is a 3 phase transformer or a bank of 3 single phase transformers. The space requirement with
bank of 3 single phase transformers is much more than a single 3 phase transformer. In case of
a 3 single phase unit it is normal to provide one spare single phase transformer to be used in
case of a fault or if one of the single phase transformer is under maintenance. On account of
large dimensions it is very difficult to accommodate two transformers in adjacent bays. In order
to reduce the risk of spread of fire, large transformers are provided with stone pebble filled
soaking pits and oil collecting pits.

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 With transformers, however, the high cost of repair or
replacement, and the possibility of a violent failure or
fire involving adjacent equipment, may make limiting
the damage a major objective. The protection aspects
of relays should be considered carefully when
protecting transformers. Faults internal to the
transformer quite often involve a few turns. While the
currents in the shorted turns are large in magnitude,
the changes of the currents at the terminals of the
transformer are low compared to the rating of the
transformer.

Fig2.7: Distibution transformer

2. Instrument Transformer

They are devices used to transform voltage and current in the primary system to values suitable
for measuring instruments, metres, protective relays etc.

They are basically the current transformers and voltage transformers.

a) Current transformers: It may be of bushing or wound type. The bushing types are
normally accommodated within the transformer bushing and the wound types are
separately mounted. When current in a circuit is too high to directly apply to measuring
instruments, a current transformer produces a reduced current accurately proportional
to the current in the circuit, which can be conveniently connected to measuring and
recording instruments. The CT is typically described by its current ratio from primary
to secondary.
b) Voltage transformers: It may be either capacitive type or electromagnetic type. The
electromagnetic type VTs are more expensive than capacitive type and are used where
higher accuracy is required. Capacitive type is usually preferred at high voltages due to
lower cost and secondly because it serves the purpose of coupling capacitors for the
power line carrier equipment. Voltage transformers are usually connected on the feeder
side of the circuit breaker. However they are also connected on the bus bar side for
synchronisation. They step down extra high voltage signals and provide a low voltage
signal, for measurement or to operate a protective relay.
c) Capacitive Voltage Transformer (CVT’s): In combination with wave traps are used for
filtering high frequency communication signals from power frequency. This forms a
carrier communication network throughout the transmission network.

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 Fig 2.8 : Instrument
transformer

3. Tap Changer

A device used to increase or decrease a transformer's voltage to alter the level of current it can
draw (tap) from the circuit supplying electricity. Changing the tap of a transformer or regulator
serves the same function in an electrical circuit as turning the tap handle of a water faucet
serves to adjust water flow.

4. Bus Bars

In electrical power distribution, a bus bar is a thick strip of copper or aluminium that conducts
electricity within a switchboard, distribution board, substation or other electrical apparatus.
Bus bars are used to carry very large currents, or to distribute current to multiple devices within
switchgear or equipment. Bus bars are typically either flat strips or hollow tubes as these shapes
allow heat to dissipate more efficiently due to their high surface area to cross sectional area
ratio.The size of the bus bar is important in determining the maximum amount of current that
can be safely carried.

Bus bar may either be supported on insulators, or else insulation may completely surround it.
Bus bars are protected from accidental contact either by a metal enclosure or by elevation out
of normal reach. Bus bars may be connected to each other and to electrical apparatus by
bolted or clamp connections.

Various Bus bar Schemes

• Single Bus
• Single Bus with Bus Section
• Main & Transfer Bus.
• Double Bus.
• Main 1, Main 2 & Transfer Bus

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5. Circuit Breaker

A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical

circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault
condition and, by interrupting continuity, to immediately discontinue electrical flow. Unlike a
fuse, which operates once and then has to be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either
manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in varying
sizes, from small devices that protect an individual household appliance up to large switchgear
designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city.

The type of the Circuit Breaker is usually identified according to the medium of arc extinction.
The classification of the Circuit Breakers based on the medium of arc extinction is as follows:

• Air break Circuit Breaker. (Miniature Circuit Breaker). • Oil Circuit Breaker (tank
type of bulk oil)
• Minimum oil Circuit Breaker.
• Air blast Circuit Breaker.
• Vacuum Circuit Breaker.
• Sulphur hexafluoride Circuit Breaker. (Single pressure or Double Pressure).

Fig 2.7 : Circuit Breaker

6. Isolator

In electrical systems, an isolator switch is used to make sure that an electrical circuit is
completely de-energized for service or maintenance. Such switches are often found in electrical
distribution and industrial applications where machinery must have its source of driving power
removed for adjustment or repair. High-voltage isolation switches are used in electrical
substations to allow isolation of apparatus such as circuit breakers and transformers, and
transmission lines, for maintenance.
An isolator can open or close the circuit when either a negligible current has to be broken or
made or when no significant voltage change across the terminals of each pole of the isolator
occurs. It can carry current under normal conditions and can carry short circuit current for a
specified time. They can transfer load from one bus to another and also isolate equipment for

19
maintenance. Isolators guarantee safety for the people working on the high voltage network,
providing visible and reliable air gap isolation of line sections and equipment. They are
basically motorised i.e. the motor does the closing and opening of the isolator.
Isolators are distinguished as “off load” and “on load” isolators.

Fig 2.8 : Isolator

7. Earthing

The function of an earthing system is to provide an earthing system connection to which

transformer neutrals or earthing impedances may be connected in order to pass the maximum
fault current. The earthing system also ensures that no thermal or mechanical damage occurs
on the equipment within the substation, thereby resulting in safety to operation and
maintenance personnel. The earthing system also guarantees equipotential bonding such that
there are no dangerous potential gradients developed in the substation. In designing the
substation, three voltages have to be considered.

1. Touch Voltage: This is the difference in potential between the surface potential and the
potential at an earthed equipment whilst a man is standing and touching the earthed structure.
2. Step Voltage: This is the potential difference developed when a man bridges a distance
of 1m with his feet while not touching any other earthed equipment.
3. Mesh Voltage: This is the maximum touch voltage that is developed in the mesh of the
earthing grid.
8. Relays

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a

switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays are
used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical
isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled
by one signal.

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Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are
used to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems
these functions are performed by digital instruments still called "protective relays".
Types of relays:
· Electromagnetic attraction
relay · Electromagnetic induction
relay
· Thermal relay
· Buchholz relay
· Numerical relay
· Over current relay

9. Control and relay panel

Control and relay panel of a grid substation has all controls, indications, meters and protective
relays mounted on the front. These panels are free-standing, floor mounting type suitable
chambers for indoor installation. Panels are rigid structural frames enclosed completely with
smooth finished rolled sheet steel. In every grid of BYPL the instruments operate at 220V DC
supply. The standard voltages of a grid are 220V DC and 48V DC. Thus, to supply 220V DC
separate battery charger rooms are set up in the grid. DC is supplied to avoid the failure of
instruments in the absence of AC supply. Thus for continuous operation of the grid DC is
supplied to all instruments in a C & R panel.

Fig 2.9 : Control and Relay Panel

10. Multifunction Meters

The MFM is an IED that can calculate values once the inputs from the secondary of the CTs
and PTs have been given. Each MFM is dedicated to a particular panel, be it, outgoing or
incoming. The MFM calculates and displays values on a hand held programming and display
unit. These values depend on the programmed primary value corresponding to the CT and PT

21
ratio, pertaining to that feeder.There is a communication port available for each MFM. It uses
the RS 485 connection scheme. The communication ports of five MFMs are looped. It is
extended to the front face of an SLI card through a cable. A maximum of 32 MFMS can be
connected to one single cable. The cable is then terminated at the A and B ports of the SLI
cards, using an RJ45 jack. In order to terminate the cable in port 1 and 2 of the SLI card, we
have to make use of a converter, which converts the RS 485 into a RS232 scheme.
The various values given by MFM (Multi Function Meter) which is the IED in this case are:
· R phase Current (A)
· Y phase Current (A)
· B phase Current (A)
· R-Y phase Voltage (V)
· B-R phase Voltage (V)
· Y-B phase Voltage (V)
· Active Power (W)
· Reactive Power (VA)
· Power Factor
· Maximum Demand (W)

11. Capacitor Banks

A capacitor (originally known as condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical component
used to store energy in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all
contain at least two electrical conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator); for example, one
common construction consists of metal foils separated by a thin layer of insulating film.
Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices.
When there is a potential difference (voltage) across the conductors, a static electric field
develops across the dielectric, causing positive charge to collect on one plate and negative
charge on the other plate. Energy is stored in the electrostatic field. An ideal capacitor is
characterised by a single constant value, capacitance, measured in farads. This is the ratio of
the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference between them.

Fig 2.10 : Capacitor Banks

The capacitance is greatest when there is a narrow separation between large areas of conductor,
hence capacitor conductors are often called "plates," referring to an early means of

22
construction. In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of leakage
current and also has an electric field strength limit, resulting in a breakdown voltage, while the
conductors and leads introduce an undesired inductance and resistance.
Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct current while allowing
alternating current to pass, in filter networks, for smoothing the output of power supplies, in
the resonant circuits that tune radios to particular frequencies, in electric power transmission
systems for stabilising voltage and power flow, and for many other purposes.

12. Battery Charger

In a protection system it is necessary that control DC voltage shall remain constant for as much
time as possible, so that the system works without interruptions. The charger is a rectifier which
produces slightly higher voltage compared to the nominal cell voltage of a battery. The main
source is derived from the normally available AC source which is rectified by the charger.
Here the battery is a combination of multiple cells connected in series to get the nominal DC
tripping/control voltage required for the operation of relays and breakers and could be from
24V to 220 V depending on loads and capacity requirements.

Fig 2.11 : Battery Charger

13. Lightning arrestors

A lightning arrester is a device used on electrical power systems and telecommunications

systems to protect the insulation and conductors of the system from the damaging effects of
lightning. The typical lightning arrester has a high-voltage terminal and a ground terminal.
When a lightning surge (or switching surge, which is very similar) travels along the power line
to the arrester, the current from the surge is diverted through the arrestor, in most cases to earth.
In telegraphy and telephony, a lightning arrester is placed where wires enter a structure,
preventing damage to electronic instruments within and ensuring the safety of individuals near
them. Smaller versions of lightning arresters, also called surge protectors, are devices that are
connected between each electrical conductor in power and communications systems and the
Earth. These prevent the flow of the normal power or signal currents to ground, but provide a

23
path over which high-voltage lightning current flows, bypassing the connected equipment.
Their purpose is to limit the rise in voltage when a communications or power line is struck by
lightning or is near to a lightning strike.
If protection fails or is absent, lightning that strikes the electrical system introduces thousands
of kilovolts that may damage the transmission lines, and can also cause severe damage to
transformers and other electrical or electronic devices. Lightning-produced extreme voltage
spikes in incoming power lines can damage electrical home appliances.

Fig 2.12 : Lightning Arrestor

24
 Chapter 3
Automation at Substations
_________________________________________________________________________

The word automation is derived from the word automatic which describes a wide range of
technologies that reduce human intervention in processes, namely by predetermining decision
criteria, subprocess relationships, and related actions, as well as embodying those
predeterminations in machines. Automation has been achieved by various means including
mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, electrical, electronic devices, and computers, usually in
combination. Complicated systems, such as modern factories, aeroplanes, and ships typically
use combinations of all of these techniques. The benefit of automation includes labour savings,
reducing waste, savings in electricity costs, savings in material costs, and improvements to
quality, accuracy, and precision.

3.Automation Architecture

Fig 3.1 : Automation Framework

Automation and its Framework

Framework of automation is a platform developed by integrating various hardware and

software resources and various tools and services based on a qualified set of set of assumptions.
It enables efficient design and development of automated test scripts and reliable analysis of
issues for the system under test

Importance of an Automation Framework

The automation of frame work can be justified by the following things:

25
 -
Enhance efficiency during the design and development of automated test scripts by
enabling the reuse of components or code
- Provide a structured development methodology to ensure uniformity of design across
multiple test scripts to reduce dependency on individual test-case developers
- Provide reliable issue detection and efficient root-cause analysis with minimum human
intervention for the system under test
- Reduce dependence on subject matter experts by automatically selecting the test to
execute according to test scenarios and dynamically refining the test scope according
to changes in the test strategy or conditions of the system under test
- Improve the utilization of various resources in each cycle to enable maximum returns
on effort and also ensure an uninterrupted automated testing process with minimum
human intervention

The Automation Framework Design Challenge: Balance Quality, Time, and Resources

The challenge is to build a fit-for-purpose automation framework that is capable of keeping up

with quickly changing automation testing technologies and changes in the system under test.
The challenge is accentuated by the various combinations that are possible using the wide
gamut of available automation tools. Making the right choices in the preliminary design stage
is the most critical step of the process, since this can be the differentiator between a successful
framework and failed investment.

As if this were not tough enough, add to this the even more formidable challenge of balancing
the quality of the framework against the desired utility and the need to develop the framework
within a stipulated timeframe using available resources to ensure the economic viability of the
solution. Therefore, it is very important to benchmark the framework, the associated
development time, and the required resources to ensure the framework's quality justifies the
use of the framework.

Must-have features:

- Portability: The framework must be easily deployable in any environment and

technology stack for regression testing and certification testing of the product suite.
Scalability: When expansion is required, the framework must allow the addition of
multiple scripts and assets, per the testing requirements, through the organized
structuring of resources. This need is inevitable in the case of ERP products, which
undergo multiple releases for new builds or require different scripts for parallel testing
or testing on multiple technology stacks.
- Reliability: The framework must ensure that the test results are an accurate depiction
of system conditions at the time of testing. It also must ensure that automated testing is
carried out by efficiently utilising system resources.

26
 -
- Detestability: This feature ensures that regression tests can be submitted multiple times
without any change to the data or any other component associated with the tests. It also
ensures that the functionality being tested is thoroughly verified.
- Returnability: The framework must provide the ability to resubmit the core setup to the
same environment, and each time this happens, the framework must ensure that a new
setup is created that is used for subsequent testing. All this should happen without any
manual change of data in individual scripts.
- Remote execution: Provision must be made to create and submit automation jobs, which
then must be scheduled automatically according to available resources and preset
parameters.
- Load balancing: All scheduled jobs must be executed on the first-available machine,
thereby making optimum use of the system. The executions should be based on business
rules.
- Parallel execution in the same environment: Automated scripts conforming to the
framework must be able to run simultaneously even though they form part of multiple
test cycles in the same environment.
- Parallel execution in different environments: Automated scripts conforming to the
framework must be able to run simultaneously in different environments.
- Script development efficiency: The development time for scripts conforming to the
automation framework should not be more than eight man-hours per script for scripts
of high complexity.
- Script versioning: Versioning is essential to ensure that each modification to a script is
accounted for, and versioning must be distinct to enable tracing the evolution of a script
to its most recent form.
- Addition of functionality: Flexibility should be provided-without limitations posed by
the framework-for adding new functionality as requirements evolve.
- Maintenance: Changes in functionality should be carried out efficiently and centrally
with effects persisting down to lowest level automatically.

Should-have features:

- Run-history tracking mechanism: In case of a failure in the prior run, the framework
should keep a run history of each test for each run on each instance to ensure that the
framework picks up the effort for that instance where it left off. This is an especially
important feature for tests with a large set of data, such as "chart of accounts" in
financial applications.
- Disaster recovery: In event of catastrophic failure, the framework should automatically
determine the recovery mechanism and react appropriately.

Could-have features:

27
 -
Role-based security: This type of security should allow access to various features and
setups of the framework according to the authorization level that is used to log in to the
system.
- Multiple Application Under Test (AUT) support: This type of support ensures that the
same framework can be reused for testing various applications with minimal changes.
- Multiple tool support: This support must allow the development and execution of
automated regression tests on multiple automation tool platforms.
-

Fig 3.3 : Framework Design Process

Fig 3.4 : Framework Development Process

3.2 Intro duction to ADMS

ADMS – Advanced Distribution Management System

Need for ADMS

- Multiple network model creation in various system i.e. GIS,SCADA-DMS and

- Network planning and involvement of human effort
- Non functional DMS applications due to various input at multiple location in SDM
- Compromised Operational Efficiency due to Multiple data base, user interface lead to
confusion to operators.
- Non availability of standards for interfaces with different product -Preparation of real
time report as per user customization.

28
-
- Need of Advanced Applications to meet operational needs
- Obsolesce of Hardware and Software Earlier Siemens system was requiring major
upgrades

29
 Fig 3.5 : Architecture of ADMS

Defining Outage Management Systems

1. An Outage Management System (OMS) is a computer system used by operators of

electric distribution systems to assist in restoration of power.

2. An Outage Management System facilitates efficient management of outages by

utilizing user configurable logics supported by an geo referenced integrated environment of all
systems and processes responsible for handling power supply in the utility

Fig 3.6 : IOMS

3.3 Technology Adoption ADMS

Fig 3.7 : Integration of New grid into ADMS

Fig 3.8 : ADMS Mapping

 Chapter 4

Introduction to Supervisory Control and Data

Acquisition System
___________________________________________________________________________

4.1 What is SCADA

Scada is a software which is used for the remote access of the hardware through preprogramed
PLCS.

Figure 4.1 SCADA Control Centre

System Architecture

1 Front end Processor

The conception of the PCU400 system is redundant. It consists of two identical Front End Units
configured in Hot Standby Mode.

- The PCU400 Process Communication Unit manages communication with RTUs, IEDs
and Substation Automation in supervisory control systems.
 - PCU400 is a data collection system supporting many communication protocols and
RTU types. Each unit can connect up to 24 synchronous and asynchronous circuits at
rates up to 64 kbits/second.
- For FRTU Communication a standalone PCU with 2155 channels is installed at MCC
System Configuration is same as PCU 400.
2. Application Servers

- Application servers are those servers which executes the applications.

- The application server level consists of two identical main computers in MCC. Each of
them is one part of a redundant system. One of this computer-pair is the on-line system,
the other one is the hot standby system. They are supplied with AVANTI Database
which is a proprietary of M/S ABB.
- Both main computers are connected via the LAN. This link enables a data exchange
that describes the actual status of on-line and the hot standby system
- If there is any fault in the on-line system, operation switches over to the standby system
automatically. A Watch Dog Timer unit (connected via the LAN) shows the actual status
of both main computers.

3. Information Storage & Retrieval System(UDW)

- The IS&R functions execute on a high-availability platform dedicated to that

functionality. The IS&R is scalable to support other business applications in addition to
those required of the SCADA/DMS.
- It can service SCADA/DMS users and a number of non-SCADA/DMS users while
ensuring that the security and performance of the other component systems of the
SCADA/DMS are minimally affected.
- IS&R system consists of two redundant UDW servers in MCC and 2 nos in BCC. One
of this computer-pair is the on-line system, the other one is the hot standby system. The
UDW server is used for logging of real time AVANTI data into the ORACLE database.
- The data is logged at different periodicities and these data can be used for reports and
trends. The UDW server level consists of identical main computers. Each of them is
one part of a Redundant System

4. Program Development Systems

- The PDS supports the development and testing of the SCADA/DMS applications,
database, displays, and reports.
- The PDS has initially been delivered with basic database and display generation
capabilities. The initial PDS also included the software and support tools sufficient to
build a database and one line displays.
- The PDS shall be incrementally enhanced throughout the project with the vendor’s
standard applications and data acquisition facilities to support verification of the data
acquisition and processing functions of the SCADA/DMS using actual data sources.
5. User Interface

- User consoles are presented as part of a component system. However, consoles operate
as common facilities shared among all component systems.
- It is possible for any view port at any console to be assigned (logically connected) to
any SCADA/DMS component system assuming that a suitable communications path
exists between the console and the target system
4.2 Features of SCADA
What we are doing here is Substation automation: Following aspects can be considered which
are as follows-

Requirements for System Operation:

1. Demand
2. Availability
3. Shortfall / Capacity available
4. System frequency
5. Capacity of transmission lines and transformers
6. Loading on transmission lines and transformers
7. Transformers installed in the system
8. SLD’s of the transmission network, all the sub-stations, distribution network etc.
9. Reactive loading on the network.
10. Alternative sources / lines available to feed various grid-stations.

Control, Monitoring & Reports:

1. Remote Operation of all 118 grid stations

2. System parameter tracking
3. Capacitor bank operations
4. Power Management
5. Load Management
6. Reactive Power Management
7. Fault/data analysis
8. Scheduling

Earlier methods used to acquire data:

1. PLCC network.
2. Wireless VHF sets.
3. P&T / FWP telephones.
4. Load pattern obtained in writing. ( Log Sheet ) 5. PTW Book etc etc.

Limitations of old methods:

1. Outage of Telephone / PLCC network.

2. Non-clarity of speech.
3. Human factor.
4. No check on improper compliance of instructions.
5. Huge time required to collect data.
6. Huge time required to pass instructions.
7. No control on operations.

Need For Automation:

1. Improve Information Availability and better visibility.

2. Reduction of Fault Restoration Times and adequate response to customer query.
3. Real Time and Historical data for Network Analysis.

Internationally, power generation and power transmission and distribution attract equal
investments. In India too, in the last couple of years, utilities have started investing increasingly
in various distribution automation tools for both cost reduction and service benefits.
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system is a major tool that will be used
for improving network operations. SCADA refers to a system that enables an electric utility to
remotely monitor, coordinate, control and operate distribution components, equipment and
devices in a real-time mode from remote locations with acquisition of data for analysis, and
planning from one central location.
A suitable SCADA system to monitor and control its distribution network is an imperative for
optimally running a distribution network, especially for a metropolitan city like Delhi.
Distribution automation through SCADA systems directly leads to increased reliability of
power for the consumers and lower operating costs for the utility. It results in forecasting
accurate demand and supply management; faster restoration of power in case of a downturn
and a quick, alternate arrangement for power for important/emergency locations.
It puts us in a better position to undertake both active and reactive power management and
with better anticipation of trouble and greater trouble-shooting through remote access.
Predictive maintenance results in reduced cost of maintenance of power system devices,
thereby extending their life.
SCADA also reduces human influence and errors. It offers complete power system controls
and data acquisitions in a central location, thereby assisting operators in faster decision-making
for healthy power supply. It also ensures reliability and quality of power supply (minimum
fluctuation in voltage supplies) for the consumers.
It is beneficial for the “Optimal operation of distribution network” and detection of
abnormalities in the network online.

Main features includes

a) visibility for the network operation on real-time basis, accurate and consistent
information of the system, flexibility of operational controls
b) Control and monitoring of Primary and Secondary distribution network.
c) faster fault identification, isolation & system restoration
d) extensive reporting & statistical data archiving, central database and history of all
system parameters
e) Optimised Load Shedding, optimised and efficient operation of the network based on
real time calculation. Major benefits include:
a) Faster identification-isolation-and restoration of faults
b) loss minimization, Intelligent alarms, load forecasting, resource handling,
c) Reactive Power management, outage management
d) switching optimization and network study / planning

4.3 SCADA Communication Overview

1. Local Area Network

The Central device for communication between all the MCC equipment is the redundant Local
Area Network(LAN). Dual CAT5 Ethernet cables will build the redundant backbone of the
central system LAN. It is possible to access any node (Computer and printer) from any other
node connected on this LAN.

The LAN network is divided into the following three segments:-

2 .MCC

This center is provided with a dual CAT5 Ethernet LAN. All the computers and front end
equipment operate on 10MBPS.Dual LAN is extended to the BCC using CISCO router. Also
the MCC is Connected to the corporate WAN and other ICCP utility.

3. BCC

This centre is provided with a dual CAT 5 Ethernet LAN. All the computers and front end
equipment of the BCC are connected on this LAN .This LAN is connected to the LAN of MCC
through CISCO router.

4. PDS

This Room is provided with a dual CAT 5 Ethernet LAN which is connected to the LAN of the
MCC using the LAN switch of the MCC.

5. RTU/FRTU Network

Communications between the SCADA/DMS and Remote Terminal Units is carried over
analog (voice-grade) point-to-point and multi-point channels using the
BSES’s communications network including CDMA Cellular Network, Fiber Optic
LAN/WAN, VSAT and leased lines
6. Data Engineering Tool

Network control systems require a vast amount of static information describing the network
components, the telemetry system and to configure the desired information processing in on-
line operation

- DE400 is the application to enter such data into the SCADA network control system.
Data entry for the process pictures and all process objects is integrated in one step
- Object identifiers are derived from the location of objects. Topology (electrical
connectivity) is specified by drawing the network. The data for each object is then
entered using object-specific dialogues.

7. Web server

The web server at control room functions as source of information on control centre power
system.

It is accessed by diverse set of external users through commercially available web browsers for
eg Microsoft Internet Explorer.
It is sized to support 30 concurrent external clients/users for providing access to real time data.

External clients/users are connected to web server only they are denied direct access to SCADA
system

Internal SCADA users don’t have any dependency on availability of Web server.

Data/Displays and reports requested by external clients/users are serviced by web servers only.

For the purpose of transfer of data/display/reports from the SCADA system to the web server
system the SCADA system initiates a session with the web server and any attempt to initiate a
session by the web server system is terminated by the firewall.

4.4 Distribution Management System

1. Distribution System Operation Model (DSOM)

- DSOM serves as a central interface and information resource by representing the

operating state of BSES’s distribution network as well as the operating state of the
system ,other computer system with which this system communicates.
- DSOM also allows representation of typical power system elements such as substation
buses on load tap changing transformers,breakers,capacitor banks.

2. Distribution Management Applications

- Distribution management applications consist of a set of tools to help the operator

monitor, control and aid in restoration of distribution system. These applications
include:
3. Fault Isolation & System Restoration (FISR)

- The FIRST function has the ability to detect the presence of substation and feeder fault
conditions.
- For a permanent substation fault FISR acts to restore power supply to all affected
feeders by switching to alternate source of power by closing the substations load
transfer switch or the tie switches.
- For a permanent fault on line section FISR helps in isolating the faulty section by
opening the closest available load break switches, Restore power to any healthy
downstream feeder sections by recommending switching to an alternate available
power source.
- In this way the long term effect of the power outage is limited to only the customers on
faulty sections.

4, Var Control

- The Var Control function is used to limit reactive power flows in the distribution
network
- This is accomplished by sending on/off control signals automatically to switch able
shunt capacitors in the system.
- The objective is to minimize losses by controlling reactive power consistent with
maintaining customer’s delivery voltages within defined norms under continuously
varying load conditions.

5. Voltage Control

- The voltage control provides the capability to raise or lower the voltage levels on
distribution feeders.
- During period of peak demand the voltage control function is used to reduce voltage
levels in order to reduce the overall system load.
- The operator initiates the function by specifying the targeted percentage raise or drop
in nominal voltage
- The voltage control function responds by commanding a change in secondary voltage
in the load tap changers associated with substation transformers and line voltage
regulators.

6. SCADA GIS Integration

The SCADA-GIS integration is done via the OPC bridge

- Message about tripping of a circuit breaker is received from SCADA.OPC client passes
message to even viewer in ArcMap.
- Downstream trace performed to highlight the affected area.
- All affected conductors devicesand devicesis highlighted
graphically.Helps identifying consumers in affected area.

7. ICCP Server
 - Communication servers for ICCP applications are used to retrieve transmit and process
data to and from remote sources i.e other control centre computer system
- Data Retrieved and processed from remote sources may be stored in communication
servers which then redistributes the data to other servers periodically or on demand.

8 .Dynamic Network Coloring (DNC)

- The purpose of DNC is to transform the connectivity and information status of the
network model and the elements into a model which is easily recognizable by the user
.
- Information is translated into color codes, line attributes and signals.
- Flexible color system gives each system a possibility to chose color for presentation
individually.
- Feeder identification as the colors can identify from where a network part or load is
being fed.

9. Human Machine Interaction

- The Network Manager Operator Station functions provide common interactive support
services for all Network Manager Applications
- Facilities are provided to request the display of real-time data, historical data, study
data, application data, and other parameters in many different formats
- In addition, dialogues are available for modifying data and to directly control power
system devices and SCADA objects.
 Chapter 5

REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT

___________________________________________________________________________

5.1 Introduction

RTU stand for Remote Terminal Unit and is used as a one of the components that comprise the
SCADA system. It gathers information that is present in the field or substation and sends it to
the Master Control Center (MCC). Similarly, it executes the command that comes from the
MCC. So, we can say it is a two-way communication device that keeps updating the status of
the field continually and simultaneously executing the commands from the MCC. RTU panels
are divided into three parts one is RTU panel, 2nd is MFM panel and 3rd is marshalling panel.
Housing a stack of racks with electronic cards is called the “RTU Panel”. Housing of only the
MFMS or Multifunction Metres, called the “MFM panel”. The marshalling panel is a junction
which provides the connections of field signals to RTU.

Fig 5.1 : Remote Terminal Unit

The RTU panel consists of a Basic Rack & Extension Racks

 Fig 5.2 : Racks of RTU

Basic Rack: - The Basic rack or the Communication Rack houses the brain of the RTU. It
consists of nine slots. Into these slots are inserted a set of “Cards”. The Cards are the CPUs of
the RTU. They help in coordinating the flow of data from and into the RTU. These CPUs are
basically of two types.
1. SLI (Serial Line Interface) Cards
2. ETH (Ethernet) Cards

Fig 5.3 : SLI Fig 5.4 : ETH

The SLI Card acts as an interface between the RTU and the IEDs (Intelligent Electronic
Devices) like protection relays, multifunction meters, digital RTCC and battery charger.
SLI continually reads data from the IEDs. These IEDs could either be Numerical Relays
mounted on the CR Panel or an MFM placed on the MFM panel of the RTU It is generally
placed in a slot of the Basic Rack. The SLI card has got a provision for communicating with
the IEDs through four ports, A, B, 1 and 2. The port A and B are of the RS485 type where 1
and 2 are of the RS232. The SLI card has an serial MMI port for communicating with PC. The
ETH card controls the process events and communications with the Control Centers. It
continually reads the data from the Extension Racks, the SLI cards and sends it to the control
center. The ETH card has a port marked by “E” used by the RTU to communicate to the Master
control center. The either ports marked by “A” & “B” may use to connect the communication
from extension rack. Generally in our configuration port “B” using for this purpose. Similar as
SLI card It also has an serial MMI port for communication with PC or Lap-Top for
configuration and diagnosis purpose.
The ETH and the SLI cards communicate with each other through a dedicated communication
channel present on the back plane of the Basic Rack.
 Fig 5.5 : Basic Rack

Extension Racks: - The Extension rack is a place, where Input/output Modules are placed.
Similar to the structure of the Basic Rack, the Extension rack has 19 slots into which the I/O
modules can be inserted. The extension rack communicates only with the ETH card of the
Basic Rack.
In cases where there are more than one extension rack, each communication port of the
extension rack is looped with the one succeeding it.
As mentioned before, the extension rack is connected to the ETH Card through port A or B,
called COM A and COM B.
The function of the Input Modules is to send the status of the equipment present in the grid
station to the MCC. Where as the function of the output modules is to control the status of the
equipment from the MCC. Thus, we see that the flow of data, in the case of input modules, is
from RTU to MCC and from MCC to RTU in the case of Output modules.
The different type of I/O modules used are the
DI cards – 23BE21
AI cards – 23AE21
DO cards. – 23BA20

The DI cards have 16 channels, which can be used for connecting the status of field devices as
an indication to MCC. If one takes a look at the front face of the DI card, who can see 16 LEDs,
Each LED indicates ON/OFF status of a input connected to particular channel of the DI card.
The AI card on the other hand gives the analog value of the signal. It has 8 channels on which
eight signals can be configured. The input to a channel in the AI card is a 4-20ma dc current,
which is proportional to the range of the analog value.
The DO card is used to execute commands that are sent from the MCC. As soon as the DO
card gets a command from the MCC, it sends a pulse of 48v dc to the exciting terminals of the
contactor(CMR). As soon as the contactor gets this pulse it closes its contacts and the command
gets executed.

5.2 RTU Configuration

RTU Configuration can be defined as a process of making the RTU aware of the hardware
connected to it, the signals that are configured and the protocols that have been used. For this,
there is a tool that controls the whole engineering process of the RTU. It is called RTUtil560.
It manages all the configuration data related to the RTU. The RTUtil560 has a very user-
friendly interface with the help of which the configuration of the RTU can be prepared easily.
The user interface offers three trees that define the system structure of the RTU. They are

1. Network Tree shows the line and protocols through which data routes through the
network.
2. Signal Tree, in which the location and the designation of the signals is shown. The
signal location describes the place of the data points
3. Hardware Tree, which presents the hardware structure of the RTU with the levels
cabinet, racks, board and the reference to the data points defined in the signal tree.
The engineering of the RTU560 contains several steps which are as follows

- Project Configuration
- Building the tree structure
- Setting the parameters, address
- Start the plausibility check
- Building¬ the RTU file

5.2.1 NETWORK TREE

The Network tree enables the user to build up the whole RTU station network topology and to
handle the connectivity data, the protocol parameters and the filter functionality of the project.
The network tree gives no information about the RTUs internal network. The network which
is built in the Network Tree is clearly distinguishable from the internal network which is
described in the Hardware Tree. If we take a look at the network tree structure we can find that
there is a node for a Station and a node for a Line. A line is a sub node of a station. With these
two element types the complete station network topology can be built in the network tree. The
starting point for the network tree is the node RTU. More than one node RTU is possible but
not common. To insert the station and line nodes to the Network Tree, the common used action
function Add Item…. is used. Links of the network tree are made in the hardware tree when
the hardware data configuration is entered. The usual way is to build the network tree first and
then link the lines to specific points in the hardware tree.

5.2.2 SIGNAL TREE

The signal tree is built to guarantee a unique identifier for each data point in the system. The
structure of the signal tree depends on the project. It gives an overview of the amount of IO-
data in an RTUtil Project. The basic function of the signal tree is to build the process structure
and set the number of levels and their naming.The signal tree mirrors the location of the data
process. The user has to build up the structure dependant on his own process structure, of the
signal tree at the beginning of the process. At the beginning of a project the user determines
the number of levels in the tree and their meaning. These settings cannot be changed during
the project any more. To insert the tree levels and the data points to the signal tree, the common
used action functions like Add Item…. and Link Item……and used. Another common way to
build the Signal Tree structure is to import all the data from a given lists. In this case the data
has to be available in a common format like Excel Sheets and the Signal adapted to the data
structure. Once the Signal Tree is created the signals can be easily imported in to the hardware
tree

5.2.3 HARDWARE TREE

The structure of the RTU hardware is built in the Hardware Tree. This tree gives the
information of the internal structure of an RTU. The communication structure of an RTU and
the IO-hardware needed for the data points shall be distinguished. This structuring gives the
user the possibility to get an overview of the RTU and enables the user to locate every data
point in the station.
The Hardware Tree structure is the hierarchical structure of the RTU. It starts with the RTU as
one unit and includes the levels, cabinets, and rack, board, interfaces and data points. Next to
the tree nodes the parameters tabs have the specific data entry controls needed to
parameterize the nodes. To insert the tree levels and the data points to the Hardware Tree, the
common used action functions like Add Item…. and Link Item……and used. The hardware
tree can be built up separated from the Network Tree and the Signal Tree. To use the
functionality of the Network Tree and the Signal Tree it is recommended to build these trees
first and link their data to the Hardware Tree.

5.2.4 LINK AND LINK ACTIONS

The signal tree and the Network Tree are the data sources to build the hardware Tree. The
Network Tree determines the dependencies of the communication. The Signal Tree defines the
IO-Data. The following engineering steps shall be distinguished: the common data is built up
first and then the IO-data.
The RTUs and the lines are linked from Network Tree to Hardware Tree. The other direction is
in some cases possible too. It is important to use the same station in the Network Tree and the
Hardware Tree.
The links from Network Tree have to be performed before linking the IO-data to the Hardware
Tree, because the automatic signal routing goes through the station network. Automatic signal
routing will be successful only if the communication hardware is complete. Linking data points
from the Signal Tree to the hardware tree will start the automatic signal routing, if the
communication structure of an RTU is complete. The data points get the unique object ID from
the signal tree. To speed up the data point linking from Signal tree to Hardware Tree a special
link mechanism is available to link more than one data point.