MTH 101 TRICKS, SHORTCUTS AND

CALCULATOR METHODS

COURTSEY OF OTOP CONSULT 08107715347

NOTE: WE ARE NOT GIVING ALL THESE CALCULATOR TIPS AND

TRICKS TO MAKE YOU LAZY BUT TO SAVE YOU SOME TIME IN YOUR TESTS
AND EXAMINATIONS. THANK YOU

TOPICS TREATED:
1. Vector (physics)
2. Operation on real number/Polynomials
3. Sequence and series (AP&GP)
4. Partial fraction
5. Theory of quadratics
6. Matrices
7. Set

‘’SUCCESS WON’T COME TO YOU, YOU HAVE TO GO TO IT’’ OTOP 08107715347

1. TO RESET THE CALCUTOR TO DEFAULT MODE
The calculation mode can be returned to the initial default by pressing the
[𝐒𝐇𝐈𝐅𝐓] [𝐂𝐋𝐑] [𝟐] [𝐌𝐎𝐃𝐄] [=] [𝐀𝐂] or simply [𝐌𝐎𝐃𝐄] [𝟏] (𝐂𝐎𝐌𝐏).
All data currently in the calculator memory is cleared when this key sequence is
used: [𝐒𝐇𝐈𝐅𝐓] [𝐂𝐋𝐑] [𝟑][=] [𝐀𝐂] .

2. TO STORE A VALUE ON THE CALCULATOR

To store number or answer on the calculator memory, the following procedure
must be followed
➢ Punch the number to be stored and press [=];
➢ Press [SHIFT] [STO] followed by the alphabet you want to store the
number.
The stored number could be recalled by pressing [RCL] followed by the
alphabet that the number was stored.
EX: To store the number 23.6 unto the calculator memory, the following key
sequence must be followed:
➢ Enter 23.6 [=] [SHIFT] [STO] [A]. The number has been stored as A.
To retrieve the stored number, the following key sequence must be followed:
➢ Press [RCL] [A].

3. TO PICK A MODE FUNCTION

Mode Key Notation
Description Operation
Basic [MODE ] [1] COMP
Arithmetic
Complex [MODE] [2] CMPLX
Number
Statistical [MODE ] [3] REG
Calculation
Base-N [MODE] [4] BASE
Calculation
Equation [MODE ] [5] EQN
Matrix [MODE] [6] MAT
Calculation
Table [MODE ] [7] TABLE
Calculation
Vector [MODE] [8] VCT
Calculation
Decimal [SHIFT] Fix
Place [MODE] [6]
Significant [SHIFT] Sci
Figures [MODE] [7]

‘’SUCCESS WON’T COME TO YOU, YOU HAVE TO GO TO IT’’ OTOP 08107715347

 VECTOR (PHYSICS)
Examples:
1. If A and B are vectors specified by A= (2, -3, 5) and B=(5,3,-4), find
A+3B (a)(17,5,-7) (b) (6,5,4) (c) 17,6,-7( d) none
2. Find the absolute value of vector -3i+2j+5k
a) 4 (b) -37 (c) √38 (d) none
3. Given A=(3,4,5) and B=(6,8,10). Find A.B
(a) 100 (b) 86 (c) 35 (d) 59
4. Find the magnitude of │A│=(3,4,5)… (a) 7.07 (b) 4.65 (c) 3.87
5. Find the angle between A= (3i+2j+6k) and B= (4i-3j+k).. (a) 60° (b)
30° (c) 90° (d) 0°

Solutions
Q1:
i. Put your calculator in vector mode. To do that, (Mode+8)
ii. Store your data (press Vct A )
iii. Since Vct A is 3-dimensional vector, press 1
iv. Put in your data using = sign to go to next data i.e 2=, -3= 5=
v. Your data is stored automatically
vi. Press AC
vii. Press shift+5, pick 2 (data), pick 2 (Vct B) to fill for second
vector
viii. Since Vct B is also 3-dimensional vector, press 1
ix. Put in your data using = sign to go to next data i.e 5=, 3= -
4=
x. Your data is saved. Press AC
xi. Question is A+3B. Press shift+5, pick 3 (Vct A), press+,
Press 3, Press shift+5 again, press 4 (Vct B)……
VctA+3VctB……press =
xii. Ans is 17…………… Do you get that?????? Good…

Q2: (i.e magnitude)

i. Reset the calc …..shift, 9, 3, AC
ii. Put your calculator in vector mode. To do that, (Mode+8)
iii. Store your data (press Vct A )
iv. Since Vct A is 3-dimensional vector, press 1
v. Put in your data using = sign to go to next data i.e -3=, 2= 5=
vi. Your data is stored automatically
‘’SUCCESS WON’T COME TO YOU, YOU HAVE TO GO TO IT’’ OTOP 08107715347
 vii. Press AC
viii. Press shift, hyp button(Abs), Shift again, 5, pick 3 (Vct A) to
fill and close ) …… Abs(VctA)
ix. Press =
x. Ans is 6.16 or √38 (press SD to change to decimal)
…………… Do you get that?????? Good…
Q3:
i. Put your calculator in vector mode. To do that, (Mode+8)
ii. Store your data (press Vct A )
iii. Since Vct A is 3-dimensional vector, press 1
iv. Put in your data using = sign to go to next data i.e 3=, 4= 5=
v. Your data is stored automatically
vi. Press AC
vii. Press shift+5, pick 2 (data), pick 2 (Vct B) to fill for second
vector
viii. Since Vct B is also 3-dimensional vector, press 1
ix. Put in your data using = sign to go to next data i.e 6=, 8=
10=
x. Your data is saved. Press AC
xi. Question is A.B Press shift+5, pick 3 (Vct A), press shift, 5
again, Press 7(Dot), Press shift+5 again, press 4 (Vct B)……
(VctA.3VctB)……press =
xii. Ans is 100…………… Do you get that?????? Good…

Q4: (i.e magnitude)

i. Reset the calc …..shift, 9, 3, AC
ii. Put your calculator in vector mode. To do that, (Mode+8)
iii. Store your data (press Vct A )
iv. Since Vct A is 3-dimensional vector, press 1
v. Put in your data using = sign to go to next data i.e 3=, 4= 5=
vi. Your data is stored automatically
vii. Press AC
viii. Press shift, hyp button(Abs), Shift again, 5, pick 3 (Vct A) to
fill and close ) …… Abs(VctA)
ix. Press =
x. Ans is 7.07 …………… Do you get that?????? Good…

Q5:
I. Reset the calc …..shift, 9, 3, AC
‘’SUCCESS WON’T COME TO YOU, YOU HAVE TO GO TO IT’’ OTOP 08107715347
 II. Put your calculator in vector mode. To do that, (Mode+8)
III. Store your data (press Vct A )
IV. Since Vct A is 3-dimensional vector, press 1
V. Put in your data using = sign to go to next data i.e 3=, 2= -6=
VI. Your data is stored automatically
VII. Press AC
VIII. Press shift+5, pick 2 (data), pick 2 (Vct B) to fill for second
vector
IX. Since Vct B is also 3-dimensional vector, press 1
X. Put in your data using = sign to go to next data i.e 4=, -3=
1=
XI. Your data is saved. Press AC

Normally, the workings should be:

𝐴.𝐵 0
Cos ɸ = =
│𝐴𝐵│ 35.7

0
ɸ = cos-1
35.7

XII. Find A.B Press shift+5, pick 3 (Vct A), press shift, 5 again,
Press 7(Dot), Press shift+5 again, press 4 (Vct B)……
(VctA.3VctB)……press =
XIII. Ans is 0…………… Do you get that?????? Good…
XIV. Find A.B Press shift+5, pick 3 (Vct A), press shift, 5 again,
Press 7(Dot), Press shift+5 again, press 4 (Vct B)……
(VctA.3VctB)……press =
XV. Find magnitude of AB, Press shift, hyp button(Abs), Shift
again, 5, pick 3 (Vct A) to fill Shift again, 5, pick 4 (Vct
B)…… Abs(VctAxVctB)….. press =
XVI. Ans is 35.7
XVII. Press AC
XVIII. Reset the calc …..shift, 9, 3, AC
XIX. Press Shift, Cos to get cos-1 , put fraction symbol i.e
0
cos-1 ( )…… press =
35.7
Ans ... 90
Always reset your calculator when you are done…

‘’SUCCESS WON’T COME TO YOU, YOU HAVE TO GO TO IT’’ OTOP 08107715347

 Operation on real number/Polynomials
Examples
1. Given two polynomials f(x) = 8𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 2 and q(x) =
5𝑥 4 − 𝑥 2 + 1 what is f(x)×q(x) (a) 40𝑥 7 − 15𝑥 6 −
8𝑥 5 + 3𝑥 4 + 8𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2(b) 40𝑥 8 − 15𝑥 7 − 8𝑥 6 +
3𝑥 5 + 8𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 (c) 42𝑥 7 − 18𝑥 6 − 12𝑥 5 + 8𝑥 4 +
8𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2(d) 30𝑥 7 − 15𝑥 6 − 8𝑥 5 + 3𝑥 4 + 6𝑥 3 −
3𝑥 2
LONG DIVISION AND MULTIPLICATION OF
POLYNOMIALS
1. The remainder upon division of the polynomial 8𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 −
13 17
3𝑥 + 2 by 4x-3 is? A. B. C. 2 D. none
4 4
2. The polynomial 3𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 − 6 divides 𝑥 − 3 to give which of these
(a) 3𝑥 + 3 (b)3𝑥 + 4 (c)3𝑥 + 2 (d) 2𝑥 + 3
3. Which of these is a factor of the polynomial 2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 − 4 (a) 𝑥 −
4 (b) 2𝑥 − 2 (c)3𝑥 − 1 (d) 𝑥 − 3
4. 𝑥 2 − 4 × 2𝑥 − 1 will give us which of these polynomials (a)
2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 4 (b) 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 4 (c) 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 4 (d)
4𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 2

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF POLYNOMIALS

1. Given two polynomials Q(x) = 7𝑥 5 − 4𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 3 and

P(x) = 4𝑥 5 − 9𝑥 3 + 11𝑥 2 + 15𝑥 − 7, Q(x) – P(x) = (a) 3𝑥 5 +
5𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 − 23𝑥 + 10 (b) 3𝑥 4 + 5𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 − 23𝑥 + 10 (c)
6𝑥 5 + 5𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 + 10 (d) 11𝑥 5 − 13𝑥 3 + 13𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 4
2. Given two polynomials Q(x) = 7𝑥 5 − 4𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 3 and
P(x) = 4𝑥 5 − 9𝑥 3 + 11𝑥 2 + 15𝑥 − 7, P(x) + Q(x) = (a) 3𝑥 5 +
5𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 − 23𝑥 + 10 (b) 3𝑥 4 + 5𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 − 23𝑥 + 10 (c)
6𝑥 5 + 5𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 + 10 (d) 11𝑥 5 − 13𝑥 3 + 13𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 4

‘’SUCCESS WON’T COME TO YOU, YOU HAVE TO GO TO IT’’ OTOP 08107715347

CALCULATOR METHOD FOR SOLVING LOND DIVISION OF
POLYNOMIALS

Question 1

Steps
Make x the subject of the formula first
I. Clear the calculator by pressing Shift then 9 then 3 then =
twice
II. Store the value of x in the calculator as ¾ by pressing the
fraction button on the calculator ( ) then put 3 as numerator
and 4 as denominator then press shift followed by the RCL
button and the the alphabet x it will then show that ¾ has
been stored as x on the calculator then press AC
III. Enter the polynomial by pressing 8 followed by ALPHA then
x then – 2 then ALPHA x then – 3 then ALPHA x then + 2 and
then +
IV. The answer will come out as 2 which is the correct answer
option (c)

SEQUNCES AND SERIES (AP and GP)

A.P

1. The 6th term of an arithmetic progression is 12 and the 30 th term is 180

find A. the first term, B. the 52nd term, C. if the nth term is 250 find the
nth term D. what is the common difference of the sequence

Steps

I. Put the calculator in statistic mode(MODE then 3 Stat)

II. Pick option 2 which represents A.P
III. Input the values, X represents the number of terms Y represents
the number
𝑥 𝑦
6 12
30 180
IV. Press AC
V. Press shift and 1, press option 5 REG, press option 5 (ŷ)
VI. To find 1st term press 1(ŷ) and the answer will be –23
VII. To find 52nd term press 52(ŷ) and the answer will be 334
‘’SUCCESS WON’T COME TO YOU, YOU HAVE TO GO TO IT’’ OTOP 08107715347
VIII. To find the nth term press Shift then 1 then 5, then go for 4 (ẍ)
Press 250 (ẍ) the answer will be 40. To confirm if it is correct
press 40 (ŷ). It should give you 250.
IX. To find the Common Difference, press the term after 6 th term
which is 7 that is 7(ŷ) -12 and the answer will be 7.

SUM OF A.P

Example: The 6th term of an A.P is 12, and the 30th term is 180, calculate the
sum of the first 60 terms

Steps

I. Reset your calculator by pressing Shift, 9 and 3 and AC

II. Put the calculator in statistic mode(MODE then 3 Stat)
III. Pick option 2 which represents A.P
IV. Input the values, X represents the number of terms Y represents
the number
𝑥 𝑦
6 12
30 180
V. Press AC
VI. Press shift and log , 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∑ 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑎 + 𝑥 press Shift
1 then option 5 (ŷ) then press Shift X to get comma, i.e.
∑(𝑥 ŷ , 1, 60) then press =. The answer should be 11010

G.P

Example: The 4th term of a Geometric progression is 256, and the 8th term is 16,
find A. The 3rd term B. the 1st term C. common ratio D. nth term if the nth term
is 32.

Steps

I. Reset your calculator by pressing Shift, 9 and 3 and AC

II. Put the calculator in statistic mode(MODE then 3 Stat)
III. Pick option 6 which represents G.P
IV. Input the values, X represents the number of terms Y represents
the number
𝑥 𝑦
4 256
8 16
V. Press AC
VI. Press shift and 1, the option 5 and then option 5 again (ŷ)
‘’SUCCESS WON’T COME TO YOU, YOU HAVE TO GO TO IT’’ OTOP 08107715347
VII. To find 3rd term press 3(ŷ) and the answer will be 512
VIII. To find 1st term press 1(ŷ) and the answer will be 2048
IX. To find the nth term press Shift then 1 then 5, then go for 4 (ẍ)
Press 32 (ẍ) the answer will be 7. To confirm if it is correct press
7 (ŷ). It should give you 32.
X. To find the Common Ratio, press the term after 4th term which is
5 that is 5(ŷ) / 256 and the answer will be 0.5

SUM OF G.P

Example: The 1st term of a G.P is 7, and the 5th term is 567, calculate the sum of
the first 9 terms

Steps

I. Reset your calculator by pressing Shift, 9 and 3 and AC

II. Put the calculator in statistic mode(MODE then 3 Stat)
III. Pick option 6 which represents G.P
IV. Input the values, X represents the number of terms Y represents
the number
𝑥 𝑦
1 7
5 567
V. Press AC
VI. Press shift and log , 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∑ 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑎 + 𝑥, press Shift
1 then option 5 (ŷ) then press Shift X to get comma, i.e.
∑(𝑥 ŷ , 1,9) then press =. The answer should be 68887

PARTIAL FRACTIONS
3𝑥+5 2 1 1 2
Example: resolve into partial fractions A. − B. − C.
2𝑥 2 −5𝑥−3 𝑥+3 2𝑥−1 𝑥+3 2𝑥−1
2 1
− D. none
𝑥−3 2𝑥−1

Steps

I. Use option testing method. Put x = 1 and test your options till you get the
one that is the same with the question.

‘’SUCCESS WON’T COME TO YOU, YOU HAVE TO GO TO IT’’ OTOP 08107715347

 THEORY OF QUADRATICS

The key sequence for quadratic equation is given as [𝐌𝐎𝐃𝐄] [𝟓][𝟑] . The
option ‘3’ is used for solving quadratic equations and option ‘4’ is for Cubic
Equations thus the option 3 and 4 are the polynomial modes.
HINTS; choose option 3 if you have a quadratic equation (X 2) and option 4 if
you have a cubic equation (X3).
A. Cubic equations 𝒂𝒙3+𝒃𝒙2+𝒄𝒙+𝒅=𝟎 are also solved the same way using the
calculator.
B. The general equation of quadratic equation is given as 𝑎𝑥2+𝑏𝑥+𝑐=0.
Example 1
Find the roots of the equation 2𝑥2−6𝑥+4=0
Procedure
➢ Press [MODE] [5] [3]
➢ Enter the coefficients in the equation ( =2 ,𝑏=−6 and 𝑐=4)
➢ [2] [=] [−𝟔] [=] [4] [=]
Result:1=2 [=] 𝑥2=1
Example 2
Solve 3𝑥3+2𝑥2+4𝑥+5=0
Procedure
➢ Press [MODE] [5] [4]
➢ Enter the coefficients in the equation ( =3 ,𝑏=2 , 𝑐=4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑=5)
➢ [3] [=] [2] [=] [4] [=] [5] [=]
Result:1=−1 [=] 𝑥2=16+1.2802i [=] 𝑥3=16−1.2802i
TRY IT OUT!
1. Solve the equation 𝑥3 +𝑥2 − 81𝑥 − 81 = 0
Result: 𝑥1 = 9 [=] 𝑥2 = −1 [=] 𝑥3 = −9
2. Find the roots of the quadratic equation 2𝑥3 + 5𝑥2 − 14𝑥 − 8 = 0
Result: 𝑥1 = −3 [=] 𝑥2 = 3 [=] 𝑥3 = 1
3. Solve the equation 𝑥2+ 3𝑥 − 10 = 0
Result: 𝑥1 = 2 [=] 𝑥2 = −5

SIMULTANEOUS EQUATION (EQUATIONS IN

TWO/THREE VARIABLES)
To turn on the simultaneous equation function: [MODE] [5]. Option 1 and 2 are
the simultaneous equation modes. Select option 1 if the equation has two
unknown variables or option 2 if it has three unknown variables. Here we are
interested in two unknown variables. The procedure is exactly the same for
three unknown variables.
1: [𝐚𝐧𝐗+𝐛𝐧𝐘=𝐜𝐧] (Simultaneous Equation In Two Variables)
2: [𝐚𝐧𝐗+𝐛𝐧𝐘+𝐂𝐧𝐙=𝐝𝐧] (Simultaneous Equation In Three Variables)
Example 1
‘’SUCCESS WON’T COME TO YOU, YOU HAVE TO GO TO IT’’ OTOP 08107715347
Find the value of 𝑥 and 𝑦 in the following equations:
𝟐𝒙+𝒚=𝟓
𝟐𝒙+𝟐𝒚=𝟔
a1: Coefficient of 𝑥 in equation 1=2
b1: Coefficient of y in equation 1=1
c1: The constant in equation 1=5
a2: Coefficient of 𝑥 in equation 2=2
b2: Coefficient of y in equation 2=2
c2: The constant in equation 2=6
𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐮l𝐭: (𝒙 =𝟐 [=] 𝐲=𝟏) (Bravo!).
CHECK!
Putting 𝒙=𝟐 and 𝒚=𝟏 into the equations:
𝟐𝒙+𝒚=𝟓 and 𝟐𝒙+𝟐𝒚=𝟔
2(2)+1=5 and 2(2)+2(1)=6 (Interesting!)
Example 2:
Solve the set of equations
𝑥+2𝑦+𝑧=4……… (1)
3𝑥−4𝑦−2𝑧=2…… (2)
5𝑥+3𝑦+5𝑧=−1… (3)
Procedure
❖ [MODE] [5] [2]
❖ Row 1: [𝐄𝐍𝐓𝐄𝐑] 𝟏 [=] 𝟐 [=] 𝟏 [=] 𝟒 [=]
❖ Row 2: [𝐄𝐍𝐓𝐄𝐑] 𝟑 [=] −𝟒 [=] −𝟐 [=] 𝟐 [=]
❖ Row 3: [𝐄𝐍𝐓𝐄𝐑] 𝟓 [=] 𝟑 [=] 𝟓 [=] −𝟏 [=]

Result:(𝑥=2 [=] y=3 [=] z=−4)

TRY THESE
1. Find the value of 𝑥, and 𝑧 if 𝟓𝒙−𝟐𝒚+𝟑𝒛=𝟏𝟔; 𝟐𝒙+𝟑𝒚−𝟓𝒛=𝟐 and
𝟒𝒙−𝟓𝒚+𝟔𝒛=𝟕
Result 𝑥=3,=7 and 𝑧=5
2. Find the value of a and b 𝒂+𝒃=−𝟒 and 𝟒𝒂+𝒃=𝟐
Result 𝑎=2 and 𝑏=−6
ALPHA AND BETA PART
Example 1: If 𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 be the roots of the quadratic equation 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1 = 0
find the new quadratic equation whose roots are 𝛼 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 2 A. 9𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 1 =
0 B. 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 5 = 0 C. 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 3 = 0 D. 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 1 = 0

Steps

I. Press MODE then select option 5 i.e. EQN

II. Select 3 for quadratic EQN
‘’SUCCESS WON’T COME TO YOU, YOU HAVE TO GO TO IT’’ OTOP 08107715347
 III. Enter your values .i.e. A = 3, B = -1, C = -1 and press =
IV. After getting your X1 and X2 convert to decimal by press S-D
V. Store X1 which is 𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋2 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝛽
VI. Press shift then 9 then 3 then AC to clear the calculator
VII. Press 0.767 which is 𝛼 or X1, to store it press shift, RCL button
VIII. Press A to store it as A
IX. Press -0.435 which is 𝛽 or X2, and store it as B
X. To bring out the saved 𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 press Alpha + A and square i.e. A2 and do
for B2 too
XI. Check the options that will give you A2 and B2
XII. Select 3 for quadratic EQN
XIII. Enter your values foe each
XIV. Check for each value of your X1 or X2 of the options that resembles A2
and B2 of your question

MATRICES
Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Determinant, inverse, transpose
2 3 1 6
Example 1: add 4 2 and 2 4
1 0 3 5
Steps
I. Clear the calculator
II. Press mode then option 6 then 1, for MatA and select the order (3x2)
option 2
III. Enter your values
IV. Press AC
V. Press shift + 4 pick the option Data (2) to enter values for MatB, same
order
VI. Enter your values
VII. Press AC
VIII. To find the addition or subtraction press Shift + 4 then press 3 then press
+ and then press shift + 4 again and 4 for MatB. i.e. MatA+MatB and
then = to get your answer.
4 2
Example 2: find the determinant |𝐴| if A is a 2x2 matrix
6 5
Steps
I. Clear the calculator
II. Press mode then option 6 then 1, for MatA and select the order (2x2)
option 5
‘’SUCCESS WON’T COME TO YOU, YOU HAVE TO GO TO IT’’ OTOP 08107715347
 III. Enter your values
IV. Press AC
V. Press shift + 4 pick the option Det (7)
VI. Press shift + 4 to select MatA which is option 3. i.e. det(MatA)
VII. Press =
3 −3 4
Example 3: Find the inverse and transpose of A 2 −3 4
0 −1 1

Steps
I. Clear the calculator
II. Press mode then option 6 then 1, for MatA and select the order (3x3)
option 1
III. Enter your values
IV. Press AC
V. Press shift + 4 pick the option Trn (8) for transpose
VI. Press shift + 4 to select MatA which is option 3. i.e. Trn(MatA)
VII. Press =

For the inverse press

I. Press shift + 4 to select MatA which is option 3, then press x-1 button
II. Press =

SET THEORY

GENERAL TIPS AND TRICKS

1. You must start with the inner circle before going to other parts of the
Venn diagrams
2. Two sets A and B are said to be equal only if both the sets have the same
and exact number of elements
3. Empty or null set has no elements
4. The intersection denoted as A n B is the set of elements common to both
A and B
5. The union of sets A and B, written as A u B Is the set of elements that
appear in either A OR B
6. The difference of sets A and B, is the set of elements belonging to set A and
NOT to set B

‘’SUCCESS WON’T COME TO YOU, YOU HAVE TO GO TO IT’’ OTOP 08107715347

FOR TWO VENN DIAGRAM
1. For how many like EITHER of the subject question (i.e how many student
studies both), TRICKS TO BE USED, n(AUB)=n(A)+n(B) – n(AnB)

Example: In a class of 100 students, 35 like science, 45 like maths, 10 like both.
How many like both? Try it with the trick

2. For how many like NEITHER of the subject question (i.e how many
student doesn’t study or like any of the subject ), TRICKS TO BE USED, Total
students n(AuB) minus both subject n(AnB)
Example: In a class of 100 students, 35 like science, 45 like maths, 10 like both.
How many like neither? Try it with the trick

3. Only one subject only….. Tricks to be used

n(A) = Total students n(AuB) - n(B) - both subject n(AnB)………………….
Same way with n(B)

FOR THREE VENN DIAGRAM

Ex: A survey of 100 students asked about their languages they speak , 50 speaks
Yoruba, 35 speaks Igbo, 25 speaks Hausa, 20 speaks Yoruba and Igbo and 15
speaks Igbo and Hausa and 12 speaks Hausa and Yoruba

‘’SUCCESS WON’T COME TO YOU, YOU HAVE TO GO TO IT’’ OTOP 08107715347

NOTE: The moment they say ‘’at least’’, NONE IS ALWAYS ZERO. SO NO
NEED TO DISTURB YOURSELF
1. Yoruba only; n(Yoruba) – (all + n (Y n I)+ n(Y n H))
2. Hausa only: n(Hausa) – (all+ n(H n Y)+ n( H n I))
3. Igbo only: n(Igbo) – (all+ n(I n Y)+ n(I n H))
4. Yoruba and Hausa only: n(Y n H) – All
5. Yoruba and Igbo only: n(Y n I) - All
6. Hausa and Igbo: n(H n I) - All
7. NONE (I.e how many students study none of the subjects or read none of the
magazines as the case may be)

None (ABC) = A-B -C + Both AB + Both BC + Both CA - All (ABC) + Total

(universal)

8. ALL (I.e how many students study all subjects or read all magazines as the
case may be)
All (ABC) = A-B -C + Both AB + Both BC + Both CA + Total (universal) -
None (ABC)

9. TOTAL (universal) = A+B+C – Both AB – Both BC – Both CA + None

(ABC) + All (ABC)

10. Exactly one: n(A) + n(B)+ n(C) – 2n(AnB) - 2n(AnC) -2n(BnC) +

3(AnBnC)

11. Exactly two: n(AnB) + n(BnC ) + n(AnC) - 3(AnBnC)

12. Exactly three: n(AnBnC)

What is the Set Theory?

Set Theory is the process of collection of objects, sets which are known as
elements or
numbers.
.
Let’s understand set A and B, the two sets.
● The number of elements which are prevalent either in set A or B has is
represented by
n(AᴜB)
● n(A∩B) is the number of elements which are present in sets A and set B.
n(AᴜB) = n(A) + (n(B) – n(A∩B)
If we talk about Set A, B & C, the formula is:
n(AᴜBᴜC) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – n(A∩B) – n(B∩C) – n(C∩A) + n(A∩B∩C)

Set Theory Formulas

Stated below are the important set theory formulas-
‘’SUCCESS WON’T COME TO YOU, YOU HAVE TO GO TO IT’’ OTOP 08107715347
Set Theory Formulas on Properties
● Commutativity:
○ A⋂B = B⋂A

‘’SUCCESS WON’T COME TO YOU, YOU HAVE TO GO TO IT’’ OTOP 08107715347

○ A∪B = B∪A
● Associativity:
○ A⋂ (B⋂C) = (A⋂B)⋂C
○ A∪ (B∪C) = (A∪B)∪C
● Distributivity:
A ⋂(B∪C) = (A ⋂B) ∪ (A⋂C)
● Idempotent Law:
○A⋂A=A
○A∪A=A
● Law of Ø and ∪:
○A⋂Ø=Ø
○U⋂A=A
○A∪Ø=A
○U∪A=U
Sets Theory Formulas of Difference of Sets
●A-A=Ø
● B - A = B⋂ A'
● B - A = B - (A⋂B)
● n(AUB) = n(A - B) + n(B - A) + n(A⋂B)
● n(A - B) = n(A∪B) - n(B)
● n(A - B) = n(A) - n(A⋂B)
● (A - B) = A if A⋂B = Ø
● (A - B) ⋂ C = (A⋂ C) - (B⋂C)
● A ΔB = (A-B) U (B- A)
● n(A') = n(∪) - n(A)
Sets Theory Formulas of Complement Sets
● Law of Double complementation: (A')' = A
● Laws of Empty set and Universal Set: Ø' = ∪ and ∪' = Ø
● Complement Law : A∪A' = U, A⋂A' = Ø and A' = U - A
● De Morgan's Laws: (A ∪B)' = A' ⋂B' and (A⋂B)' = A' ∪ B'

Contact these for any enquiry

08107715347, 08064334196

‘’SUCCESS WON’T COME TO YOU, YOU HAVE TO GO TO IT’’ OTOP 08107715347