FMDS0729

FM Global
Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets 7-29

October 2020
Interim Revision January 2024
Page 1 of 152
IGNITABLE LIQUID STORAGE IN PORTABLE CONTAINERS
Table of Contents
Page
1.0 SCOPE ..................................................................................................................................................... 6

1.1 Hazard ............................................................................................................................................... 6
1.2 Changes ............................................................................................................................................ 6
2.0 LOSS PREVENTION RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................................ 6
2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 6
2.1.1 General ................................................................................................................................... 7
2.1.2 Liquid Evaluation ..................................................................................................................... 7
2.1.3 Atypical Ignitable Liquids ........................................................................................................ 8
2.2 Construction and Location ............................................................................................................... 11
2.2.1 General .................................................................................................................................. 11
2.2.2 Drainage and Containment ................................................................................................... 15
2.2.3 Premanufactured Buildings, Lockers, and Cabinets ............................................................. 20
2.3 Occupancy ...................................................................................................................................... 21
2.3.1 Housekeeping ...................................................................................................................... 21
2.3.2 Ventilation ............................................................................................................................. 21
2.3.3 Flue Spaces ......................................................................................................................... 22
2.4 Protection ....................................................................................................................................... 22
2.4.1 General .................................................................................................................................. 22
2.4.2 Metal Containers (Including IBCs) Larger than 60 gal (230 L) and FM Approved
Composite IBCs ................................................................................................................... 25
2.4.3 Metal Containers Larger than 6.5 gal (25 L) Up to and Including 60 gal (230 L) ................ 27
2.4.4 Metal Containers of 6.5 gal (25 L) or Less ........................................................................... 34
2.4.5 Protection of Plastic, Composite (Plastic-Metal), or Other Combustible Containers: General . 37
2.4.6 Composite (blow molded bottle in a wire cage on a wood or steel pallet) IBC Storage of
Liquids with a Flash Point At or Above 200°F (93°C) or Alcohol in Racks or Palletized
Storage of Propylene Glycol, Ethylene Glycol, or Glycerin .................................................. 39
2.4.7 Plastic, Glass, or Other Combustible/Brittle Containers Up to and Including 60 gal (230 L) . 40
2.4.8 Distilled Spirits in Wooden Barrels: Palletized Storage Arrays ............................................. 53
2.4.9 Distilled Spirits in Wooden Barrels: Rack Storage Arrays .................................................... 55
2.5 Operation and Maintenance ............................................................................................................ 58
2.6 Training ............................................................................................................................................ 58
2.7 Human Factor .................................................................................................................................. 58
2.8 Ignition Source Control .................................................................................................................... 60
3.0 SUPPORT FOR RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................................................. 61
3.1 General ............................................................................................................................................ 61
3.1.1 Composite Intermediate Bulk Containers (IBC) .................................................................... 61
3.2 Liquid Evaluation ............................................................................................................................. 62
3.2.1 Water-Miscible Liquids .......................................................................................................... 62
3.2.2 Emulsions .............................................................................................................................. 63
3.2.3 Viscous Liquids/Viscous Mixtures ......................................................................................... 63
3.2.4 Liquids with Boiling Point Below 100°F (38°C) ..................................................................... 64
3.2.5 Liquids with Specific Gravity Above 1 ................................................................................... 64
3.2.6 Atypical Ignitable Liquids ....................................................................................................... 64
3.3 Construction and Location ............................................................................................................... 66
3.4 Ventilation ........................................................................................................................................ 66
3.5 Protection ......................................................................................................................................... 66
©2020-2024 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in whole or in part, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission of Factory Mutual Insurance Company.
7-29 Ignitable Liquid Storage in Portable Containers
Page 2 FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
3.5.1 General .................................................................................................................................. 66

3.5.2 Automatic Sprinklers .............................................................................................................. 67
3.5.3 Special Protection Systems .................................................................................................. 67
3.5.4 Metal Containers ................................................................................................................... 67
3.5.5 Protection of Plastic, Composite (Plastic-Metal), or Other Combustible Containers: General . 67
3.6 Operation and Maintenance ............................................................................................................ 67
3.7 Training ............................................................................................................................................ 67
3.8 Ignition Source Control .................................................................................................................... 68
4.0 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................................... 68
4.1 FM Global ....................................................................................................................................... 68
4.2 NFPA ............................................................................................................................................... 68
4.3 Other ............................................................................................................................................... 69
APPENDIX A GLOSSARY OF TERMS ...................................................................................................... 69
APPENDIX B DOCUMENT REVISION HISTORY ....................................................................................... 73
APPENDIX C NFPA STANDARD ............................................................................................................... 77
APPENDIX D JOB AIDS ............................................................................................................................. 77
D.1 Abbreviations Used in Fire Protection Tables ................................................................................ 77
D.2 Fire Protection Illustrations ............................................................................................................ 78
D.2.1 In-Rack Layouts .................................................................................................................... 78
D.2.2 Fire Protection Schemes ................................................................................................... 126
D.2.2.1 Fire Protection Scheme A ................................................................................................ 126
D.2.2.2 Fire Protection Scheme B ................................................................................................ 132
D.2.2.3 Fire Protection Scheme C ............................................................................................... 137
D.2.2.4 Fire Protection Scheme D ............................................................................................... 141
D.2.2.5 Fire Protection Scheme E ................................................................................................ 146
D.2.2.6 Fire Protection Scheme F ................................................................................................ 148
APPENDIX E STEEL COLUMN PROTECTION ........................................................................................ 151
APPENDIX F CLASSIFICATION OF LIQUIDS THAT BURN ................................................................... 152
F.1 Ignitable Liquid Classification Schemes ........................................................................................ 152
List of Figures
Fig. 2.2.1.1. Location and construction of ignitable liquid storage areas: outdoor storage, detached
low value buildings, detached protected buildings, and cutoff rooms. ................................... 12
Fig. 2.2.3.1.1. Prefabricated ignitable liquid storage building (PILSB) ......................................................... 20
Fig. 2.2.3.2. Ignitable liquid storage locker ................................................................................................... 21
Fig. 2.4.8.2. Minimum flue space between palletized storage arrays (plan view) ...................................... 53
Fig. 2.4.8.3.A. Loading aisle draft curtain arrangement (plan view) ............................................................ 54
Fig. 2.4.8.3.B. Loading aisle trench drain arrangement (plan view) ............................................................ 54
Fig. 2.4.9.1. Flue space and walkway layout for on-side barrel storage in racks (plan view) .................... 56
Fig. A.1. Plan view (white area represents open area fraction) .................................................................. 71
Fig. D.2.1.1. Single-row rack sprinkler layout: IBC protection scheme ....................................................... 78
Fig. D.2.1.2. Single-row rack sprinkler layout: IBC protection scheme ....................................................... 79
Fig. D.2.1.3. Double-row rack sprinkler layout: IBC protection scheme ..................................................... 80
Fig. D.2.1.4. Single-row rack sprinkler layout: drum protection scheme .................................................... 81
Fig. D.2.1.5. Double-row rack sprinkler layout: drum protection scheme ................................................... 82
Fig. D.2.1.6. Double-row rack sprinkler layout: drum protection scheme ................................................. 83
Fig. D.2.1.7. Multiple-row rack sprinkler layout: drum protection scheme (elevation view) ......................... 84
Fig. D.2.1.8. Multiple-row rack sprinkler layout: drum protection scheme (plan view) ................................ 85
Fig. D.2.1.9. Single-row rack sprinkler layout: drum protection scheme .................................................... 86
Fig. D.2.1.11. Single-row rack sprinkler layout: drum protection scheme ................................................... 88
Fig. D.2.1.12. Double-row rack sprinkler layout: drum protection scheme .................................................. 89
Fig. D.2.1.13. Single-row rack sprinkler layout: drum protection scheme .................................................. 90
Fig. D.2.1.15. Single-row rack sprinkler layout: drum protection scheme .................................................. 92
Fig. D.2.1.17. Single-row rack sprinkler layout: small metal containers ...................................................... 94
Fig. D.2.1.18. Double-row rack sprinkler layout: small metal containers (with face sprinklers) ................. 95
©2020-2024 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.

Ignitable Liquid Storage in Portable Containers 7-29
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets Page 3
Fig. D.2.1.19. Double-row rack sprinkler layout: small metal containers (no face sprinklers) .................... 96
Fig. D.2.1.20. Multiple-row rack sprinkler layout: small metal containers (elevation view) ........................ 97
Fig. D.2.1.21. Multiple-row rack sprinkler layout: small metal containers (plan view) ................................ 98
Fig. D.2.1.22. Single-row rack sprinkler layout: water-miscible liquids in small metal containers .............. 99
Fig. D.2.1.23. Double-row rack sprinkler layout: water-miscible liquids in small metal containers .......... 100
Fig. D.2.1.24. Multiple-row rack sprinkler layout: water-miscible liquids in small metal containers
(elevation view) ................................................................................................................... 101
(plan view) ........................................................................................................................... 102
Fig. D.2.1.26. Single-row rack sprinkler layout: quick response sprinklers protection scheme ................ 103
Fig. D.2.1.27. Double-row rack sprinkler layout: quick response sprinklers protection scheme .............. 104
Fig. D.2.1.31. Double-row rack sprinkler layout: quick response sprinklers protection scheme ............... 108
Fig. D.2.1.34. Multiple-row rack sprinkler layout: quick response sprinklers protection scheme
(plan view) ........................................................................................................................... 111
(elevation view) ................................................................................................................... 112
(plan view) ........................................................................................................................... 113
(elevation view) ................................................................................................................... 114
(plan view) ........................................................................................................................... 115
(elevation view) ................................................................................................................... 116
(plan view) ........................................................................................................................... 117
(elevation view) ................................................................................................................... 118
Fig. D.2.1.42. Single-row rack storage of water-miscible liquids .............................................................. 119
Fig. D.2.1.43. Double-row rack storage of water-miscible liquids ............................................................. 120
Fig. D.2.1.44. Single-row rack storage of water-miscible liquids .............................................................. 121
Fig. D.2.1.45. Double-row rack storage of water-miscible liquids ............................................................. 122
Fig. D.2.1.46. Single-row rack storage of Group 3 water-miscible liquids ................................................ 123
Fig. D.2.1.47. Double-row rack storage of Group 3 water-miscible liquids .............................................. 124
Fig. D.2.1.48. In-rack sprinkler layout for distilled spirits in wooden barrels (plan view) .......................... 125
Fig. D.2.1.49. In-rack sprinkler layout for distilled spirits in wooden barrels (elevation view) .................. 125
Fig. D.2.2.1.1. Single-row rack sprinkler layout: fire protection scheme A ................................................ 128
Fig. D.2.2.1.2. Single-row rack sprinkler layout: fire protection scheme A ................................................ 129
Fig. D.2.2.1.3. Double-row rack sprinkler layout: fire protection scheme A ............................................... 130
Fig. D.2.2.1.4. Multiple-row rack sprinkler layout: fire protection scheme A .............................................. 131
Fig. D.2.2.2.1. Single-row rack sprinkler layout: fire protection scheme B ................................................ 133
Fig. D.2.2.2.2. Single-row rack sprinkler layout: fire protection scheme B ................................................ 134
Fig. D.2.2.2.3. Double-row rack sprinkler layout: fire protection scheme B ............................................... 135
Fig. D.2.2.2.4. Multiple-row rack sprinkler layout: fire protection scheme B .............................................. 136
Fig. D.2.2.3.1. Single-row rack sprinkler layout: fire protection scheme C ................................................ 138
Fig. D.2.2.3.2. Single-row rack sprinkler layout: fire protection scheme C ................................................ 139
Fig. D.2.2.3.3. Double-row rack sprinkler layout: fire protection scheme C ............................................... 140
Fig. D.2.2.4.1. Single-row rack sprinkler layout: fire protection scheme D ............................................... 143
Fig. D.2.2.4.2. Single-row rack sprinkler layout: fire protection scheme D ................................................ 144
Fig. D.2.2.4.3. Double-row rack sprinkler layout: fire protection scheme D ............................................. 145
Fig. D.2.2.5.1. Single-row rack sprinkler layout: fire protection scheme E ................................................ 146
Fig. D.2.2.5.2. Double-row rack sprinkler layout: fire protection scheme E .............................................. 147
Fig. D.2.2.6.1a. Single row rack sprinkler layout: fire protection scheme F .............................................. 149

Fig. D.2.2.6.1b. Single row rack sprinkler alternate layout: fire protection scheme F ............................... 150
Fig. D.2.2.6.1c. Double row rack layout: fire protection scheme F ............................................................ 151
Fig. E.1.B. Water spray protection for steel columns ................................................................................ 152
List of Tables
Table 2.1.2.2. Water-Miscible Liquid Groupings ............................................................................................ 7
Table 2.1.3.1.6. Drainage and Containment for Very High Flash Point Liquids ............................................. 9
Table 2.1.3.1.7. Protection for Very High Flash Point Liquids ........................................................................ 9
Table 2.1.3.7.1. Glycol-Water and Glycerin-Water Mixtures ........................................................................ 11
Table 2.2.1.1.A. Location 1: Construction and Space Separation for Ignitable Liquid Storage Areas:
Outdoor Storage or Detached Low Value Buildings .......................................................... 12
Table 2.2.1.1.B. Location and Construction for Ignitable Liquid Storage Areas: Detached Protected
Buildings, Cut-off Rooms, or General-Purpose Warehouses ........................................... 13
Table 2.2.2.1.A. Drainage and Containment Requirements for Liquid Storage in Metal Containers
or FM Approved Composite IBCs in Cutoff Rooms/Buildings .......................................... 16
Table 2.2.2.1.A. Drainage and Containment Requirements for Liquid Storage in Metal Containers
or FM Approved Composite IBCs in Cutoff Rooms/Buildings (continued) ........................ 17
Table 2.2.2.1.B. Drainage and Containment Requirements for Liquid Storage in Plastic Containers
in Cutoff Rooms/Buildings ................................................................................................. 18
Table 2.2.2.1.B. Drainage and Containment Requirements for Liquid Storage in Plastic Containers
in Cutoff Rooms/Buildings (continued) .............................................................................. 19
Table 2.4.2.1. Palletized or Solid-Pile Storage of Ignitable Liquids in Relieving-Style Metal Containers
Larger
than 60 gal (230 L) and FM Approved Composite IBCs (Note 1) ....................................... 25
Table 2.4.2.2. Rack Storage of Ignitable Liquids in Relieving-Style Metal Containers Larger than
60 gal (230 L) and FM Approved Composite IBCs (Note 1) ................................................. 26
Table 2.4.3.1. Rack Storage of Ignitable Liquids in Metal Containers larger than 6.5 gal (25 L)
Up to and Including 60 gal (230 L) (Note 1) ......................................................................... 29
Table 2.4.3.1. Rack Storage of Ignitable Liquids in Metal Containers larger than 6.5 gal (25 L)
Up to and Including 60 gal (230 L) (Note 1) (continued) ...................................................... 30
Table 2.4.3.1 Rack Storage of Ignitable Liquids in Metal Containers larger than 6.5 gal (25 L)
Up to and Including 60 gal (230 L) (Note 1) (continued) ....................................................... 31
Table 2.4.3.2. Palletized/Solid-Pile Storage of Ignitable Liquids in Metal Containers Larger than 6.5 gal
(25 L) Up to and Including 60 gal (230 L)
(Apply Table in Accordance with Recommendation 2.4.3.2) (Note 1) ................................. 32
Table 2.4.3.2. Palletized/Solid-Pile Storage of Ignitable Liquids in Metal Containers Larger than 6.5 gal
(25 L) Up to and Including 60 gal (230 L)
(Apply Table in Accordance with Recommendation 2.4.3.2) (Note 1) (continued) ............... 33
Table 2.4.4.1.A. Rack Storage of Ignitable Liquid in Metal Containers Up to and Including 6.5 gal (25 L) . 35
Table 2.4.4.1.B. Protection for Any Ignitable Liquid in Relieving-Style Metal Containers Up to and
Including 6.5 gal (25 L), Excluding Ignitable Liquids with a Boiling Point Below 100°F
(38°C) (Note 1) .................................................................................................................. 36
Table 2.4.4.2. Palletized/Solid-Pile Storage of Liquids In Non Relieving-Style Metal Containers Up
to and Including 6.5 gal (25 L) (Note 1) ............................................................................... 37
Table 2.4.4.3. Shelf Storage of Liquids in Metal Containers Up to and Including 6.5 gal (25 L) (Note 1) . 37
Table 2.4.5.1. Fire Protection Criteria for Ignitable Liquids in Plastic or Glass Containers (Note 1) ......... 38
Table 2.4.6.1. Storage of Liquids in Composite IBCs (blow molded bottle in a wire cage on a wood
or steel pallet)(Note 1) .......................................................................................................... 40
Table 2.4.7.1. Rack Storage of Liquids in Plastic or Glass Containers with Flash Points Below 200°F
(93°C) (Note 1) ..................................................................................................................... 41
Table 2.4.7.2.1. Rack Storage of Liquids in Plastic or Glass Containers with Flash Points At or Above
200°F (93°C)(Note 1) ......................................................................................................... 43
Table 2.4.7.2.1. Rack Storage of Liquids in Plastic or Glass Containers with Flash Points At or Above
200°F (93°C) (Note 1) (continued) .................................................................................... 44
Table 2.4.7.2.2. Palletized/Solid Pile Storage of Liquids with Closed-Cup Flash Points At or Above
200°F (93°C) in Plastic Containers (Note 1) ..................................................................... 45

Table 2.4.7.2.2. Palletized/Solid Pile Storage of Liquids with Closed-Cup Flash Points At or Above
200°F (93°C) in Plastic Containers (Note 1) (continued) .................................................. 46
Table 2.4.7.3.1. Rack Storage of Group 1, 2, 3, and 4 Water-Miscible Liquids in Plastic or Glass
Containers (Note 1) ........................................................................................................... 48
Table 2.4.7.3.1. Rack Storage of Group 1, 2, 3, and 4 Water-Miscible Liquids in Plastic or Glass
Containers (Note 1) (continued) ........................................................................................ 49
Table 2.4.7.3.2. Palletized/Solid Pile Storage of Groups 1 through 4 Water-Miscible Liquids in Plastic
or Glass Containers (Note 1) ............................................................................................. 51
Table 2.4.7.3.2. Palletized/Solid Pile Storage of Groups 1 through 4 Water-Miscible Liquids in Plastic
or Glass Containers (Note 1) (continued) ......................................................................... 52
Table 2.4.8.4. Palletized Storage of Distilled Spirits with up to 75% Alcohol by Volume in Wooden Barrels . 55
Table 2.4.9.4. Rack Storage of Distilled Spirits in Wooden Barrels (Note 1) ............................................... 57
Table 2.8.1. Electrical Equipment Ratings and Lift Truck Ratings for Ignitable Liquids Storage
Occupancies ............................................................................................................................ 60
Table D.2.2.1.3. Liquid-Container Combinations for Use With Scheme A Without Balancing the
Ceiling and In-rack Designs ............................................................................................. 127
Table D.2.2.1.4. Liquid-Container Combinations for Use With Scheme A Where Balancing the
Ceiling and In-rack Designs is Needed ............................................................................ 127

1.0 SCOPE
This data sheet covers the storage of chemically stable liquids that can burn (i.e., ignitable liquids) stored
in portable, non-pressurized, metal, glass, fiberboard, plastic, or composite containers of any size.
For the purposes of this document, the term ″ignitable liquid″ is used for any liquid that has a measurable
flash point. The term ″flash point″ refers to the closed-cup flash point unless stated otherwise.
This data sheet does not address the following subjects:
A. The dispensing of ignitable liquids. Use FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheet 7-32, Ignitable
Liquid Operations, to evaluate all ignitable liquid dispensing operations.
B. Combustible solids or unstable liquids (i.e., liquids that have the potential to self-react or polymerize).
C. Liquids that have a flash point but no fire point (see Appendix A).
D. Aerosols. See Data Sheet 7-31, Storage of Aerosol Products.
E. Reactive chemicals, including water-reactive and pyrophoric materials.
F. Stationary tanks. See Data Sheet 7-88, Outdoor Ignitable Liquid Storage Tanks, and Data Sheet 7-32,
(for internal ignitable liquid storage tanks).
G. Compressed or flammable liquefied gases. See Data Sheet 7-50, Compressed Gases in Portable
Cylinders and Bulk Storage and Data Sheet 7-55, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Storage in Stationary
Installations.
1.1 Hazard
Ignitable liquids in sealed containers create many different fire scenarios. With metal containers, there is
the potential for the violent failure of the container or jetting if it is not adequately cooled. It is nearly impossible
to prevent the failure of a plastic container filled with an ignitable liquid, which creates the potential for the
development of a large growing pool fire.
Apart from the type of fire hazard that can be created, it does not take a lot of ignitable liquid storage to
create an unacceptably large fire in a general purpose warehouse. Full-scale fire tests have shown that even
a relatively small quantity of ignitable liquid can quickly overwhelm a sprinkler system designed for general
storage.
1.2 Changes
January 2024. Interim revision. Significant changes include the following:
A. Revised guidance, in Table 2.1.3.1.7, Protection for Very High Flash Point Liquids, to allow for the use
of quick-response sprinklers.
B. Provided clarification on fire-rated construction (Section 2.2.1). All new fire-rated construction should
be made of noncombustible materials.
C. Provided guidance, in Table 2.4.8.4, Palletized Storage of Distilled Spirits with up to 75% Alcohol by
Volume in Wooden Barrels, for K16.8 (K235), quick-response sprinklers.
D. Added N-Methylpyrrolidone (NMP) and Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) as water-miscible liquids (Table
2.1.2.2).
E. Completed various grammar and editorial revisions.
2.0 LOSS PREVENTION RECOMMENDATIONS
2.1 Introduction
Use FM Approved equipment, materials, and services whenever they are applicable and available. For a
list of products and services that are FM Approved, see the Approval Guide or RoofNav, online resources
of FM Approvals.

2.1.1 General
2.1.1.1 Apply all elements of this data sheet to liquids that have a flash point and a fire point.
2.1.1.2 Arrange, locate, and protect dispensing operations in accordance with Data Sheet 7-32.
2.1.1.2.1 Arrange cutoff rooms or detached buildings with both storage and dispensing to meet all applicable
recommendations in both this data sheet and Data Sheet 7-32, Ignitable Liquid Operations.
2.1.1.3 Do not mix storage of ignitable liquids with oxidizers, peroxides, or flammable gas.
2.1.1.4 Any level of aerosol product may be stored with ignitable liquids in maximum 1 qt (0.9 L) metal
containers if the provided fire protection scheme, isolation, and construction features are fully adequate for
both storage types. See Data Sheet 7-31 for information on aerosols.
2.1.1.5 Handle, store, and protect partially full ignitable liquid containers as full containers.
2.1.1.6 Store empty ignitable liquid containers that have not been cleaned and purged outside the facility.
2.1.1.7 Do not use plastic pallets for storage of ignitable liquids unless the protection scheme specifies that
they are acceptable.
2.1.1.8 FM Approved composite intermediate bulk containers (IBC) filled with liquids having a flash point
greater than or equal to 100°F (38°C) may be protected as metal containers in accordance with this data
sheet.
2.1.2 Liquid Evaluation

2.1.2.1 Evaluate all ignitable liquids, mixtures, emulsions, and semi-solids in storage in accordance with this
data sheet.
2.1.2.1.1 Treat aqueous mixtures having more than 20% ignitable liquid or emulsions having more than 20%
ignitable liquid in accordance with this data sheet and their flash point.
2.1.2.1.2 Treat aqueous mixtures having up to 20% ignitable liquid or emulsions with up to 20% ignitable
liquid as a liquid that will not create a pool fire regardless of flash or fire point. These liquids are not covered
by this data sheet.
2.1.2.2 Evaluate and group water-miscible ignitable liquids in accordance with Table 2.1.2.2. See Section
3.2.1 for further information.
Table 2.1.2.2. Water-Miscible Liquid Groupings

Volume Percent Range (%)
Liquid Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5
Alcohol (Note 1) 71 - 100 51 - 70 31 - 50 21 - 30 0 - 20
Acetone 16 – 80 DNA DNA DNA 0 - 15
Ethylene Glycol, DNA DNA 81 - 100 DNA 0 - 80
Propylene Glycol, Glycerin
(Note 2)
Acetic Acid DNA DNA 90 - 100 DNA 0 - 89
N-Methylpyrrolidone DNA DNA 86 - 100 DNA 0 - 85
(NMP)
Dimethyl Sulfoxide DNA DNA 81 - 100 DNA 0 - 80
(DMSO)
Note 1. Methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, n-propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol, allyl alcohol.
Note 2. For glycol-water or glycerin-water mixtures less than or equal to 80% glycol or glycerin, respectively, see Section 2.1.3.7.
Note 3. DNA = does not apply.
2.1.2.2.1 From a fire hazard standpoint, treat Group 5 water-miscible liquids as nonignitable liquids.
2.1.2.2.2 Treat a mixture of alcohol and another water miscible liquid by adding up the percentages and basing
the group on the total alcohol percentage. For example, treat a mixture comprised of 40% alcohol, 30%
propylene glycol, and 30% water as 70% alcohol (Group 2).
2.1.2.3 Protect viscous mixtures (see Section 3.2.3 for definition) of ignitable liquids with solids as follows:

2.1.2.3.1 When in metal containers, protect as a Class 3 commodity in accordance with Data Sheet 8-9,
Storage of Class 1, 2, 3, 4 and Plastic Commodities.
2.1.2.3.2 When in plastic containers, protect as a cartoned unexpanded plastic in accordance with Data Sheet
8-9.
2.1.2.4 Protect materials that are solid at room temperature (68°F [20°C]) in accordance with the applicable
FM Global data sheet.
2.1.3 Atypical Ignitable Liquids
2.1.3.1 Very High Flash Point Liquids

2.1.3.1.1 Treat liquids that meet ANY of the following criteria as very high flash point liquids:
A. Unheated liquids with a flash point at or above 414°F (212°C).
B. Heated liquids with a flash point at or above 414°F (212°C) that have an operating temperature that
meets the following equations:
Closed cup flash point (°F) - operating temperature (°F) > 324°F
Closed cup flash point (°C) - operating temperature (°C) > 180°C
The equations above are a temperature difference, direct conversion of the value is not appropriate,
different values need to be used for the calculation depending on the temperature scale.
C. Vegetable oils and fish oils with a closed cup flash point at or above 450°F (232°C) that are heated
to less than or equal to 150°F (65°C).
2.1.3.1.2 Confirm the closed-cup flash point of the stored liquid using one of the following test methods:
A. ASTM D56, Standard Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Tester
B. ASTM D93, Standard Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester
C. ISO 2719, Petroleum Products and Lubricants - Determination of Flash Point - Pensky-Martens Closed
Cup Method
2.1.3.1.2.1 Repeat the test three times. If the closed-cup flash point is at or above 414°F (212°C) for the
average of all three tests, the liquid should be treated as a very high flash point liquid.
2.1.3.1.3 Store very high flash point liquids in locations 1 through 5 per Figure 2.2.1.1.
2.1.3.1.4 Do not vertically mix liquid storage in containers greater than or equal to 40 gal (150 L) with solid
commodities.
2.1.3.1.5 Provide a minimum horizontal separation between very high flash point liquids in containers greater
than or equal to 40 gal (150 L) and non-liquid storage as follows:
2.1.3.1.5.1 For very high flash point liquids in metal containers, provide a minimum of 5 ft (1.5 m) horizontal
separation.
2.1.3.1.5.2 For very high flash point liquids in plastic containers, including composite IBCs, all-plastic IBCs,
or bag-in-box style IBCs, provide a minimum of 10 ft (3 m) horizontal separation.
2.1.3.1.6 Provide drainage and containment for very high flash point liquids in accordance with Table 2.1.3.1.6.

Table 2.1.3.1.6. Drainage and Containment for Very High Flash Point Liquids
Container
Type Container Size Drainage and Containment Guidance
Metal Any Drainage or containment is not required.
Plastic Composite IBCs on a Provide containment around the IBC storage area sized for the contents of
wood, steel, or plastic four IBCs. Drainage is not required.
pallet
All-plastic IBCs Provide containment around the IBC storage area sized for the contents of
all stored IBCs. Drainage is not required.
≤60 gal (230 L) Drainage or containment is not required.
Bag-in-Box IBCs Provide containment around the IBC storage area sized for the contents of
twelve IBCs. Drainage is not required.
2.1.3.1.7 Protect very high flash point liquids in accordance with Table 2.1.3.1.7.
Table 2.1.3.1.7. Protection for Very High Flash Point Liquids

Maximum
Container Container Storage Storage
Type Capacity Arrangement Height Protection Guidance
Metal ≥40 gal (150 L) Rack or Any Design automatic sprinklers to protect the surrounding
Palletized occupancy or use a minimum ceiling sprinkler design of 0.2
gpm/ft2 (8 mm/min).
>6.5 and < 40 Rack Use protection guidance for liquids with flash points ≥200°F (93°C) in
gal (>25 and Table 2.4.3.1.
< 150 L) Palletized Use protection guidance for liquids with flash points ≥200°F (93°C) in
Table 2.4.3.2.
≤6.5 gal (25 L)Rack See Table 2.4.4.1.A, Table 2.4.4.1.B
Palletized See Table 2.4.4.1.B, Table 2.4.4.2
Plastic Composite IBCs Rack or Any Design automatic sprinklers to protect the surrounding
on a wood or Palletized occupancy or use a minimum ceiling sprinkler design of 0.2
steel pallet gpm/ft2 (8 mm/min).
Composite IBCs Rack (SRR or Any For rack storage to a maximum ceiling height of 30 ft (9.0
on a plastic DRR only) m), provide sprinkler protection designed for uncartoned
pallet unexpanded plastic (UUP) in accordance with Data Sheet
8-9.
Palletized Any Provide sprinkler protection designed for uncartoned
expanded plastic (UEP) in accordance with Data Sheet 8-9.
All-plastic IBCs Rack N/A
Palletized 1 Unit Provide sprinkler protection designed for uncartoned
expanded plastic (UEP) in accordance with Data Sheet 8-9.
≥40 to ≤60 gal Rack or 1 Unit Design automatic sprinklers to protect the surrounding
(150 to 230 L) Palletized occupancy or use a minimum ceiling sprinkler design of 0.2
gpm/ft2 (8 mm/min) over 2000 ft2 (190 m2).
>1 Unit Protect as an uncartoned, unexpanded plastic per Data
Sheet 8-9.
>6.5 to <40 gal Rack See Table 2.4.7.2.1
(>25 to <150 L) Palletized N/A
≤6.5 gal (25 L) Rack See Table 2.4.7.2.1
Palletized See Table 2.4.7.2.2
Bag-in-Box IBCs Rack N/A
Palletized ≤2 Units Design automatic sprinklers to protect the surrounding
occupancy or use a minimum ceiling sprinkler design of 0.2
gpm/ft2 (8 mm/min).
2.1.3.2 Silicone Fluids and Silicone Emulsions

2.1.3.2.1 Treat silicone emulsions consisting of up to 50% silicone fluid in water as non-ignitable liquids.

2.1.3.2.2 Protect straight-chain silicone fluids (also referred to as siloxanes or methyl siloxanes) that have
a closed-cup flash point of 414°F (212°C) or greater as very high flash point liquids in accordance with this
data sheet.
2.1.3.2.3 Protect all other silicone fluids (e.g., methylhydrogen siloxanes, organofunctional silanes) as
ignitable liquids in accordance with their flash point and this data sheet.
2.1.3.3 Paste Ink

2.1.3.3.1 Protect paste ink storage in accordance with Data Sheet 7-96, Printing Plants.
2.1.3.4 Polyurethane Foam Components

2.1.3.4.1 Apply this section only to the following liquids commonly used to make polyurethane:
• Polymethylene polyphenyl isocyanate, diphenylmethane diisocyanate, or polymeric MDI or PMDI,
often designated as “Part A”.
• Polyol, often designated as “Part B”.
2.1.3.4.2 Treat polyols blended with oil or any other ignitable liquid, such as glycols or glycerines, as ignitable
liquids.
The polyol used in packaging systems is usually not blended with oil or other ignitable liquids. Polyols used
to make flexible foam products are normally blended with oils.
2.1.3.4.3 Protect storage of PMDI in metal or plastic containers in accordance with its flash point and this
data sheet.
2.1.3.4.4 For areas where PMDI and polyol are used, adhere to the recommendations in Data Sheet 7-32.
2.1.3.5 Butterfat or Milk Fat

2.1.3.5.1 Protect butterfat or milk fat as a very high flash point liquid in accordance with this data sheet.
2.1.3.6 Unsaturated Polyester Resin (UPR)

2.1.3.6.1 Protect UPR mixtures with 50% or less styrene in a palletized array up to 3 relieving-style drums
(10 ft [3 m]) high without a foam-water sprinkler system (see Table 2.4.3.2 and table note 2).
2.1.3.6.2 Apply all other construction, containment, drainage, and ignition source control recommendations
based on the container size and mixture flash point.
2.1.3.6.3 Protect other container sizes of UPR or UPR with higher styrene content based on the container
and the liquid flash point in accordance with this data sheet.
2.1.3.7 Propylene Glycol, Ethylene Glycol, and Glycerin Mixtures

2.1.3.7.1 Use Table 2.1.3.7.1 to determine the recommended fire protection for glycol-water mixtures and
glycerin-water mixtures.

Table 2.1.3.7.1. Glycol-Water and Glycerin-Water Mixtures

Glycol or Glycerin Content Protection
>80% Protect as a Group 3 water-miscible liquid.
Plastic/Glass Containers:
≤80% and >35% Protect as a cartoned unexpanded plastic.
Metal Containers:
Protect for the provided packaging.
Plastic/Glass Containers:
≤35% Protect as a non-ignitable liquid in a plastic container.
Metal Containers:
Protect for the provided packaging.
2.1.3.8 Semi-Solid Liquids

2.1.3.8.1 Protect butter or margarine in any container as a Class 3 commodity in accordance with Data Sheet
8-9.
2.1.3.8.2 Protect liquid salad dressings as follows:
2.1.3.8.2.1 Protect dressings with less than 50% oil content in any packaging as a Class 3 commodity in
accordance with Data Sheet 8-9.
2.1.3.8.2.2 Protect dressings with greater than or equal to 50% oil content in any packaging in accordance
with this data sheet.
2.1.3.8.3 Protect any semi-solid oil-based product (e.g., shortening, deep- frying fat, grease) in accordance
with its measured flash point and this data sheet.
2.1.3.9 Phase Change Materials (PCMs)

Phase change materials (PCMs) are used in packaging to maintain temperature for shipments during transit.
They are typically gel when at or below room temperature but can quickly change to a liquid when heated.
PCMs can be stored in individual packaging containers or can be stored in bulk.
2.1.3.9.1 Classify PCMs based on the lowest closed cup flash point for any component.
2.1.3.9.2 Protect PCMs as liquids in plastic containers using the protection tables in this data sheet based
on the lowest flash point of the component(s), container size, and storage arrangement.
2.1.3.9.2.1 The container size should be calculated based on the total amount of liquid or gel contained in
each individual pack.
2.2 Construction and Location
2.2.1 General
2.2.1.1 Segregate ignitable liquid storage from occupancies not designed for ignitable liquid hazards using
outdoor locations, detached low value buildings, cutoff rooms, or general purpose warehouses in accordance
with Figure 2.2.1.1, Table 2.2.1.1.A, Table 2.2.1.1.B, and this section.
Outside cut-off rooms may be attached to the main building or detached. Properly designed and protected
detached outside cut-off rooms (Location 2) do not require space separation from the main building.

.A
Definitions:
Location 1 - Outside Storage / Detached Low Value Building Location 3 & 4 - Inside Cut-Off Room
Location 2 - Outside Cut-Off Room (Attached or Detached) Location 5 - General Purpose Warehouse
Fig. 2.2.1.1. Location and construction of ignitable liquid storage areas: outdoor storage, detached low value buildings,
detached protected buildings, and cutoff rooms.
Table 2.2.1.1.A. Location 1: Construction and Space Separation for Ignitable Liquid Storage Areas: Outdoor Storage or
Detached Low Value Buildings
Location ’C’ Wall
Separation Distance Construction Type
Flash Point, Liquid to Main Building [ft (Note 1) or Fire
Container Type Type Container Size (m)] Rating (Note 2)
Any < 200°F (93°C) Any 50 (15) Any
25 (7.6) NC
≥ 200°F (93°C) Any 25 (7.6) Any
15 (4.6) NC
Any Any 5 (1.5) 1 hour
Note 1. NC = Noncombustible.
Note 2. Fire ratings are per ASTM E119 ratings or local code equivalent, and materials shall be noncombustible.

Table 2.2.1.1.B. Location and Construction for Ignitable Liquid Storage Areas: Detached Protected Buildings, Cut-off
Rooms, or General-Purpose Warehouses
Construction Type
Flash Point, Storage Location (Note 2) or Fire
Container Type Liquid Type Container Size (Note 1) Wall Location Rating (Note 3)
Metal Any ≤ 6.5 gal (25 L) 2, 3, 4, 5 A, B, C NC
> 6.5 gal (25 L) 2, 3, 4 A NC
B 1 hour
Very high flash ≥ 40 gal (150L) 2, 3, 4, 5 A, B, C NC
point
SG > 1 > 6.5 gal (25 L) 2, 3, 4, 5 A, B NC
FM Approved ≥100°F (38°C) Any 2, 3, 4 A, B NC
composite IBC
Plastic, Glass, or ≥ 200°F (93°C) ≤ 6.5 gal (25 L) 2, 3, 4, 5 A, B, C NC
Other > 6.5 gal (25 L) 2, 3, 4 A NC
Combustible B 2 hour
Containers Water-miscible ≤ 1 gal (4 L) 2, 3, 4, 5 A, B, C NC
> 1 gal (4 L) and 2, 3, 4 A NC
≤ 60 gal (230 L) B 1 hour
> 60 gal (230 L) 2, 3, 4 A NC
B 2 hour
<200°F (93°C) ≤ 5 oz (150 ml) 2, 3, 4, 5 A, B, C NC
> 5 oz (150 ml) 2, 3, 4 A NC
B 2 hour
Very high flash ≥ 40 gal (150L) 2, 3, 4, 5 A, B, C NC
point
Note 1: Location 5 represents a general-purpose warehouse. The liquid-package combination is assumed to be adequately protected in
accordance with this data sheet.
Note 2. NC = Noncombustible.
Note 3. Fire ratings are per ASTM E119 ratings or local code equivalent, and materials shall be noncombustible.
2.2.1.1.1 Treat detached buildings that are adequately protected as a cut-off room. Space separation is not
needed.
2.2.1.2 Locate storage areas on ground floors.
2.2.1.3 Arrange outdoor storage or storage in low value detached buildings as follows:
2.2.1.3.1 For non-relieving-style containers larger than 6.5 gal (25 L) in size, limit storage height as follows:
A. Limit to one container high when using separation distances in Table 2.2.1.1.A
B. Limit to three containers high when storage is located a minimum of 50 ft (15 m) from important buildings
or equipment, regardless of the exposed building construction
2.2.1.3.1.1 This does not apply to storage located in prefabricated ignitable liquid storage buildings (PILSBs)
due to the limited storage quantities that can fit into one of these units.
2.2.1.3.2 Limit relieving-style containers larger than 6.5 gal (25 L) in size to three containers high.
2.2.1.3.3 Limit any one dimension of the storage pad/area/building to 100 ft (30.5 m).
2.2.1.3.4 Provide curbs, dikes, or drainage to prevent released liquids from exposing important buildings or
equipment.
2.2.1.3.4.1 If the ground is clearly sloped away from important buildings or equipment, dikes are not required
for property protection purposes.
2.2.1.3.5 Arrange curbed/diked areas to permit removal of impounded liquids.
2.2.1.3.6 Provide adequate and safe access to the liquid storage areas for the fire service.
2.2.1.3.7 Provide fire hydrants that are safely accessible to the fire service, spaced no more than 200 ft
(60 m) from liquid storage areas.

2.2.1.3.8 Treat outdoor storage that is provided with a noncombustible roof as a detached protected building
if the storage arrangements and sprinkler designs are in accordance with this data sheet.
2.2.1.4 Where spacing between Location 1 and important buildings or equipment is inadequate, provide
deluge water spray on the exposed wall at a rate of 0.3 gpm/ft2 (12 mm/min) of exposed wall.
2.2.1.4.1 Arrange the detection system to reliably activate the deluge water spray system if a fire involves
the outdoor storage or detached low value building.
2.2.1.4.2 Arrange the exposure protection system in accordance with Section 2.4 of Data Sheet 1-20,
Protection Against Exterior Fire Exposure.
2.2.1.4.2.1 Use spacing and arrangement criteria for “storage greater than 30 ft (9 m) high.”
2.2.1.4.2.2 Provide exposure protection for the length of the exposing storage footprint and 30 ft (9 m) beyond.
2.2.1.4.3 Include a 500 gpm (1900 L/min) hose stream allowance.
2.2.1.4.4 Provide a water supply duration of two hours.
2.2.1.5 For liquid-container combinations requiring a 1-hour fire-rated cutoff room, construct cutoff rooms
as follows:
2.2.1.5.1 Provide noncombustible, fire-rated walls per ASTM E119, Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of
Building Construction and Materials, or local equivalent.
2.2.1.5.2 Design walls to be liquid-tight so released liquids (e.g., ignitable liquids, sprinkler discharge, inside
hose streams) will be contained.
2.2.1.5.3 Design walls for the hydraulic pressure created by the contained liquid level.
2.2.1.5.4 Provide impact protection for fire-rated walls constructed of low-impact strength materials (e.g.,
gypsum board) to a height equal to the storage height when storage is adjacent to the wall, or 5 ft (1.5 m)
when the storage is away from the wall.
2.2.1.5.5 Provide at least one outside access door for the cutoff room.
2.2.1.5.6 Protect necessary interior openings with a properly fire-rated, normally closed, automatically closing,
FM Approved fire door installed on the storage side of the wall.
2.2.1.5.6.1 When an FM Approved automatic spill barrier is installed, locate the fire door on the non-storage
side of the wall.
2.2.1.5.6.2 A less desirable alternative is to arrange a normally open fire door to automatically close actuated
by a fire inside or directly outside the room (e.g., provide a fusible link on both sides of the fire wall).
2.2.1.6 For liquid-container combinations requiring a 2-hour fire-rated cutoff room construct cutoff rooms in
accordance with Section 2.2.1.5 and as follows:
2.2.1.6.1 Provide noncombustible, fire rated walls per ASTM E119, Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of
Building Construction and Materials, or local equivalent.
2.2.1.6.2 If the liquid pool fire will affect all four sides of a steel column located inside a cutoff room, protect
columns using the guidance in Appendix E.
2.2.1.6.3 For Location 2 storage areas, provide noncombustible wall construction with no openings for the
wall on the main building/warehouse side for 10 ft (3 m) beyond each side of an exterior cutoff room.
2.2.1.7 Construct roofs and ceilings of cutoff rooms and detached protected buildings as follows:
2.2.1.7.1 For cutoff rooms that have ceilings below the main building’s roof, provide a ceiling assembly that
has the same fire resistance as the interior walls of the cutoff room.
2.2.1.7.2 For cutoff rooms that share the main building roof or detached protected buildings, provide a
non-combustible roof, an FM Approved Class 1 steel deck roof or an FM Approved insulated metal panel
roof in accordance with Data Sheet 1-29, Roof Deck Securement and Above-Deck Roof Components.
2.2.1.7.3 For cutoff rooms and detached protected buildings that have wooden roof assemblies, sheath the
wooden roof with material that achieves the same fire resistance as needed for the interior walls of the cutoff
room.

2.2.1.7.4 Provide sprinklers in any combustible or concealed spaces in accordance with Data Sheet 1-12,
Ceilings and Concealed Spaces.
2.2.1.8 Arrange cutoff rooms as follows:
2.2.1.8.1 Provide the cutoff rooms with dedicated exterior shipping docks.
2.2.1.8.2 If shipping docks are not provided in the cutoff room, locate cutoff rooms next to shipping docks
to minimize the ignitable liquid fire hazard along liquid transportation routes in buildings that are not protected
for the hazard.
2.2.1.8.3 Provide space in the cutoff rooms for staging products, if needed, before they are placed in storage
or while they are awaiting shipment.
2.2.1.9 For loading docks on which ignitable liquid containers are staged, provide construction, protection,
containment, and emergency drainage as recommended by this data sheet. The term ″staged″ in this context
excludes uninterrupted movement of containers from inside the shipping vehicle directly to the properly
designed storage area.
2.2.1.10 Provide self-supporting rack structures for distilled spirit barrel storage warehouses. Follow guidance
in Section 2.5.3 for operation and maintenance at these warehouses.
2.2.2 Drainage and Containment

2.2.2.1 For cutoff rooms or buildings in which ignitable liquids are stored, provide emergency drainage and/or
containment in accordance with Table 2.2.2.1.A or Table 2.2.2.1.B.
2.2.2.1.1 The volume of spilled liquid is dependent on the container type, liquid container size, and storage
arrangement, among other factors.

Table 2.2.2.1.A. Drainage and Containment Requirements for Liquid Storage in Metal Containers or FM Approved Composite IBCs in Cutoff Rooms/Buildings
Page 16
7-29
Container Flash Point,
Type Liquid Type Container Size Drainage and/or Containment Options and Alternatives
Metal Very high flash Any See Section 2.1.3.1.6
point
≥200°F (93°C) ≤6.5 gal (25 L) None
>6.5 gal (25 L) 1. Provide containment arranged to prevent spilled liquid and actual sprinkler discharge (Note 1) from spreading to other building
Ignitable Liquid Storage in Portable Containers

Or areas not protected for an ignitable liquid fire hazard for 30 minutes. Provide no less than 3 in. (76 mm) of containment across
all interior openings.
Water-miscible Or
2. Provide emergency drainage and containment. Provide no less than 3 in. (76 mm) of containment across all interior openings.
Or
3. Provide containment and a special protection system as per this data sheet. Design the containment designed to keep spilled
liquid and actual sprinkler discharge (Note 1) plus special protection system discharge from spreading to other building areas
not protected for an ignitable liquid fire hazard for 20 minutes. Provide no less than 3 in. (76 mm) of containment across all
interior openings.
<200°F (93°C) ≤6.5 gal (25 L) None
>6.5 gal (25 L) 1. Provide containment arranged to prevent spilled liquid and actual sprinkler discharge (Note 1) from spreading to other building
and ≤60 gal areas not protected for an ignitable liquid fire hazard for 30 minutes. Provide no less than 3 in. (76 mm) of containment across all
(230 L) interior openings.
Or
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets

Or
3. Provide containment and a special protection system as per this data sheet. Design the containment to keep spilled liquid and
actual sprinkler discharge (Note 1) plus special protection system discharge from spreading to other building areas not protected
for an ignitable liquid fire hazard outside the room/building of origin for 20 minutes. Provide no less than 3 in. (76 mm) of
containment across all interior openings.
>60 gal (230 1. Provide emergency drainage and containment designed to limit the liquid pool to no more than the sprinkler operating area, to
L) prevent spilled liquid and actual sprinkler discharge (Note 1) from spreading to other building areas not protected for an
ignitable liquid fire hazard outside the room/building of origin. Provide no less than 3 in. (76 mm) of containment across all
interior openings.
Or
2. Provide containment and a special protection system as per this data sheet. Design containment to keep spilled liquid and
actual sprinkler discharge (Note 1) plus special protection discharge from spreading to other building areas not protected for an
ignitable liquid fire hazard for 20 minutes. Provide no less than 3 in. (76 mm) of containment across all interior openings.
SG >1 ≤6.5 gal (25 L) None
>6.5 gal (25 L) Provide containment sized to hold the largest expected ignitable liquid release plus an additional 2 in. (51 mm) of freeboard. Limit
the containment footprint to an area no larger than the sprinkler operating area.
Table 2.2.2.1.A. Drainage and Containment Requirements for Liquid Storage in Metal Containers or FM Approved Composite IBCs in Cutoff Rooms/Buildings (continued)

Container Flash Point, Container
Type Liquid Type Size Drainage and/or Containment Options and Alternatives
FM Approved Very high Any See Section 2.1.3.1.6
composite flash point
IBC ≥200°F (93°C) Any 1. Provide containment arranged to prevent spilled liquid and actual sprinkler discharge (Note 1) from spreading to other building
Or Water- areas not protected for an ignitable liquid fire hazard for 30 minutes. Provide no less than 3 in. (76 mm) of containment across
miscible all interior openings.
Or
Or
3. Provide containment and a special protection system per this data sheet. Design the containment designed to keep spilled
liquid and actual sprinkler discharge (Note 1) plus special protection system discharge from spreading to other building areas
not protected for an ignitable liquid fire hazard for 20 minutes. Provide no less than 3 in. (76 mm) of containment across all
interior openings.
≥100°F (38°C) Any 1. Provide emergency drainage and containment designed to limit the liquid pool to no more than the sprinkler operating area, to
prevent spilled liquid and actual sprinkler discharge (Note 1) from spreading to other building areas not protected for an
ignitable liquid fire hazard. Provide no less than 3 in. (76 mm) of containment across all interior openings.
Or
2. Provide containment and a special protection system per this data sheet. Design containment to keep spilled liquid and actual
sprinkler discharge (Note 1) plus special protection discharge from spreading to other building areas not protected for an
ignitable liquid fire hazard for 20 minutes. Provide no less than 3 in. (76 mm) of containment across all interior openings.
SG >1 Any Provide containment sized to hold the largest expected ignitable liquid release plus an additional 2 in. (51 mm) of freeboard. Limit
the containment footprint to an area no larger than the sprinkler operating area.
Note: 1. The amount of water that will discharge from the sprinklers based on the available water supply, not the theoretical sprinkler discharge.
Page 17
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Table 2.2.2.1.B. Drainage and Containment Requirements for Liquid Storage in Plastic Containers in Cutoff Rooms/Buildings
Page 18
7-29
Flash Point, Liquid
Container Type Type (Note 1) Container Size Drainage and/or Containment Options and Alternatives
Plastic, Glass, or Very high flash point Any See Section 2.1.3.1.6.
Other Combustible ≥200°F (93°C) ≤6.5 gal (25 L) None
Containers >6.5 gal (25 L) 1. Provide emergency drainage and containment arranged to prevent spilled liquid and actual sprinkler discharge (Note 1) from spreading to other building areas not
protected for an ignitable liquid fire hazard for 30 minutes. Arrange the drains to subdivide the room into the smallest practical drainage areas but no larger than 5000

2
ft (465 m2). Provide no less than 3 in. (76 mm) of containment across all interior openings. All containers in the cutoff room are expected to fail.
Or
2. Provide containment and a special protection system as per this data sheet. Design the containment to keep spilled liquid and actual sprinkler discharge (Note 1) plus
special protection system discharge from spreading to other building areas not protected for an ignitable liquid fire hazard for 20 minutes. Provide no less than 3 in.
(76 mm) of containment across all interior openings.
Or
3. For composite IBC storage protected in accordance with Table 2.4.6.1, provide emergency drainage and containment or containment alone arranged to prevent spilled
liquid and actual sprinkler discharge (Note 1) from spreading to other buildingareas not protected for an ignitable liquid fire hazard for 30 minutes. Provide no less than
3 in. (76 mm) of containment across all interior openings.
<200°F (93°C) ≤2 oz (60 ml) None
> 2 oz (60 ml) and For rack storage protected using Table 2.4.7.1, provide no less than 3 in. (76 mm) of containment across all interior openings. For all other storage arrangements, follow
≤ 1 gal (4 L) the guidance for containers larger than 1 gal (4 L).

> 1 gal (4 L) 1. Provide emergency drainage and containment arranged to prevent spilled liquid and actual sprinkler discharge (Note 1) from spreading to other building areas not
ft2 (465 m2). Provide no less than 3 in. (76 mm) of containment across all interior openings. All containers in the cutoff room are expected to fail.
Or
2. Provide containment and a special protection system as per this data sheet. Design the containment to keep spilled liquid plus actual sprinkler discharge (Note 1) plus
special protection system discharge from spreading to areas not protected for an ignitable liquid fire hazard outside the room/building of origin for 20 minutes. Provide
no less than 3 in. (76 mm) of containment across all interior openings.
Table 2.2.2.1.B. Drainage and Containment Requirements for Liquid Storage in Plastic Containers in Cutoff Rooms/Buildings (continued)

Flash Point, Liquid
Container Type Type (Note 1) Container Size Drainage and/or Containment Options and Alternatives
Plastic, Glass, or Water-miscible ≤1 gal (4 L) None
Other Combustible Group 1, 2, 3 & 4 >1 gal (4 L) and ≤60 For storage protected using Table 2.4.7.3.1 or Table 2.4.7.3.2, provide no less than 3 in. (76 mm) of containment across all interior openings. For storage protected using
Containers gal (230 L) Table 2.4.5.1, follow the guidance for containers larger than 60 gal (230 L).
Wooden barrels 53 For distilled spirits stored in wooden barrels and protected in accordance with Section 2.4.8 or 2.4.9, arrange warehouses to either fully contain the sprinkler discharge or
– 130 gal to direct all release liquids to a safe remote location. If trench drains are used to isolate storage areas, design the trench drains as emergency drainage.
(200 – 500L)
>60 gal (230 L) 1. Provide emergency drainage and containment arranged to prevent spilled liquid and actual sprinkler discharge (Note 1) from spreading to other building areas not
ft2 (465 m2). Provide no less than 3 in. (76 mm) of containment across all interior openings. All containers in the cutoff room are expected to fail.
Or
2. Provide containment and a special protection system as per this data sheet. Design the containment to keep spilled liquid and actual sprinkler discharge (Note 1) plus
special protection system discharge from spreading to other building areas not protected for an ignitable liquid fire hazard for 20 minutes. Provide no less than 3 in.
(76 mm) of containment across all interior openings.
Or
3. For composite IBC storage protected in accordance with Table 2.4.6.1, provide emergency drainage and containment or containment alone arranged to prevent spilled
liquid plus actual sprinkler discharge (Note 1) from spreading to areas not protected for an ignitable liquid fire hazard outside the room/building of origin for 30
minutes. Provide no less than 3 in. (76 mm) of containment across all interior openings.
Note: 1. The amount of water that will actually discharge from the sprinklers based on the available water supply, not the theoretical sprinkler discharge.
Page 19
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2.2.2.2 For liquids with a viscosity greater than 10,000 cP, containment without emergency drainage is
sufficient.
2.2.2.3 For locations with multiple ignitable liquid storage warehouses, provide grading between the
warehouses so liquids do not flow to adjacent buildings.
2.2.2.4 Design emergency drainage and containment systems in accordance with Data Sheet 7-83, Drainage
and Containment Systems for Ignitable Liquids, to prevent the flow of liquid into adjacent areas of the facility
that are not protected for an ignitable liquid fire hazard.
2.2.2.5 Do not include hose stream demands in the drainage or containment design unless inside hose
stations are provided.
2.2.2.5.1 Use 50 gpm (190 L/min) for one hose station, or 100 gpm (380 L/min) for more than one in the
fire area.
2.2.2.6 For special protection systems, containment without emergency drainage is sufficient.
2.2.2.6.1 Arrange containment to prevent the flow of liquid into adjacent areas within the facility that are not
protected for an ignitable liquid fire hazard for at least 20 minutes.
2.2.3 Premanufactured Buildings, Lockers, and Cabinets

2.2.3.1 Use FM Approved prefabricated ignitable liquid storage buildings (PILSBs) as an alternative to a
permanently constructed cut-off or detached ignitable liquids storage room, subject to the following limitations:
2.2.3.1.1 The unit is designed to fully contain the storage and allows for personnel entry as shown in Figure
2.2.3.1.1. Liquids stored in these units cannot leak out of the unit because they are fully contained by walls.
Fig. 2.2.3.1.1. Prefabricated ignitable liquid storage building (PILSB)
2.2.3.1.2 Provide all the active and passive protection features recommended in this data sheet (fire rating,
containment and drainage, ventilation, ignition source control, and automatic fire protection) for the PILSB.
2.2.3.1.3 Do not use PILSB units with explosion venting inside a building.
2.2.3.2 Use FM Approved ignitable liquid storage lockers, as shown in Figure 2.2.3.2, for outdoor storage
of liquids.
2.2.3.2.1 If a storage locker is located inside the building, locate the unit in a cut-off room and protect in
accordance with this standard or Data Sheet 7-32, depending on how it is used (i.e., just storage or storage
and dispensing).
2.2.3.3 Use FM Approved ignitable liquid storage cabinets to hold limited quantities of ignitable liquids in
general-purpose warehouses, subject to the following limitations:

Fig. 2.2.3.2. Ignitable liquid storage locker
2.2.3.3.1 For cabinets designed to hold containers larger than 5 gal (19 L), restrict ignitable liquid quantities
to ensure the cabinet will contain the largest expected liquid release (e.g., largest metal container and
contents of all the plastic containers).
2.2.3.3.2 Provide a minimum of 20 ft (6 m) separation between cabinets and non-liquid warehouse areas.
2.2.3.3.3 Do not put cabinets within non-liquid rack storage arrangements.
2.2.3.3.4 Do not dispense ignitable liquids from containers located in storage cabinets in warehouse
occupancies.
2.3 Occupancy
2.3.1 Housekeeping
2.3.1.1 Establish and implement a housekeeping program for areas storing ignitable liquids that adheres to
the highest standards and includes the following elements.
A. Clean up spills promptly.
B. Keep waste materials in FM Approved oily waste cans.
C. Remove waste daily.
D. Maintain adequate aisles to permit unobstructed movement of personnel and access for firefighting.
E. Do not store other combustibles in the area nor permit any material that might wash into or plug drains.
F. Keep outdoor storage areas clear of grass, weeds, and other combustibles.
2.3.2 Ventilation
2.3.2.1 Provide continuous low-level ventilation designed in accordance with Data Sheet 7-32, if the following
scenarios are present:
2.3.2.1.1 For storage occupancies containing liquids with a boiling point below 100°F (38°C) provide a design
of 0.5 cfm/ft2 (0.15 m3/min/m2).

2.3.2.1.2 For storage occupancies with poorly maintained and leaking containers or occupancies with
dispensing operations use the ventilation rate recommended in Data Sheet 7-32.
2.3.3 Flue Spaces

2.3.3.1 Provide vertically aligned, minimum net 6 in. (152 mm) wide open flue spaces around all four sides
of all product loads within storage racks.
2.4 Protection
2.4.1 General
2.4.1.1 Automatic Sprinkler Systems

2.4.1.1.1 Provide storage automatic sprinklers over all areas used for storing, staging, or for transporting
ignitable liquids.
2.4.1.1.1.1 Extend the sprinkler protection to the physical limits of the area.
2.4.1.1.2 Use a wet, pre-action, or deluge system.
2.4.1.1.3 For unheated areas, use one of the following:
A. A deluge sprinkler system.
B. A dry sprinkler system. Use a sprinkler design area equal to the cutoff room or building floor area regardless
of what is provided in the protection tables.
C. A pre-action system.
2.4.1.1.4 Install sprinkler systems in accordance with Data Sheet 2-0, Installation Guidelines for Automatic
Sprinklers. Specific installation guidance provided in this data sheet supersedes other installation data sheets.
2.4.1.1.4.1. Arrange sprinklers on a maximum of 100 ft2 (9 m2) spacing at the ceiling.
2.4.1.1.4.2 Arrange sprinklers with a maximum on-line spacing of 10 ft (3 m). A variation of 1 ft (0.3 m) is
permitted on either dimension to avoid obstructions by structural elements.
2.4.1.1.4.3 Where FM Approved K25EC (360EC) sprinklers (pendent or upright) are used, install on a
minimum 13 ft (3.9 m) to a maximum 14 ft (4.2 m) linear spacing.
2.4.1.1.4.4 Do not use ordinary or light hazard, extended coverage sprinklers in liquid storage occupancies.
2.4.1.1.4.5 Buildings or cutoff areas that are equal to, or less than, the sprinkler operating area can utilize
sprinkler temperatures less than what is recommended in the tables and faster response times.
2.4.1.2 In-Rack Sprinklers

2.4.1.2.1 Use FM Approved in-rack sprinklers.
2.4.1.2.2 Install in-rack sprinklers in accordance with the figures (see Appendix D.2.1) or schemes (see
Appendix D.2.2) referred to in the tables.
2.4.1.2.2.1 Locate in-rack sprinklers that are installed in the longitudinal flue space at the junction of transverse
flue spaces, within 6 in. (152 mm) of the transverse flue space.
2.4.1.2.2.2 Locate face sprinklers within 18 in. (0.5 m) of the rack face unless the protection scheme (Appendix
D.2.2) specifies otherwise.
2.4.1.2.2.3 For in-rack sprinklers located at every other transverse flue, provide a maximum horizontal spacing
of 10 ft (3 m) and a minimum horizontal spacing of 4 ft (1.2 m).
2.4.1.2.2.4 For in-rack sprinklers located at every transverse flue, provide a maximum horizontal spacing of
5 ft (1.5 m) and a minimum horizontal spacing of 2 ft (0.6 m).
2.4.1.2.2.5 Locate in-rack sprinkler piping behind horizontal rack members to minimize the potential for
damage.

2.4.1.2.2.6 To protect the flue space created between a single row rack and a wall located with 1 ft (0.3 m)
horizontally of the rack structure, position the in-rack sprinkler outside the footprint of the single row rack
structure as detailed within Data Sheet 8-9.
2.4.1.2.3 Balance the ceiling and in-rack demands at their point of connection unless using a protection
scheme that specifically says the systems do not need to be balanced.
2.4.1.2.4 Provide a minimum discharge pressure of 10 psig (0.7 bar) for in-rack sprinkler designs where the
in-rack sprinkler has a K-factor ≥11.2 (K161).
2.4.1.2.4.1 Provide a minimum discharge pressure of 7 psig (0.5 bar), where the in-rack sprinkler has a
K-factor < 11.2 (K160).
2.4.1.3 Detector Spacing for Interior Deluge or Pre-action Sprinkler Systems

2.4.1.3.1 Install detectors for interior deluge systems (pilot sprinkler, electric, or pneumatic) as follows:
2.4.1.3.1.1 Install pilot sprinklers on the same spacing as sprinklers.
2.4.1.3.1.2 Install electric or pneumatic devices under smooth ceilings in accordance with the manufacturer’s
specifications, the requirements listed in the Approval Guide, and Data Sheet 5-48, Automatic Fire Detection.
2.4.1.3.2 Install detectors for preaction systems (pilot sprinkler, electric, or pneumatic) as follows:
2.4.1.3.2.1 Install pilot sprinklers on the same spacing as sprinklers. For design purposes, treat pre-action
sprinkler systems that use pilot sprinklers the same as dry systems, regardless of detector spacing.
2.4.1.3.2.2 Install electric or pneumatic detectors at a spacing of one-half the listed linear detector spacing
in its Approval listing, or the full sprinkler spacing, whichever is greater. For design purposes, treat preaction
systems with this detector spacing the same as wet systems. If a pre-action system has a detector spacing
greater than the above spacing, consider it a dry system for design purposes. Refer to the Approval Guide
for maximum allowable spacing.
2.4.1.4 Special Protection Systems

2.4.1.4.1 Supplement automatic sprinkler protection with one of the following FM Approved fixed special
protection systems to limit fire damage in an ignitable liquid storage occupancy, or as an alternative to
providing an emergency drainage system:
A. Foam-water sprinkler system
B. Compressed air foam (CAF) system
2.4.1.4.2 Design the special protection systems in accordance with this data sheet, other applicable data
sheets, and all of the defined system limitations provided in the Approval Guide.
2.4.1.4.3 Do not use water mist or gaseous systems in storage occupancies because they have not been
shown to be effective against the potential fire scenarios in this type of occupancy.
2.4.1.4.4 Design and install open-sprinkler (deluge) or closed-sprinkler foam- water sprinkler systems (see
Appendix A for definitions) in accordance with the following criteria:
2.4.1.4.4.1 Provide an open-sprinkler or closed-sprinkler foam-water sprinkler system when required for a
specific storage arrangement or to limit the exposure created by an ignitable liquid fire to surrounding areas
when adequate drainage capacity is not available (see Tables 2.2.2.1.A and Table 2.2.2.1.B).
2.4.1.4.4.2 Hydraulically design the system in accordance with a specific foam-water protection table in this
data sheet, or to the fully water-based sprinkler protection criteria for the storage arrangement, as applicable.
2.4.1.4.4.2.1 The provided discharge density must be greater than or equal to the required FM Approval
density for the foam-water sprinkler combination.
2.4.1.4.4.3 Provide a 20-minute supply of foam concentrate.
2.4.1.4.4.3.1 Base the concentrate supply on the actual sprinkler system discharge (i.e., flow available from
the available water supply, not the theoretical design).
2.4.1.4.4.3.2 Use a compatible foam concentrate for the ignitable liquid being protected.

2.4.1.4.4.4 Provide containment as recommended in this data sheet.

2.4.1.4.4.5 Use FM Approved foam-water sprinkler system components (concentrate, proportioning
equipment, tanks, control panels, and sprinklers).
2.4.1.4.4.6 Install and maintain the foam-water sprinkler system in accordance with Data Sheet 4-12, Foam
Extinguishing Systems and Data Sheet 2-81, Fire Protection System Inspection, Testing and Maintenance.
2.4.1.4.5 Design and install compressed air foam (CAF) systems in accordance with the following criteria:
2.4.1.4.5.1 Install the system in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations and its listing in the
Approval Guide.
2.4.1.4.5.2 Use a compatible foam concentrate for the ignitable liquid being protected.
2.4.1.4.5.3 Provide an FM Approved fire detection system that is compatible with the CAF system.
2.4.1.4.5.3.1 Provide quick response heat detectors (RTI ≤ 90 ft/s½ [50 m/s½]), spaced to provide a response
time equivalent to, or earlier than, the installed ceiling sprinklers.
2.4.1.4.5.3.2 If the detection response time cannot be calculated, install the detectors at the same spacing
as the ceiling sprinklers.
2.4.1.4.5.4 Hydraulically design the sprinkler system in accordance with the appropriate table in this data
sheet.
2.4.1.4.5.5 Hydraulically design the CAF system in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations
and its listing in the Approval Guide.
2.4.1.4.5.6 Design the foam concentrate supply and system air supply to provide 20 minutes of foam
discharge.
2.4.1.4.5.7 Provide exterior hose stream demand and water supply duration as recommended in this data
sheet.
2.4.1.4.5.8 Provide containment as recommended in this data sheet.
2.4.1.4.5.9 Ensure systems are fully acceptance tested when installed.
2.4.1.4.5.10 Provide regular maintenance and testing for the system in accordance with Data Sheet 4-12,
Foam Extinguishing Systems.
2.4.1.5 When water-spray systems are used to provide exposure protection:
2.4.1.5.1 Arrange spray nozzles to ensure complete coverage of the exposed wall.
2.4.1.5.2 Provide additional nozzles specifically arranged to protect windows.
2.4.1.5.3 Activate the water-spray system using automatic fire detectors, located to ensure prompt activation
of the water-spray system.
2.4.1.5.4 Follow guidance in Data Sheet 2-0; Data Sheet 4-0, Special Protection Systems; and Data Sheet
4-1N, Fixed Water Spray Systems for Fire Protection.
2.4.1.6 Provide the following hose stream and water supply duration unless the protection scheme/section
specifies otherwise:
2.4.1.6.1 Provide a 500 gpm (1900 L/min) hose stream allowance for all cutoff rooms or buildings greater
than 2000 ft2 (186 m2).
2.4.1.6.2 Provide a 250 gpm (950 L/min) hose stream allowance for cutoff rooms or buildings less than or
equal to 2000 ft2 (186 m2).
2.4.1.6.3 Provide a water supply that can deliver the total sprinkler and hose stream demand for a duration
of at least one hour.

2.4.2 Metal Containers (Including IBCs) Larger than 60 gal (230 L) and FM Approved Composite
IBCs
2.4.2.1 Protect palletized or solid pile storage of relieving-style metal containers, including metallic IBCs,
and FM Approved composite IBCs in accordance with Table 2.4.2.1.
2.4.2.2 Protect rack storage of relieving-style metal containers, including metallic IBCs, and FM Approved
composite IBCs in accordance with Table 2.4.2.2.
Table 2.4.2.1. Palletized or Solid-Pile Storage of Ignitable Liquids in Relieving-Style Metal Containers Larger
than 60 gal (230 L) and FM Approved Composite IBCs (Note 1)
Ceiling Sprinkler Protection
Response / K-factor gpm/ Design, #
Nominal psi1/2 (L/min/ Sprinklers @
Maximum Maximum Temperature bar1/2) Pressure psi
Container Liquid Type/ Ceiling Storage Height Rating / (bar)
Type Flash Point Height ft (m) (No. of IBCs) Orientation
Metal <200°F 30 (9.1) 1 high SR/High/Any ≥11.2 (161) 50 @ 7 (0.5)
(93°C) (Note 2, 3)
FM Approved ≥100°F 30 (9.1) 1 high SR/High/Any ≥11.2 (161) 50 @ 7 (0.5)
Composite (38°C) (Note 2, 3)
IBC
Metal ≥200°F 30 (9.1) 2 high SR/Ordinary/Any 11.2 (161) 50 @ 29 (2.0)
Or (93°C) (Note 2) 30 @ 51 (3.5)
FM Approved 14.0 (202) 50 @ 18 (1.2)
Composite 30 @ 33 (2.3)
IBC
16.8 (235) 50 @ 13 (0.9)
30 @ 23 (1.6)
25.2 (363) 50 @ 7 (0.5)
30 @ 10 (0.7)
QR/Ordinary/Any 25.2EC (363EC) 26 @ 22 (1.5)
15 @ 39 (2.7)
1 high SR/Ordinary/Any ≥11.2 (161) 50 @ 7 (0.5)
(Note 2, 3)
11.2 (161) 30 @ 29 (2.0)
(Note 2)
14.0 (202) 30 @ 18 (1.2)
16.8 (235) 30 @ 13 (0.9)
25.2 (363) 30 @ 7 (0.5)
Any Very high See Section 2.1.3.1
flash point
liquid
Note 1. See Section D.1 for explanation of abbreviations.
Note 2. If a foam-water sprinkler system is used, use of K 8.0 (K115) ceiling sprinklers is acceptable as long as an equivalent flow is provided
from the K8.0 (K115) sprinkler.
Note 3. The K19.6 (K280) sprinkler is not acceptable for use in this protection table.

Table 2.4.2.2. Rack Storage of Ignitable Liquids in Relieving-Style Metal Containers Larger than 60 gal (230 L) and FM Approved Composite IBCs (Note 1)
Page 26
7-29
Ceiling Sprinkler Protection In-Rack Sprinkler Protection
Response/ K-factor Design, Layout Response/ K-factor Design,
Maximum Maximum Nominal gpm/psi1/2 # Sprinklers @ (see figure Nominal gpm/psi1/2 # Sprinklers @
Flash Point Ceiling Storage Temperature (L/min/bar1/2) Pressure indicated) Temperature (L/min/bar1/2) Flow gpm
OR Height Height Rating/ psi (bar) Rating (L/min)
Container type Liquid Type ft (m) (No. of IBCs) Orientation (see 2.4.1.2)

Metal Any 30 (9.1) 3 high SR/High/Any ≥11.2 (161) 50 @ 7 (0.5) Fig. D.2.1.1, QR/Ordinary ≥8.0 (115) 12 @ 45 (170)
(Note 2, 3) D.2.1.2, (6 per tier per
D.2.1.3 rack)
FM Approved ≥100°F (38°C) 30 (9.1) 3 high SR/High/Any ≥11.2 (161) 50 @ 7 (0.5) Fig. D.2.1.1, QR/Ordinary ≥8.0 (115) 12 @ 45 (170)
Composite IBC (Note 2, 3) D.2.1.2, (6 per tier per

D.2.1.3 rack)
Any Very high flash See Section 2.1.3.1
point liquid
Note 2. If a foam-water sprinkler system is used, use of K 8.0 (K115) ceiling sprinklers is acceptable as long as an equivalent flow is provided from the K8.0 (K115) sprinkler.

2.4.3 Metal Containers Larger than 6.5 gal (25 L) Up to and Including 60 gal (230 L)
2.4.3.1 Protect rack storage in accordance with Table 2.4.3.1.
2.4.3.1.1 Protect rack storage greater than the listed 30 ft (9.1 m) roof heights as follows:
2.4.3.1.1.1 Continue the in-rack protection layout recommended for 25 ft (7.6 m) high storage over each
additional tier of storage.
2.4.3.1.1.2 For water-only protection, add a line of face sprinklers above the second tier regardless of roof
design.
2.4.3.1.1.3 For each additional tier of storage, add three (3) in-rack sprinklers to the in-rack hydraulic design.
2.4.3.1.1.4 All packaging for the containers must be noncombustible. Wooden pallets are acceptable.
2.4.3.2 Protect palletized or solid-pile storage in accordance with Table 2.4.3.2 and the following limitations:
2.4.3.2.1 Limit the storage height of liquids with a boiling point below 100°F (38°C) to one container high.
2.4.3.2.2 Where a relieving-style container is used, refer to Section 2.4.3.3.
2.4.3.2.3 Design and install foam-water sprinkler systems in accordance with Section 2.4.1.4.4.
2.4.3.2.3.1 Design foam-water sprinkler systems to deliver foam discharge out of the most remote 4 operating
sprinklers within 2 minutes of sprinkler operation.
2.4.3.2.3.1.1 Pre-prime (i.e., pre-fill the sprinkler piping with the correct foam-water mixture) foam-water
sprinkler systems that cannot meet the 2-minute delivery time.
2.4.3.3 Where ignitable liquids are stored in relieving-style containers, the following requirements must be
met:
2.4.3.3.1 Provide FM Approved fusible closures on the 2 in. (51 mm) and 3/4 in. (19 mm) openings in the
top of the steel drum.
2.4.3.3.2 Provide fusible closures on steel drums that do not exceed 60 gal (227 L) in size and have thread
dimensions in accordance with ISO 228-1:2000 or ASME B1.20.1-2013 (R2018). Regardless of which thread
standard is used, the threads must also be within the defined tolerance of the other standard.
2.4.3.3.3 Provide fusible closures with drums that are either a tight head (DOT/UN specification 1A1) or
removable head (DOT/UN specification 1A2) design.
Tight head drums must be capable of resisting an internal pressure of 20 psig (1.4 barg) when fully engulfed
in an ignitable liquid pool fire (i.e., all cylindrical surfaces exposed to a consistent flame that extends above
the top of the drum) without rupture or leakage of the drum.
2.4.3.3.4 Provide fusible closures on drums that are in transit or in storage.
2.4.3.3.4.1 Do not use fusible closures for dispensing, as they are not equivalent to safety bungs.
2.4.3.3.5 Do not use metallic cap seals over the fusible closure. Thin thermoplastic cap seals are acceptable.
Do not paint fusible closures.
2.4.3.3.6 Fusible closures shall be installed on the drum before it is delivered.
2.4.3.3.7 Develop and implement a management control system to ensure the proper fusible closures are
provided in accordance with Section 2.7.5.
2.4.3.3.8 Use steel drums that have at least an 0.039 in. (1 mm) wall/top/bottom thickness as relieving-style
drums.
2.4.3.3.9 Store relieving-style containers on-end. On-side storage arrangement will allow relieving-style drums
to empty if the fusible closure opens.
2.4.3.3.10 Palletize relieving-style containers on open deck (i.e., slatted) pallets. Solid top pallets will prevent
the fusible closure from functioning.
2.4.3.3.11 Do not solid pile the drums.

2.4.3.3.12 Do not store on plastic pallets. Plastic pallets will allow the array to collapse and release ignitable
liquids.

Table 2.4.3.1. Rack Storage of Ignitable Liquids in Metal Containers larger than 6.5 gal (25 L) Up to and Including 60 gal (230 L) (Note 1)

Protection Type Response / K-factor gpm/ Design,# Layout Response/ K-factor gpm/psi1/2 Design, #
Nominal psi1/2 (L/min/ Sprinklers @ (see figure Nominal (L/min/bar1/2) Sprinklers @
Flash Point OR Maximum Ceiling Maximum Storage Temperature bar1/2) Pressure indicated) Temperature Flowgpm (l/min)
Liquid Type Height Height Drum Minimum Aisle Rating / psi (bar) Rating (see 2.4.1.2)
(Note 3) ft (m) ft (m) Orientation Width ft (m) Orientation
Any Any Any Any 8 (2.4) See 2.4.3.1.1 (all packaging must be noncombustible)
Any 30 (9.1) 25 (7.6) On-End 8 (2.4) Foam-water SR/High/Any ≥11.2 (161) (Note 30 @ 7 (0.5) Fig. D.2.1.4, QR/Ordinar y ≥8.0 (115) 18 @ 45 (170) (6
2, 3) D.2.1.6, D.2.1.7 per tier per rack)
and D.2.1.8
<200°F (93°C)) 30 (9.1) 25 (7.6) On-End 8 (2.4) Water SR/High/Any ≥11.2 (161) (Note 50 @ 7 (0.5) Fig. D.2.1.4, QR/Ordinary ≥8.0 (115) 18 @ 45 (170) (6
2, 3) D.2.1.5, D.2.1.7 per tier per rack)
and D.2.1.8
SR/High/Any 11.2 (161) (Note 50 @ 29 (2.0) Fig. D.2.1.4, QR/Ordinary ≥8.0 (115) 18 @ 45 (170) (6
2) D.2.1.6, D.2.1.7 per tier per rack)
14.0 (202) 50 @ 18 (1.2) and D.2.1.8
16.8 (235) 50 @ 13 (0.9)
25.2 (363) 50 @ 7 (0.5)
On-Side 8 (2.4) Water SR/High/Any ≥11.2 (161) (Note 50 @ 7 (0.5) Fig. D.2.1.9, QR/Ordinary ≥8.0 (115) 18 @ 35 (133) (6
2, 3) D.2.1.10 per tier per rack)
Water SR/High/Any 11.2 (161) (Note 50 @ 29 (2.0) Fig. D.2.1.11, QR/Ordinary ≥8.0 (115) 18 @ 35 (133) (6
2) D.2.1.12 per tier per rack)
14.0 (202) 50 @ 18 (1.2)
16.8 (235) 50 @ 13 (0.9)
25.2 (363) 50 @ 7 (0.5)
Page 29
7-29
Table 2.4.3.1. Rack Storage of Ignitable Liquids in Metal Containers larger than 6.5 gal (25 L) Up to and Including 60 gal (230 L) (Note 1) (continued)
Page 30
7-29
Nominal psi1/2 (L/min/ Sprinklers @ (see figure Nominal (L/min/bar1/2) Sprinklers @ Flow
Flash Point OR Maximum Ceiling Maximum Storage Temperature bar1/2) Pressure indicated) Temperature gpm (l/min) (see
Liquid Type Height Height Drum Minimum Aisle Rating / psi (bar) Rating 2.4.1.2)
(Note 3) ft (m) ft (m) Orientation Width ft (m) Orientation

Water-miscible 30 (9.1) 25 (7.6) On-End 8 (2.4) Water SR/High/Any ≥11.2 (161) (Note, 50 @ 7 (0.5) Fig. D.2.1.4, QR/Ordinary ≥5.6 (81) 6 @ 25 (95) (one
liquids 2, 3) D.2.1.6, D.2.1.7 level of in racks),
and D.2.1.8 or 12 @ 15 (57) or
12 @ 18 (68)
(more than one

level of in racks.
See 2.4.1.2)
On-Side 8 (2.4) Water SR/High/Any ≥11.2 (161) (Note 50 @ 7 (0.5) Fig. D.2.1.9, QR/Ordinary ≥5.6 (81) 6 @ 25 (95) (one
2, 3) D.2.1.10 level of in racks),
or 12 @ 15 (57) or
12 @ 18 (68)
(more than one
level of in racks.
See 2.4.1.2)
Water SR/High/Any1 11.2 (161) (Note 50 @ 29 (2.0) Fig. D.2.1.11, QR/Ordinary ≥5.6 (81) 6 @ 25 (95) (one

2) D.2.1.12 level of in racks),
14.0 (202) 50 @ 18 (1.2) or 12 @ 15 (57) or
16.8 (235) 50 @ 13 (0.9) 12 @ 18 (68)
25.2 (363) 50 @ 7 (0.5) (more than one
level of in racks.
See 2.4.1.2)
Table 2.4.3.1 Rack Storage of Ignitable Liquids in Metal Containers larger than 6.5 gal (25 L) Up to and Including 60 gal (230 L) (Note 1) (continued)

Nominal psi1/2 (L/min/ Sprinklers @ (see figure Nominal (L/min/bar1/2) Sprinklers @ Flow
Flash Point OR Maximum Ceiling Maximum Storage Temperature bar1/2) Pressure indicated) Temperature gpm (l/min) (see
Liquid Type Height Height Drum Minimum aisle Rating / psi (bar) Rating 2.4.1.2)
(Note 3) ft (m) ft (m) Orientation width ft (m) Orientation
≥200°F (93°C) 30 (9.1) 25 (7.6) On-End 8 (2.4) Water SR/High/Any ≥11.2 (161) (Note 50 @ 7 (0.5) Fig. D.2.1.13, QR/Ordinary ≥5.6 (81) 6 @ 25 (95) (one
2, 3) D.2.1.14, D.2.1.7 level of in racks),
and D.2.1.8 or 12 @ 15 (57) or
12 @ 18 (68)
(more than one

level of in racks.
See 2.4.1.2)
On-Side 8 (2.4) Water SR/High/Any ≥11.2 (161) (Note 50 @ 7 (0.5) Fig. D.2.1.15, QR/Ordinary ≥5.6 (81) 6 @ 25 (95) (one
2, 3) D.2.1.16 level of in racks)
Very high flash For containers >6.5 gal (25 L) and <40 gal (150 L), use protection guidance in this table for liquids with flash points ≥200°F (93°C). For containers ≥ 40 gal (150l), see Section 2.1.3.1.
point liquid
Page 31
7-29
Table 2.4.3.2. Palletized/Solid-Pile Storage of Ignitable Liquids in Metal Containers Larger than 6.5 gal (25 L) Up to and Including 60 gal (230 L)
Page 32
7-29
(Apply Table in Accordance with Recommendation 2.4.3.2) (Note 1)
Liquid Type, Maximum Ceiling Maximum Height Relieving-style Drum Protection Type Response / Nominal Temperature Rating / K-factor gpm/psi1/2 Design, # Sprinklers @ Pressure psi (bar)
Flash Point Height ft (m) Drum Orientation (No. Drums) Required (Yes/No) Orientation (L/min/bar1/2)
Any 30 (9.1) On-End 1 No Water SR/High/Any ≥11.2 (161)(Note 3) 50 @ 7 (0.5)
Foam-Water SR/High/Any ≥11.2 (161)(Note 3) 30 @ 7 (0.5)

2 Yes Water SR/High/Any 11.2 (161) 50 @ 29 (2.0)
14.0 (202) 50 @ 18 (1.2)
16.8 (235) 50 @ 13 (0.9)
25.2 (363) 50 @ 7 (0.5)

Foam-Water SR/High/Any ≥11.2 (161)(Note 3) 30 @ 7 (0.5)
3 (Note 3) Yes Foam-Water SR/High/Any 11.2 (161) 30 @ 16 (1.1)
14.0 (202) 30 @ 10 (0.7)
≥16.8 (235)(Note 3) 30 @ 7 (0.5)
4 Yes Foam-Water SR/High/Any 11.2 (161) 30 @ 29 (2.0)
14.0 (202) 30 @ 18 (1.2)
16.8 (235) 30 @ 13 (0.9)
25.2 (363) 30 @ 7 (0.5)
On-Side 1 Do not use Water SR/High/Any ≥11.2 (161)(Note 3) 50 @ 7 (0.5)

3 Do not use Water SR/High/Any 11.2 (161) 50 @ 29 (2.0)
14.0 (202) 50 @ 18 (1.2)
16.8 (235) 50 @ 13 (0.9)
25.2 (363) 50 @ 7 (0.5)
Table 2.4.3.2. Palletized/Solid-Pile Storage of Ignitable Liquids in Metal Containers Larger than 6.5 gal (25 L) Up to and Including 60 gal (230 L)

(Apply Table in Accordance with Recommendation 2.4.3.2) (Note 1) (continued)
Liquid Type, Maximum Ceiling Maximum Height Relieving-style Drum Protection Type Response / Nominal Temperature Rating / K-factor gpm/psi1/2 Design, # Sprinklers @ Pressure psi (bar)
Flash Point Heightft (m) Drum Orientation (No. Drums) Required (Yes/No) Orientation (L/min/bar1/2)
≥200°F (93°C) 30 (9.1) On-End 4 Yes Water SR/High/Any 11.2 (161) 50 @ 29 (2.0)
(Note 2) 14.0 (202) 50 @ 18 (1.2)
16.8 (235) 50 @ 13 (0.9)
25.2 (363) 50 @ 7 (0.5)
On-Side 6 Do not use Water SR/High/Any 11.2 (161) 50 @ 29 (2.0)
14.0 (202) 50 @ 18 (1.2)

16.8 (235) 50 @ 13 (0.9)
25.2 (363) 50 @ 7 (0.5)
Very high flash For containers >6.5 gal (25 L) and <40 gal. (150 L), use protection guidance in this table for liquids with flash points ≥200°F (93°C). For containers ≥ 40 gal (150 L), see Section 2.1.3.1.
point liquid
Note 2. Unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) mixtures with 50% or less styrene can be protected palletized to 3 relieving-style drums high without a foam-water sprinkler system.
Page 33
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2.4.4 Metal Containers of 6.5 gal (25 L) or Less

2.4.4.1 Protect rack storage in accordance with Table 2.4.4.1.A or Table 2.4.4.1.B.
2.4.4.1.1 Table 2.4.4.1.B can only be applied to the storage of relieving-style metal containers and ignitable
liquids with a boiling point above 100°F (38°C).
2.4.4.1.2 Protect rack storage of only uncartoned containers greater than the listed 30 ft (9.1 m) roof heights
as follows:
2.4.4.1.2.1 Continue the in-rack protection layout recommended for 25 ft (7.6 m) high storage (Figures
D.2.1.17, D.2.1.18, D.2.1.20 and D.2.1.21) over each additional tier of storage.
2.4.4.1.2.2 For each additional tier of storage, add three (3) in-rack sprinklers to the in-rack hydraulic design.
2.4.4.2 Protect palletized or solid-pile storage in accordance with Table 2.4.4.1.B or Table 2.4.4.2.
2.4.4.2.1 Table 2.4.4.1.B can only be applied to the storage of relieving-style metal containers and ignitable
liquids with a boiling point above 100°F (38°C).
2.4.4.2.2 Table 2.4.4.2 can be applied to the storage of very high flash point liquids in non-relieving style
containers if they are not exposed to the storage of lower flash point liquids.
2.4.4.3 Protect shelf storage in accordance with Table 2.4.4.3.
2.4.4.3.1 Limit shelves to no more than a 2 ft (0.6 m) deep (dimension from aisle face to back of shelf) and
noncombustible construction.
2.4.4.3.2 Separate back-to-back shelves with a noncombustible partition.
2.4.4.3.2.1 Treat shelves lacking this partition like a single-row rack.

Table 2.4.4.1.A. Rack Storage of Ignitable Liquid in Metal Containers Up to and Including 6.5 gal (25 L) (Note 1)

Response/ K-factor gpm/ Design, # Layout (see Response/ K-factor gpm/ Design, Flow
Nominal psi1/2 Sprinklers @ figure indicated) Nominal psi1/2 gpm (l/min)
Maximum Ceiling Maximum Temperature (L/min/bar1/2) Pressurepsi (bar) Temperature (L/min/bar1/2) (see 2.4.1.2)
Liquid Type, Height Storage Height Minimum Aisle Rating/ Rating (Note 2)
Flash Point ft (m) ft (m) Packaging Type Width ft (m) Orientation
Any Any Any Uncartoned 4 (1.2) Any Any Minimum Scheme A
and/or Cartoned 0.2 gpm/ft2
(8 mm/min)
Any Any Any Uncartoned 8 (2.4) See Section 2.4.4.1.2
Any 30 (9.1) 25 (7.6) Uncartoned 8 (2.4) SR/Ordinary /Any ≥11.2 (161) 20 @ 7 (0.5) Figs. D.2.1.17, QR/Ordinary ≥8.0 (115) 45 (170)
and/or Cartoned (Note 3, 4) D.2.1.18,
QR/Ordinary /Any 25.2EC (363EC) 11 @ 7 (0.5) D.2.1.20 and
D.2.1.21
Cartoned Only 8 (2.4) SR/Ordinary /Any ≥11.2 (161) 50 @ 7 (0.5) Figs. D.2.1.17, QR/Ordinary ≥8.0 (115) 45 (170)
(Note 3, 4) D.2.1.18,
QR/Ordinary /Any 25.2EC (363EC) 26 @ 7 (0.5) D.2.1.19,
D.2.1.20 and
D.2.1.21
SR/High/Any ≥11.2 (161) 30 @ 7 (0.5) Figs.D.2.1.17, QR/Ordinary ≥8.0 (115) 45 (170)
(Note 3, 4) D.2.1.19,
D.2.1.20 and
D.2.1.21
Water-miscible 30 (9.1) 25 (7.6) Uncartoned 8 (2.4) SR/Ordinary /Any ≥11.2 (161) 20 @ 7 (0.5) Figs. D.2.1.22, QR/Ordinary ≥8.0 (115) 30 (114)
and/or Cartoned (Note 3, 4) D.2.1.23,
QR/Ordinary /Any 25.2EC (363EC) 11 @ 7 (0.5) D.2.1.24 and
D.2.1.25
Note 2. Base the in-rack sprinkler water demand on the simultaneous operation of the most hydraulically remote sprinklers as follows:
a. Eight (8) sprinklers where only one level of in-rack sprinklers is installed
b. Twelve (12) sprinklers (six on each two top levels) where two levels of in-rack sprinklers are installed
c. Eighteen (18) sprinklers (six on top three levels) where more than two levels of in-rack sprinklers are installed
d. The in-rack end head pressure as provided in this Table.
Note 4. The K19.6 (K280) sprinkler is not acceptable for use.
Page 35
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Table 2.4.4.1.B. Protection for Any Ignitable Liquid in Relieving-Style Metal Containers Up to and Including 6.5 gal (25 L), Excluding Ignitable Liquids with a
Page 36
7-29
Boiling Point Below 100°F (38°C) (Note 1)
Response/Nominal K-factor gpm/psi1/2 Design, # of Layout (see figure Response / K-factor gpm/psi1/2 Design Flow
Minimum Aisle Maximum Ceiling Maximum Storage Temperature (L/min/bar1/2) Sprinklers @ indicated) Nominal (L/min/bar1/2) gpm (l/min)
Storage Width Height Height Rating/Sprinkler Pressure psi (bar) Temperature (see 2.4.1.2)
Arrangement ft (m) ft (m) ft (m) Packaging Type Orientation Rating (Note 2)

Single & Double 8 (2.4) 33 (10) 25 (7.6) Uncartoned and/or QR/Ordinary/ 14.0 (202) 12 @ 75 (5.2) Figs. D.2.1.26, QR/Ordinary ≥8.0 (115) 45 (170)
Row Racks Cartoned Pendent 16.8 (235) 12 @ 52 (3.6) D.2.1.27, D.2.1.28,
22.4 (320) 12 @ 51 (3.5) D.2.1.29
25.2 (363) 12 @ 40 (2.8)
Cartoned Only QR/Ordinary/ 14.0 (202) 12 @ 50 (3.4) Figs. QR/Ordinary ≥8.0 (115) 30 (114)
Pendent 16.8 (235) 12 @ 35 (2.4) D.2.1.30, D.2.1.31,
22.4 (320) 12 @ 25 (1.7) D.2.1.32, D.2.1.33
25.2 (363) 12 @ 20 (1.4)
30 (9.1) 20 (6) Cartoned Only QR/Ordinary/ 14.0 (202) 12 @ 75 (5.2) None
Pendent 16.8 (235) 12 @ 52 (3.6)
22.4 (320) 12 @ 51 (3.5)
25.2 (363) 12 @ 40 (2.8)
Multiple Row None 33 (10) 25 (7.6) Uncartoned and/or QR/Ordinary/ 14.0 (202) 12 @ 75 (5.2) Figs. D.2.1.34 and QR/Ordinary ≥8.0 (115) 45 (170)
Racks Cartoned Pendent D.2.1.35 or

16.8 (235) 12 @ 52 (3.6)
22.4 (320) 12 @ 51 (3.5) D.2.1.36 and
25.2 (363) 12 @ 40 (2.8) D.2.1.37
Cartoned Only QR/Ordinary/ 14.0 (202) 12 @ 50 (3.4) Figs. D.2.1.38 and QR/Ordinary ≥8.0 (115) 45 (170)
Pendent 16.8 (235) 12 @ 35 (2.4) D.2.1.39 or
22.4 (320) 12 @ 25 (1.7) D.2.1.40 and
25.2 (363) 12 @ 20 (1.4) D.2.1.41
Palletized DNA 33 (10) 12 (3.7) Uncartoned and/or QR/Ordinary/ 14.0 (202) 12 @ 75 (5.2) None
Cartoned Pendent 16.8 (235) 12 @ 52 (3.6)
22.4 (320) 12 @ 51 (3.5)
25.2 (363) 12 @ 40 (2.8)
8 (2.4) Cartoned Only QR/Ordinary/ 14.0 (202) 12 @ 50 (3.4) None
Pendent 16.8 (235) 12 @ 35 (2.4)
22.4 (320) 12 @ 25 (1.7)
25.2 (363) 12 @ 20 (1.4)
a. Eight (8) sprinklers where only one level of in-rack sprinklers is installed; b. Twelve (12) sprinklers (six on each two top levels) where two levels of in-rack sprinklers are installed; c. Eighteen (18)
sprinklers (six on top three levels) where more than two levels of in-rack sprinklers are installed
Table 2.4.4.2. Palletized/Solid-Pile Storage of Liquids In Non Relieving-Style Metal Containers Up to and Including 6.5
gal (25 L) (Note 1)
Response/Nominal K-factor Design,
Maximum Ceiling Maximum Storage Temperature Rating/ gpm/psi1/2 (L/min/ # of Sprinklers @
Liquid Type, Flash Height Height Orientation bar1/2) Pressure
Point ft (m) ft (m) Packaging Type psi (bar)
Any 30 (9.1) 5 (1.5) Uncartoned and/or QR/Ordinary/Any 14.0 (202) 50 @ 18 (1.2)
Cartoned 16.8 (235) 50 @ 13 (0.9)
≥22.4 (320) 50 @ 7 (0.5)
12 (3.7) Cartoned Only SR/Ordinary/Any 11.2 (161) 50 @ 29 (2.0)
(Note 2)
14.0 (202) 50 @ 18 (1.2)
16.8 (235) 50 @ 13 (0.9)
25.2 (360) 50 @ 7 (0.5)
Note 2. If a foam-water sprinkler system is used, use of K 8.0 (K115) ceiling sprinklers is acceptable as long as an equivalent flow i s provided
Table 2.4.4.3. Shelf Storage of Liquids in Metal Containers Up to and Including 6.5 gal (25 L) (Note 1)
Maximum Storage Response / Nominal K-factor gpm/psi1/2 Design, # of Sprinklers
Maximum Ceiling Height Height Temperature Rating / (L/min/bar1/2) @ Pressure psi (bar)
Liquid Type, Flash Point ft (m) ft (m) Orientation
<200°F (93°C) 30 (9.1) 7 (2.1) SR/Ordinary/Any ≥11.2 (161) (Note 2, 3) 50 @ 7 (0.5)
SR/High/Any ≥11.2 (161) (Note 2, 3) 30 @ 7 (0.5)
≥200°F (93°C) or water- 30 (9.1) 15 (4.6) SR/Ordinary/Any ≥11.2 (161) (Note 2, 3) 30 @ 7 (0.5)
miscible QR/Ordinary/Any 25.2EC (363EC) 15 @ 7 (0.5)
Note 2. If a foam-water sprinkler system is used, use of K 8.0 (K115) ceiling sprinklers is acceptable as long as an equivalent flow is provided
2.4.5 Protection of Plastic, Composite (Plastic-Metal), or Other Combustible Containers: General

2.4.5.1 Protect storage of all ignitable liquids in plastic, composite (plastic-metal), glass, or other combustible
packaging in accordance with Table 2.4.5.1. See Section 3.5.5 for more information.
2.4.5.2 Protect ignitable liquids in plastic or glass containers stored in shelves using the criteria in Table
2.4.5.1.
2.4.5.3 Protect storage of empty composite IBCs in accordance with Data Sheet 8-1, Commodity
Classification.

Table 2.4.5.1. Fire Protection Criteria for Ignitable Liquids in Plastic or Glass Containers (Note 1)
Response / Nominal K-factor gpm/ Design, # of Sprinklers @
Maximum Maximum Ceiling Temperature Rating / psi1/2 Pressure psi (bar)
Liquid Type, Container Size Storage Ceiling Height Storage Heigh Sprinkler Orientation (L/min/bar1/2)
Flash Point gal (L) Arrangement ft (m) tft (m) System Type (Note 2)
<200°F(93°C) >1 (4) Palletized/ 30 (9.1) 5 (1.5) Any SR or QR/Ordinary/Any 11.2 (161) Entire Room @ 75 (5.2)
Shelf 14.0 (202) Entire Room @ 48 (3.3)
16.8 (235) Entire Room @ 33 (2.3)
22.4 (320) Entire Room @ 19 (1.3)
25.2 (363) Entire Room @ 15 (1.0)
Deluge or SR or QR/Ordinary/Any 11.2 (161) Entire Room @ 50 (3.5)
Foam-Water 14.0 (202) Entire Room @ 32 (2.2)
16.8 (235) Entire Room @ 22 (1.5)
22.4 (320) Entire Room @ 12 (0.8)
25.2 (363) Entire Room @ 10 (0.7)
Rack Storage No options; use criteria for palletized storage.
≤1 (4) Palletized/ 30 (9.1) 5 (1.5) Any SR or QR/Ordinary/Any 11.2 (161) Entire Room @ 75 (5.2)
16.8 (235) Entire Room @ 33 (2.3)
22.4 (320) Entire Room @ 19 (1.3)
25.2 (363) Entire Room @ 15 (1.0)
Deluge or SR or QR/Ordinary/Any 11.2 (161) Entire Room @ 50 (3.5)
Foam-Water 14.0 (202) Entire Room @ 32 (2.2)
16.8 (235) Entire Room @ 22 (1.5)
22.4 (320) Entire Room @ 12 (0.8)
25.2 (363) Entire Room @ 10 (0.7)
Rack Storage Use Section 2.4.7.1 and Table 2.4.7.1. If liquid-package combination is not covered by Table 2.4.7.1, use criteria for palletized storage
above.
Water-miscible >6.5 (25) Palletized/ 30 (9.1) 5 (1.5) Any SR or QR/Ordinary/Any 11.2 (161) Entire Room @ 30 (2.0)
liquids Shelf 14.0 (202) Entire Room @ 19 (1.3)
16.8 (235) Entire Room @ 13 (0.9)
≥22.4 (320) Entire Room @ 7 (0.5)
Rack Storage Use Section 2.4.6 and Table 2.4.6.1, or Section 2.4.7.3 and Table 2.4.7.3.1, for Group 1, 2, 3, and 4 water-miscible liquids (defined in
Section 3.2.1). If liquid-package combination is not covered by Table 2.4.6.1, use criteria for palletized storage above.
≤6.5 (25) Use Section 2.4.7.3 and Tables 2.4.7.3.1 and 2.4.7.3.2 for Group 1, 2, 3, and 4 water-miscible liquids (defined in Section 3.1.1). Protect water-miscible
liquids that are not included in one of the groups or Tables 2.4.7.3.1 and 2.4.7.3.2 using the criteria provided for water-miscible liquids in containers
>6.5 gal (25 L) in this table.
Distilled Spirits in wooden barrels use Section 2.4.8 or 2.4.9. If liquid-container combination is not covered by this section, protect per this table.
Propylene ≥60 (230) and Palletized See Tables 2.4.6.1 (IBCs) or 2.4.7.3.2 (Drums)
glycol, ≤300 (1100)
ethylene
glycol, or
glycerin
(>80%)
≥200°F(93°C) >6.5 (25) Palletized/ 30 (9.1) 5 (1.5) Any SR or QR/Ordinary/Any 11.2 (161) Entire Room @ 30 (2.0)
16.8 (235) Entire Room @ 13 (0.9)
≥ 22.4 (320) Entire Room @ 7 (0.5)
Rack Storage Use Section 2.4.6 and Table 2.4.6.1. If liquid-package combination is not covered by Table 2.4.6.1, use criteria for palletized storage
above.
≤6.5 (25) Use Section 2.4.7.2 and Tables 2.4.7.2.1 and 2.4.7.2.2. If liquid-package combination is not covered by Tables 2.4.7.2.1 or 2.4.7.2.2, use criteria for
containers >6.5 gal (25 L) in this table.
Very high Use the following tables, depending on liquid-packaging combinations:
flash point - For rack storage of containers <40 gal (150 L), use protection guidance in Table 2.4.7.2.1.
liquid - For palletized storage of containers ≤6.5 gal (25 L), use protection guidance in Table 2.4.7.2.2.
- For all other combinations, use protection guidance in Table 2.1.3.1.7.

2.4.6 Composite (blow molded bottle in a wire cage on a wood or steel pallet) IBC Storage of
Liquids with a Flash Point At or Above 200°F (93°C) or Alcohol in Racks or Palletized Storage of
Propylene Glycol, Ethylene Glycol, or Glycerin
2.4.6.1 Protect rack storage of liquids with a flash point at or above 200°F (93°C) or alcohol (isopropyl alcohol,
ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol) in composite IBCs consisting of a blow molded bottle in a wire cage on a wood
or steel pallet in accordance with Table 2.4.6.1.
2.4.6.1.1 Protect all tiers of the rack with the same level of fire protection.
2.4.6.1.2 Limit IBC storage to the first tier of the rack. Upper tiers may be used for storage of other
liquid-packaging combinations that are 60 gal (230 L) or less in size and that can be protected by protection
Scheme A or protection Scheme D.
2.4.6.1.3 Arrange the room to ensure all storage is kept in the racks and not staged or stored on the floor.
The provided ceiling protection will not prevent failure of any IBC not stored in the racks and will only provide
limited protection for large pool fires.
2.4.6.2 Protect palletized storage of propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, or glycerin in composite IBCs in
accordance with Table 2.4.6.1.
2.4.6.2.1 Isolate palletized IBCs from other storage due to potential for a pool fire.
2.4.6.3 Protect FM Approved composite IBCs in accordance with Section 2.1.1.8.

Table 2.4.6.1. Storage of Liquids in Composite IBCs (blow molded bottle in a wire cage on a wood or steel pallet)
(Note 1)
Response/ K-factor Design, # of
Maximum Nominal gpm/psi1/2 Sprinklers
Container Ceiling Maximum Minimum Temperature (L/min/ @ Pressure In-Rack
Liquid Type, Size Storage Height Storage Aisle Width Rating/ bar1/2) psi (bar) Sprinkler
Flash Point gal (L) Array ft (m) Height ft (m) Rack Type Orientation Protection
≥200˚F >60 (230) Rack 30 (9.1) 1 IBC high 8 (2.4) Single or SR/Ordinary/ 11.2 (161) 30 @ 13 Scheme D
(93˚C) and ≤300 in bottom Double Row Any (0.9)
or Alcohol (1100) tier of rack (Note 3)
14.0 (202) 30 @ 8
(0.6)
(Note 3)
≥16.8 (235) 30 @ 7
(Note 2) (0.5)
(Note 3)
QR/Ordinary/ 25.2EC 16 @ 10
Any (363 EC) (0.7)
(Note 3)
Very High ≥60 (150) Rack or See Section 2.1.3.1.
Flash Point and ≤300 Palletized
(1150)
Propylene >60 (230) Palletized 30 (9.1) 1 IBC high DNA DNA SR/Ordinary/ ≥11.2 (161) 20 @ 7 DNA
glycol, and ≤300 Any (Note 2) (0.5)
ethylene (1100) DNA DNA QR/Ordinary/ 25.2EC 10 @ 7 DNA
glycol, or Any (363 EC) (0.5)
glycerin 3 IBCs high DNA DNA SR/Ordinary/ 11.2 (161) 20 @ 28 DNA
(>80%) Any (1.9)
14.0 (202) 20 @ 18 DNA
(1.2)
16.8 (235) 20 @ 13 DNA
(0.9)
≥22.4 (310) 20 @ 7 DNA
(0.5)
DNA DNA QR/Ordinary/ 25.2EC 10 @ 22 DNA
Any (363 EC) (1.5)
Note 1. See Section D.1 for explanation of abbreviations. See Section D.2.2 for fire protection schemes.
Note 3. In cutoff rooms where on-floor storage is impossible, i.e., only rack storage and transport aisles, the ceiling sprinkler operating area
can be reduced to 20 sprinklers for non-EC sprinklers and 10 sprinklers for the K25.2 EC (360 EC) sprinkler.
2.4.7 Plastic, Glass, or Other Combustible/Brittle Containers Up to and Including 60 gal (230 L)
2.4.7.1 Protect storage of non-water-miscible liquids with flash points below 200°F (93°C) as follows:
2.4.7.1.1 Provide sprinkler protection in accordance with Table 2.4.5.1 or 2.4.7.1, based on container size,
storage arrangement, roof/ceiling height, and storage height.
2.4.7.1.2 When needed, provide foam-water protection in accordance with this data sheet and Data Sheet
4-12.

Table 2.4.7.1. Rack Storage of Liquids in Plastic or Glass Containers with Flash Points Below 200°F (93°C) (Note 1)

Nominal gpm/ Sprinklers @
Maximum Ceiling Maximum Minimum Aisle Temperature psi1/2 Pressure psi
Liquid Type, Height Storage Height Width Rating/ (L/min/bar1/2) (bar) In-Rack Sprinkler
Flash Point Container Size Packaging Type ft (m) ft (m) ft (m) Rack Type Protection Type Orientation Protection
<200˚F (93˚C) ≤0.5 oz (15 ml) Cartoned 30 (9.1) 25 (7.6) 8 (2.4) Single or Double Water SR/Ordinary/Any ≥11.2 (161) 20 @ 7 (0.5) Scheme C
Row (Note 2, 3)
Water QR/Ordinary/ 14.0 (202) 12 @ 50 (3.5) None
Pendent 16.8 (235) 12 @ 35 (2.4)

22.4 (310) 12 @ 35 (2.4)
25.2 (360) 12 @ 35 (2.4)
Cartoned 35 (10.6) 30 (9.1) 8 (2.4) Single or Double Water QR/Ordinary/ 14.0 (202) 12 @ 75 (5.2) None
Row Pendent 16.8 (235) 12 @ 60 (4.1)
22.4 (310) 12 @ 60 (4.1)
25.2 (360) 12 @ 60 (4.1)
≤2 oz (60 ml) Cartoned Unlimited Unlimited 4 (1.2) Any Water Any Any Minimum 0.2 Scheme A
(Note 2) gpm/ft2 (8
mm/min)
≤5 oz(150 ml) Cartoned Unlimited Unlimited 8 (2.4) Single or Double Water Any Any Minimum 0.2 Scheme F
Row gpm/ft2 (8
mm/min)
≤1 gal (4 L) Cartoned 35 (10.6) 20 (6) 8 (2.4) Single or Double Foam-Water SR/Ordinary/Any ≥11.2 (161) 20 @ 7 (0.5) Scheme D
Row (Note 3, 4)
Note 2. Applies to open frame racks.
Page 41
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2.4.7.2 Protect storage of liquids with flash points at or above 200°F (93°C) as follows:
2.4.7.2.1 Provide sprinkler protection per Table 2.4.7.2.1 or Table 2.4.7.2.2, as applicable, based on storage
arrangement, roof/ceiling height, and storage height.
2.4.7.2.2 Semi-solid liquids with flash points at or above 200°F (93°C) in bag-in-box type containers (i.e.,
plastic bag in a corrugated box) up to 10 gal (38 L) in size can be protected in accordance with Table 2.4.7.2.1.

Table 2.4.7.2.1. Rack Storage of Liquids in Plastic or Glass Containers with Flash Points At or Above 200°F (93°C)(Note 1)

Response/Nominal K-factor gpm/psi1/2 Design, # of Sprinklers @
Maximum Ceiling Maximum Storage Minimum Aisle Temperature Rating/ (L/min/bar1/2) Pressure psi (bar)
Flash Point Container Size Height ft (m) Height ft (m) Packaging Type Width ft (m) Rack Type Orientation In-Rack Sprinkler Protection
≥200°F (93°C) ≤ 60 gal (230 L) Unlimited Bottom Tier Uncartoned 8 (2.4) Single or SR/Ordinary/Any 11.2 (161) 30 @ 13 (0.9) Scheme D
Double Row 14.0 (202) 30 @ 8 (0.6)
≥16.8 (235) 30 @ 7 (0.5)
(Note 2)
QR/Ordinary/Any 25.2EC (363 EC) 16 @ 10 (0.7)
≤6.5 gal (25 L) Minimum 0.2 gpm/ft2
Unlimited Unlimited Uncartoned and/or Cartoned 4 (1.2) Any Any Any Scheme A
(Note 3) (8 mm/min)
Very high flash ≥40 gal (150 L) and See Section 2.1.3.1.
point liquid ≤60 gal (230 L)
<40 gal (150 L) Unlimited Unlimited Uncartoned 8 (2.4) Single or Any Any Minimum 0.2 gpm/ft2 Scheme A
Double Row (8 mm/min)
≤6.5 gal (25 L) Unlimited Unlimited Uncartoned and/or Cartoned 4 (1.2) Any Any Any Minimum 0.2 gpm/ft2 Scheme A
(Note 3) (8 mm/min)
40 (12.1) 35 (10.7) Uncartoned and/or Cartoned 4 (1.2) Any SR/Ordinary/Any ≥11.2 (161) 20 @ 7 (0.5) Scheme B
(Note 3) (Note 2)
Cartoned Only 8 (2.4) Single or SR/Ordinary/Any 11.2 (161) 20 @ 29 (2.0) Scheme C
Double Row 14.0 (202) 20 @ 18 (1.2)
16.8 (235) 20 @ 13 (0.9)
25.2 (363) 20 @ 7 (0.5)
Page 43
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Table 2.4.7.2.1. Rack Storage of Liquids in Plastic or Glass Containers with Flash Points At or Above 200°F (93°C) (Note 1) (continued)
Page 44
7-29
Response/Nominal K-factor gpm/psi1/2 Design, # of Sprinklers @
Maximum Ceiling Maximum Storage Minimum Aisle Temperature Rating/ (L/min/bar1/2) Pressure psi (bar)
Flash Point Container Size Height ft (m) Height ft (m) Packaging Type Width ft (m) Rack Type Orientation In-Rack Sprinkler Protection
Very high flash ≤6.5 gal 30 (9.1) 25 (7.6) Uncartoned and/or Cartoned 8 (2.4) Single or SR/Ordinary/Any ≥11.2 (161) (Note 2) 20 @ 7 (0.5) Scheme C
point liquid Double Row QR/Ordinary/Any 25.2EC (363EC) 11 @ 7 (0.5)

Cartoned Only 4 (1.2) Any QR/Ordinary/Pendent 14.0 (202) 12 @ 75 (5.2) None
(Note 3) 16.8 (235) 12 @ 52 (3.6)
SR/Ordinary/Any ≥11.2 (161) (Note 2) 20 @ 7 (0.5) Scheme B

8 (2.4) Single or QR/Ordinary/Pendent 14.0 (202) 12 @ 75 (5.2) None
Double Row 16.8 (235) 12 @ 52 (3.6)
SR/Ordinary/Any ≥11.2 (161) (Note 2) 20 @ 7 (0.5) Scheme C
15 (4.6) Uncartoned and/or Cartoned 4 (1.2) Any SR/Ordinary/Any ≥11.2 (161) (Note 2) 20 @ 7 (0.5) Scheme B
(Note 3) QR/Ordinary/Any 25.2EC (363EC) 11 @ 7 (0.5)
Cartoned Only 4 (1.2) Any QR/Ordinary/Pendent 14.0 (202) 12 @ 50 (3.5) None
(Note 3) 16.8 (202) 12 @ 35 (2.4)
SR/Ordinary/Any ≥11.2 (161) (Note 2) 20 @ 7 (0.5) Scheme B

Very high flash <48 oz (1.4 l) 40 (12.1) 35 (10.7) Cartoned Only 4 (1.2) Single or QR/Ordinary/Pendent 25.2 (363) 12 @ 40 (2.8) Scheme C (1 level of in-rack
point liquid Double Row sprinklers) at 10 to 15 ft (3 to
4.6 m) above floor
Table 2.4.7.2.2. Palletized/Solid Pile Storage of Liquids with Closed-Cup Flash Points At or Above 200°F (93°C) in Plastic Containers (Note 1)

Liquid Type, Response / Nominal Temperature Rating / K-factor gpm/psi1/2 Design, # of Sprinklers @ Pressure psi
Flash Point Container Size Packaging Type Maximum Ceiling Height ft (m) Maximum Storage Height ft (m) Orientation (L/min/bar1/2) (Note 2) (bar)
≥200°F (93°C) ≤6.5 gal (25 L) Cartoned Only 40 (12.1) 15 (4.6) QR/Ordinary/Pendent 14.0 (202) 12 @ 75 (5.2)
16.8 (235) 12 @ 50 (3.5)
30 (9.1) 15 (4.6) QR/Ordinary/Pendent 14.0 (202) 12 @ 50 (3.5)
16.8 (235) 12 @ 35 (2.4)
SR/Ordinary/Any 11.2 (161) 25 @ 51 (3.5)
14.0 (202) 25 @ 33 (2.3)
16.8 (235) 25 @ 23 (1.6)

25.2 (363) 25 @ 10 (0.7)
5 (1.5) QR/Ordinary/Pendent 14.0 (202) 12 @ 50 (3.5)
16.8 (235) 12 @ 35 (2.4)
SR/Ordinary/Any 11.2 (161) 25 @ 29 (2.0)
14.0 (202) 25 @ 18 (1.2)
16.8 (235) 25 @ 13 (0.9)
25.2 (363) 25 @ 7 (0.5)
Page 45
7-29
Table 2.4.7.2.2. Palletized/Solid Pile Storage of Liquids with Closed-Cup Flash Points At or Above 200°F (93°C) in Plastic Containers (Note 1) (continued)
Page 46
7-29
Liquid Type, Response / Nominal Temperature Rating / K-factor gpm/psi1/2 Design, # of Sprinklers @ Pressure psi
Flash Point Container Size Packaging Type Maximum Ceiling Height ft (m) Maximum Storage Height ft (m) Orientation (L/min/bar1/2) (Note 2) (bar)
Very high flash ≤6.5 gal (25 L) Uncartoned 40 (12.1) 15 (4.6) QR/Ordinary/Pendent 14.0 (202) 12 @ 75 (5.2)
point liquid and/or 16.8 (235) 12 @ 50 (3.5)
Cartoned 30 (9.1) 15 (4.6) QR/Ordinary/Pendent 14.0 (202) 12 @ 50 (3.5)

16.8 (235) 12 @ 35 (2.4)
SR/Ordinary/Any 11.2 (161) 20 @ 51 (3.5)
14.0 (202) 20 @ 33 (2.3)
16.8 (235) 20 @ 23 (1.6)

25.2 (363) 20 @ 10 (0.7)
5 (1.5) QR/Ordinary/Pendent 14.0 (202) 12 @ 50 (3.5)
16.8 (235) 12 @ 35 ( 2.4)
SR/Ordinary/Any 11.2 (161) 25 @ 29 (2.0)
14.0 (202) 25 @ 18 (1.2)
16.8 (235) 25 @ 13 (0.9)
25.2 (363) 25 @ 7 (0.5)

≤1 gal (4 L) Cartoned Only 30 (9.1) 20 (6) SR/Ordinary/Any 11.2 (161) 20 @ 51 (3.5)
14.0 (202) 20 @ 33 (2.3)
16.8 (235) 20 @ 23 (1.6)
25.2 (363) 20 @ 10 (0.7)
≤48 oz (1.4 L) Uncartoned 30 (9.1) 15 (4.6) SR/Ordinary/Any 11.2 (161) 35 @ 29 (2.0)
and/or 14.0 (202) 35 @ 18 (1.2)
Cartoned 16.8 (235) 35 @ 13 (0.9)
25.2 (363) 35 @ 7 (0.5)
Note 1. See Section D.1 for explanation of abbreviations. See Section D.2.2 for fire protection schemes
2.4.7.3 Protect Group 1, 2, 3, and 4 water-miscible liquids in accordance with Table 2.4.7.3.1 or Table
2.4.7.3.2, as applicable, based on storage arrangement, roof/ceiling height, and storage height.
2.4.7.4 Protect Group 5 water-miscible liquids as non-ignitable liquids.
2.4.7.4.1 Determine the appropriate commodity classification using Data Sheet 8-1.

Table 2.4.7.3.1. Rack Storage of Group 1, 2, 3, and 4 Water-Miscible Liquids in Plastic or Glass Containers (Note 1)
Page 48
7-29
Response / K-factor gpm/ Design, # of Layout Response K-factor Design Flow
Nominal psi1/2 Sprinklers @ / Nominal gpm/psi1/2 gpm (L/min)
Water-miscible Maximum Temperature (L/min/bar1/2) Pressure psi Temperature (L/min/ (See 2.4.1.2) (Note 3)
Group (see Maximum Ceiling Height Storage Height Rating / (bar) Rating bar1/2)
Section 3.2.1) Container Size ft (m) ft (m) Packaging Type Minimum Aisle Width ft (m) Rack Type Orientation

Group 1, 2, 3 & ≤60 gal(230 L) 40 (13.7) 30 (9.1) Uncartoned 8 (2.4) Single or SR/Ordinary/ ≥11.2 (161) 20 @ 7 (0.5) Scheme D
4 and/or Double Row Any (Note 2)
Cartoned QR/Ordinary/ 25.2EC 10 @ 7 (0.5)
Any (363EC)
≤ 6.5 gal(25 L) 35 (11) 10 (3) Uncartoned 8 (2.4) Single or SR/Ordinary/ 11.2 (161) 30 @ 13 (0.9) Scheme A
and/or Double Row Any 14.0 (202) 30 @ 8 (0.6)
Cartoned ≥16.8 (235) 30 @ 7 (0.5)
(Note 2)
QR/Ordinary/ 25.2EC 15 @ 10 (0.7)
Any (363EC)
≤1 gal(4 L) Unlimited Unlimited Cartoned Only Any Any Any Minimum 0.2 gpm/ft2 (8 mm/min) Scheme A
(Note 5)
≤6 oz(180 ml) 30 (9.1) 25 (7.6) Cartoned Only 8 (2.4) Single or QR/Ordinary/ 14.0 (202) 12 @ 50 (3.4) None
Double Row Pendent 16.8 (235) 12 @ 35 (2.4)

22.4 (310) 12 @ 25 (1.7)
25.2 (363) 12 @ 20 (1.4)
SR/Ordinary/ 11.2 (161) 20 @ 29 (2.0) Fig. QR/Ordinary ≥8.0 (115) 45 (170)
Any 14.0 (202) 20 @ 18 (1.2) D.2.1.44,
16.8 (235) 20 @ 13 (0.9) D.2.1.45
25.2 (363) 20 @ 7 (0.5)
QR/Ordinary/ 25.2EC 10 @ 22 (1.5)
Any (363EC)
SR/Ordinary/ ≥11.2 (161) 20 @ 7 (0.5) Fig. QR/Ordinary ≥8.0 (115) 45 (170)
Any (Note 2) D.2.1.42,
QR/Ordinary/ 25.2EC 10 @ 7 (0.5) D.2.1.43
Any (363EC)
40 (12) 35 (10.6) Cartoned Only 8 (2.4) Single or QR/Ordinary/ 14.0 (202) 12 @ 75 (5.2) None
22.4 (310) 12 @ 45 (3.1)
25.2 (363) 12 @ 40 (2.8)
Table 2.4.7.3.1. Rack Storage of Group 1, 2, 3, and 4 Water-Miscible Liquids in Plastic or Glass Containers (Note 1) (continued)

Response / K-factor gpm/ Design, # of Layout Response K-factor Design Flow
Nominal psi1/2 Sprinklers @ / Nominal gpm/psi1/2 gpm (L/min)
Water-miscible Maximum Temperature (L/min/bar1/2) Pressure psi Temperature (L/min/ (See 2.4.1.2) (Note 3)
Group 2 ≤1 gal (4 L) Unlimited Unlimited Cartoned only Any Any (Note 5) Any Minimum 0.2 gpm/ft2 (8 mm/min) Scheme A
Group 3 ≤ 6.5 gal (25 L) Unlimited Unlimited Cartoned only Any Any (Note 5) Any Minimum 0.2 gpm/ft2 (8 mm/min) Scheme A
≤1 gal (4 L) 30 (9.1) 25 (7.6) Cartoned Only 8 (2.4) Single or QR/Ordinary/ 14.0 (202) 12 @ 75 (5.2) None
(Note 2)
Any 14.0 (202) 20 @ 18 (1.2) D.2.1.46,
16.8 (235) 20 @ 13 (0.9) D.2.1.47
25.2 (363) 20 @ 7 (0.5)
QR/Ordinary/ 25.2EC 10 @ 22 (1.5)
Any (363EC)
Any (Note 2) D.2.2.3.1,
QR/Ordinary/ 25.2EC 10 @ 22 (1.5) D.2.2.3.2,
Any (363EC) D.2.2.3.3
(Note 4)
≤ 59 oz (1.75 Unlimited Unlimited Cartoned 4 (1.2) Any (Note 5) SR/Ordinary/ ≥11.2 (160) 20 @ 7 (0.5) Scheme E
L) Any ≤ 5 ft (1.5 m) storage above top level of in-rack sprinklers
QR/Ordinary/ 25.2EC 10 @ 7 (0.5)
Any (363EC)
SR/Ordinary/ 11.2 (160) 20 @ 29 (2.0) Scheme E
Any 14.0 (202) 20 @ 18 (1.2) ≤ 10 ft (3 m) storage above top level of in-rack sprinklers
16.8 (235) 20 @ 13 (0.9)
25.2 (363) 20 @ 7 (0.5)
QR/Ordinary/ 25.2EC 10 @ 22 (1.5)
Any (363EC)
Page 49
7-29
Table 2.4.7.3.1. Rack Storage of Group 1, 2, 3, and 4 Water-Miscible Liquids in Plastic or Glass Containers (Note 1) (continued)
Page 50
7-29
Response / K-factor gpm/ Design, # of Layout Response K-factor Design Pressure gpm (L/min)
Nominal psi1/2 Sprinklers @ / Nominal gpm/psi1/2 (See 2.4.1.2) (Note 3)
Water-miscible Maximum Temperature (L/min/bar1/2) Pressure psi Temperature (L/min/

Group 4 ≤ 6.5 gal (25 L) Unlimited Unlimited Cartoned only Any Any (Note 5) Any Minimum 0.2 gpm/ft2 (8 mm/min) Scheme A
≤1 gal (4 L) 30 (9.1) 25 (7.6) Cartoned Only 8 (2.4) Single or QR/Ordinary/ 14.0 (202) 12 @ 50 (3.4) None
22.4 (310) 12 @ 25 (1.7)
25.2 (363) 12 @ 20 (1.4)

Any 14.0 (202) 20 @ 18 (1.2) D.2.1.44,
16.8 (235) 20 @ 13 (0.9) D.2.1.45
25.2 (363) 20 @ 7 (0.5)
QR/Ordinary/ 25.2EC 10 @ 22 (1.5)
Any (363EC)
Any (Note 2) D.2.1.42,
QR/Ordinary/ 25.2EC 10 @ 7 (0.5) D.2.1.43

Any (363EC)
15 (4.6) Cartoned Only 8 (2.4) Single or SR/Ordinary/ ≥11.2 (161) 20 @ 7 (0.5) Fig. QR/Ordinary ≥8.0 (115) 45 (170)
Double Row Any (Note 2) D.2.1.44,
QR/Ordinary/ 25.2EC 10 @ 7 (0.5) D.2.1.45
Any (363EC)
a. Eight (8) sprinklers where only one level of in-rack sprinklers is installed.
b. Fourteen (14) sprinklers (seven on each two top levels) where two levels of in-rack sprinklers are installed.
c. Eighteen (18) sprinklers (six on top three levels) where more than two levels of in-rack sprinklers are installed.
d. The in-rack discharge pressure as provided in Table 2.4.7.3.1.
Note 4. Where the figures referred to are part of the fire protection for Scheme C, only use the figures; do not apply the entire fire protection scheme.
Table 2.4.7.3.2. Palletized/Solid Pile Storage of Groups 1 through 4 Water-Miscible Liquids in Plastic or Glass Containers (Note 1)

Maximum Ceiling Height Maximum Storage Height Response / Nominal K-factor gpm/psi1/2 Design, # of Sprinklers @
Liquid Type (Note 2) Container Size, Type Packaging Type ft (m) ft (m) Temperature Rating / Orientation (L/min/bar1/2) Pressure psi (bar)
Group 1 or 2 ≤16 oz (500 ml), Any Cartoned Only 30 (9.1) 12 (3.7) QR/Ordinary/Pendent 14.0 (202) 12 @ 50 (3.4)
16.8 (235) 12 @ 35 (2.4)
SR/Ordinary/Any 11.2 (161) 25 @ 51 (3.5)
14.0 (202) 25 @ 33 (2.3)
16.8 (235) 25 @ 23 (1.6)
25.2 (363) 25 @ 10 (0.7)

8 (2.4) SR/Ordinary/Any 11.2 (161) 15 @ 51 (3.5)
14.0 (202) 15 @ 33 (2.3)
16.8 (235) 15 @ 23 (1.6)
25.2 (363) 15 @ 10 (0.7)
5 (1.5) SR/Ordinary/Any 11.2 (161) 20 @ 29 (2.0)
14.0 (202) 20 @18 (1.2)
16.8 (235) 20 @ 13 (0.9)
25.2 (363) 20 @ 7 (0.5)
≤6 oz(180 ml), Any Cartoned Only 30 (9.1) 15 (4.6) QR/Ordinary/Pendent 14.0 (202) 12 @ 50 (3.4)
16.8 (235) 12 @ 35 (2.4)
22.4 (32) 12 @ 25 (1.7)
25.2 (363) 12 @ 20 (1.4)
Group 3 ≤59 oz (1.75 L), Plastic Cartoned Only 30 (9.1) 20 (6.1) QR/Ordinary/Pendent 14.0 (202) 12 @ 50 (3.4)
16.8 (235) 12 @ 35 (2.4)
SR/Ordinary/Any ≥11.2 (161) (Note 3) 35 @ 7 (0.5)
≤59 oz (1.75 L) Glass or Plastic Cartoned Only 30 (9.1) 17 (5.2) QR/Ordinary/Any 14.0 (202) 12 @ 50 (3.4)
16.8 (235) 12 @ 35 (2.4)
5 (1.5) QR/Ordinary/Any 14.0 (202) 20 @ 18 (1.2)
16.8 (235) 20 @ 13 (0.9)
40 (12) 17 (5.2) QR/Ordinary/Any 14.0 (202) 12 @ 75 (5.2)
16.8 (235) 12 @ 52 (3.6)
5 (1.5) QR/Ordinary/Any 14.0 (202) 20 @ 18 (1.2)
Page 51
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16.8 (235) 20 @ 13 (0.9)
Table 2.4.7.3.2. Palletized/Solid Pile Storage of Groups 1 through 4 Water-Miscible Liquids in Plastic or Glass Containers (Note 1) (continued)
Page 52
7-29
Maximum Ceiling Height Maximum Storage Height Response / Nominal K-factor gpm/psi1/2 Design, # of Sprinklers @
Liquid Type (Note 2) Container Size, Type Packaging Type ft (m) ft (m) Temperature Rating / Orientation (L/min/bar1/2) Pressure psi (bar)
Group 4 ≤6.5 gal (25 L), Any Uncartoned or Cartoned 30 (9.1) 20 (6.1) QR/Ordinary/Pendent 14.0 (202) 12 @ 50 (3.4)
SR/Ordinary/Any 11.2 (161) 30 @ 13 (0.9)
14.0 (202) 30 @ 8 (0.6)

≥16.8 (235) (Note 3) 30 @ 7 (0.5)
Propylene glycol or ethylene ≥40 gal (150 L) and ≤60 (230 L)) DNA 30 (9.1) 1 Drum high SR/Ordinary/Any ≥11.2 (161) (Note 3) 20 @ 7 (0.5)
glycol or glycerin QR/Ordinary/Any 25.2EC (363 EC) 10 @ 7 (0.5)

(>80%) 2 Drums high SR/Ordinary/Any 11.2 (161) 20 @ 28 (1.9)
14.0 (202) 20 @ 18 (1.2)
16.8 (235) 20 @ 13 (0.9)
≥22.4 (310) 20 @ 7 (0.5)
QR/Ordinary/Any 25.2EC (363 EC) 10 @ 22 (1.5)
Note 1. See Section D.1 for explanation of abbreviations. See Section D.2.2 for fire protection schemes
Note 2. See Section 3.2.1 for definitions of Groups 1 through 4 water-miscible liquids.

2.4.8 Distilled Spirits in Wooden Barrels: Palletized Storage Arrays

2.4.8.1 Limit palletized storage arrays to a maximum of 7 pallets high.
2.4.8.2 Maintain a minimum flue space of 6 in. (152 mm) between adjacent pallets as shown in Figure 2.4.8.2.
2.4.8.2.1 Provide the flue space every 2 to 3 barrels depending on the type of pallet that is used.
Fig. 2.4.8.2. Minimum flue space between palletized storage arrays (plan view)
2.4.8.3 Arrange palletized storage that is provided with a defined loading aisle using one of the options below:
A. Provide a draft curtain along the side of palletized storage facing the loading aisle as shown in Figure
2.4.8.3.A. Design the draft curtains in accordance with Data Sheet 1-10, Interaction of Sprinklers, Smoke
and Heat Vents, and Draft Curtains, and Data Sheet 2-0.
B. Provide a trench drain on each side of the loading aisle as shown in Figure 2.4.8.3.B arranged to remove
any spilled distilled spirits in the aisle space out of the building and prevent it from spreading into the
barrel storage area.
C. Band all the barrels on each pallet to prevent barrels from falling off the pallet during transportation
and loading into the storage array.

Fig. 2.4.8.3.A. Loading aisle draft curtain arrangement (plan view)
Fig. 2.4.8.3.B. Loading aisle trench drain arrangement (plan view)

2.4.8.4 Protect palletized storage arrangements in accordance with Table 2.4.8.4 and the following criteria:
2.4.8.4.1 The protection applies to alcohol-water mixtures up to 75% alcohol by volume and wooden barrel
sizes of 53–130 gal (200–500 L).
2.4.8.4.2 Provide a 500 gpm (1900 L/min) hose stream allowance.
2.4.8.4.4 When a permanent loading aisle is provided, the Barrel Storage system and Loading Aisle system
do not need to be hydraulically balanced.
2.4.8.4.5 If a dry sprinkler system is permitted, provide water delivery within 40 seconds to the most remote
4 sprinklers.
Table 2.4.8.4. Palletized Storage of Distilled Spirits with up to 75% Alcohol by Volume in Wooden Barrels (Note 1)
Nominal gpm/psi1/2 Sprinklers @
Temperature (L/min/bar1/2) Pressure
Ceiling Height Storage Height Rating/ psi (bar)
Protection Area System Type ft (m) ft (m)/# drums Orientation
Barrel Storage Wet 30 ft (9.1 m) 24 ft (7.3 m) / QR / Ordinary / 14.0 (202) 12 @ 18 (1.25)
7 drums Pendent
QR / Ordinary / 16.8 (240) 12 @ 13 (0.9)
Pendent
Dry SR / High / 16.8 (240) 24 @ 13 (0.9)
Upright
Loading Aisle Wet / Dry NA SR / High / 5.6 (80) 100 @ 13 (0.9)
with Draft Any >8.0 (115) 100 @ 7 (0.5)
Curtain (Note 2)
Loading Aisle Provide the palletized storage design across the entire roof area (i.e., storage area and loading aisle)
with Trench
Drains or
Banded Barrels
or No
Permanent
Loading Aisle
Note 2. The K 19.6 (K280) sprinkler is not acceptable for use in this protection table.
2.4.9 Distilled Spirits in Wooden Barrels: Rack Storage Arrays

2.4.9.1 Arrange rack storage arrangements with on-side wooden barrels to provide at least a 17% open area
fraction within the rack storage array ignoring any openings in walkways as shown in Figure 2.4.9.1. (See
glossary for definition of open area fraction.)
2.4.9.1.1 Flue spaces between adjacent rows of barrels of at least 8 in. (200 mm) wide will provide the needed
open area fraction.
2.4.9.2 If walkways are provided between barrels, design the walkways as follows:
2.4.9.2.1 Provide a minimum 3 in. (76 mm) wide flue space between the walkway and the barrel.
2.4.9.2.2 Construct walkways out of noncombustible materials that are 50% open, allowing airflow and water
to pass through.
2.4.9.2.2.1 Walkways constructed of noncombustible materials that are less than 50% open, or combustible
materials with a maximum width of 14 in. (36 cm) are acceptable.
2.4.9.3 Arrange rack storage arrangements with on-end wooden barrel to provide at least 6 in. (152 mm)
transverse and longitudinal flue spaces.

Fig. 2.4.9.1. Flue space and walkway layout for on-side barrel storage in racks (plan view)
2.4.9.4 Protect rack storage arrangements in accordance with Table 2.4.9.4 and the following criteria:
2.4.9.4.1 Any rack type is acceptable if the needed open fraction and flue spaces are provided.
2.4.9.4.2 For walkways that do not meet the criteria in Section 2.4.9.2.2 or Section 2.4.9.2.2.1, provide
sprinkler protection below walkways at every level.
2.4.9.4.3 The protection applies to alcohol-water mixtures up to 75% alcohol by volume and wooden barrel
sizes of 53–130 gal (200–500 L).
2.4.9.4.4 Provide a 500 gpm (1900 L/min) hose stream allowance.
2.4.9.4.6 If a dry sprinkler system is permitted, provide water delivery within 40 seconds to the most remote
4 sprinklers.

Table 2.4.9.4. Rack Storage of Distilled Spirits in Wooden Barrels (Note 1)
Response / K-factor Design, # of Layout Response / K-factor Design Flow gpm
Nominal gpm/psi1/2 Sprinklers @ Nominal gpm/psi1/2 (L/min)
Maximum Ceiling Maximum Minimum Aisle Temperature (L/min/bar1/2) Pressure psi Temperature (L/min/bar1/2)
Barrel Sprinkler System Height Storage Height Width Rating / (bar) Rating
Arrangement Type ft (m) ft (m)/# Barrels ft (m) Orientation
On-Side Wet 40 (12) 33 (10) / 9 NA QR / Ordinary / 14.0 (200) 12 @ 37 (2.5) None
barrels Pendent
SR / High / Any ≥ 11.2 (160) 20 @ 7 (0.5) Fig D.2.1.48 and QR / Ordinary / 8.0 (115) 6 @ 45 (170)
(Note 2) D.2.1.49 Any [one level of in
racks] or 12 @
45 (170) [more
than one level of
in racks]
Dry 40 (12) 33 (10) / 9 NA SR / High / 16.8 (240) 24 @ 25 (1.7) None
barrels Upright
SR / High / ≥ 11.2 (160) 20 @ 7 (0.5) Fig D.2.1.48 and QR / Ordinary / 8.0 (115) 6 @ 45 (170)
Upright (Note 2) D.2.1.49 Upright [one level of in
racks] or 12 @
45 (170) [more
than one level of
in racks]
On-End Wet 30 (9.1) 25 (7.6) / 5 8 (2.4) SR / High / Any ≥ 11.2 (160) 50 @ 7 (0.5) Fig D.2.1.4, QR / Ordinary / ≥ 8.0 (115) 6 @ 25 (95) [one
barrels (Note 2) D.2.1.6, D.2.1. 7 Any level] or 12 @ 25
and D.2.1.8 (95 ) [more than
one level]

Page 57
7-29
2.4.9.5 Provide a curb between the loading aisle and the racks. This is to help prevent a spill from a dropped
barrel spreading under the rack storage.
2.4.9.6 If barrels are filled/emptied in place while in storage, i.e., alcohol is transferred, then apply Data Sheet
7-32. The protection recommendations above remain applicable provided that the maximum anticipated spill
is equivalent to the volume of one barrel.
2.5 Operation and Maintenance

2.5.1 Establish a complete maintenance program designed to ensure equipment is operating as it has been
engineered to operate.
2.5.1.1 Refer to Data Sheet 9-0/17-0, Asset Integrity, to evaluate existing programs or as a guide to developing
new ones.
2.5.1.2 Include mechanical and electrical equipment in maintenance programs for equipment handling and
areas containing ignitable liquids.
2.5.1.3 Follow preventive maintenance schedules closely to prevent the creation of an ignition source (e.g.,
equipment breakdown and overheating, improperly sealed hazardous area rated electric equipment).
2.5.2 Relocate equipment needing repair or maintenance that uses a cutting torch or other hot work operation
to an appropriately arranged and isolated designated hot work location. See Data Sheet 10-3, Hot Work
Management, for further information.
2.5.3 Operate and maintain the self-supporting rack structures for distilled spirit barrel storage warehouses
as follows:
2.5.3.1 Conduct monthly inspections during normal operating periods for evidence of structural movement
or instability. Less frequent inspections are permissible during static conditions.
2.5.3.2 Install a permanent plumb line or another suitable measuring system for storage racks over six barrels
high. Take readings before and after any large-scale loading or removal operations.
2.5.3.3 Load and unload evenly to prevent unbalanced forces on the racks. Where practical, load lower tiers
first; when unloading, start with upper tiers.
2.5.3.4 Report and evaluate abnormal conditions promptly to determine if corrective action is needed.
2.5.3.5 Provide lightning protection for all warehouse buildings installed in accordance with Data Sheet 5-11,
Lightning and Surge Protection for Electrical Systems.
2.6 Training
2.6.1 Create a training program for all employees (including lift truck operators, emergency response team
members, and security personnel) who have access to or work in areas containing ignitable liquid storage. At
a minimum, include the following subjects in the program:
A. The hazards created by the liquids and their associated containers
B. Proper liquid/container handling procedures (i.e., lift truck operations, liquid transport through the facility,
etc.)
C. Emergency procedures, including the location, proper type and proper use of fire extinguishers and
small hose stations
D. Fixed extinguishing systems operation and function
E. The consequences of failing to follow the procedures
2.6.2 Provide training for all new employees, with refresher programs as needed.
2.7 Human Factor

2.7.1 Establish a formal property conservation program in accordance with Data Sheet 10-0, The Human
Factor of Property Conservation.

2.7.2 Establish an emergency response plan designed to control the extent of damage due to fire in
accordance with Data Sheet 10-1, Pre-Incident and Emergency Response, at locations storing ignitable
liquids.
2.7.2.1 Include spill-response procedures aimed at limiting spill size (e.g., prompt removal of breached
containers), containing released liquid (e.g., use of sand bags or other barriers), and elimination of all ignition
sources that may be exposed by the spill or flammable vapor until the spill is cleaned up.
2.7.2.2 Develop and maintain a pre-incident plan in accordance with Data Sheet 10-1.
2.7.2.3 Conduct emergency response drills to reinforce the employee training programs (including emergency
response team).
2.7.3 Arrange security rounds to include all areas storing ignitable liquids.
2.7.3.1 Train security personnel to recognize and provide prompt notification of a leak.
2.7.4 Provide a raw materials inspection program to ensure delivery of expected liquids and prevent the
introduction of incompatible liquids into a storage facility.
2.7.4.1 Only accept, ship, and use containers that comply with U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT),
United Nations, or equivalent specifications.
2.7.4.2 Maintain the vapor space no less than that permitted by the specific regulation.
2.7.5 Conduct fusible closure supervision in accordance with the following recommendations at locations
where FM Approved fusible closures for steel drums are used.
2.7.5.1 Develop a management reporting system that includes:
A. Qualified personnel responsible for program implementation.
B. Periodic management audits to ensure the program is implemented as intended.
2.7.5.2 Create purchasing requirements that include:
A. A list of qualified suppliers.
B. A list of FM Approved fusible closures that are installed by each supplier.
2.7.5.3 Develop drum inspection requirements for receiving and storage areas that include:
A. Visual inspections to ensure FM Approved fusible closures are installed on all incoming drums.
B. Recorded incoming drum inspections.
C. An up-to-date list of qualified suppliers and FM Approved fusible closures.
D. Clear authorization to reject any shipments containing non-Approved fusible closures.
E. Reporting requirement for any unsatisfactory conditions to ensure prompt corrective measures.
2.7.5.4 Provide awareness training for employees who receive and handle drums fitted with FM Approved
fusible closures.
2.7.5.4.1 Ensure the training addresses the following:
A. Role of FM Approved fusible closures and proper storage practices
B. Potential consequences of unapproved fusible closures and improper storage
C. Recognizing FM Approved and unapproved fusible closures
D. Inspection and reporting procedures
E. Initial training and periodic refreshers
2.7.5.5 Provide documentation of all procedures, suppliers, inspection records, and training.
2.7.5.5.1 Ensure documentation is maintained in a central location on site that is accessible for loss prevention
audits.
2.7.5.6 Use Management of Change procedures to:

A. Maintain an up-to-date roster of designated employees and their role in fusible closure supervision.
B. Communicate new suppliers and fusible closure manufacturers to all areas of the supervision program.
2.7.6 Clearly label all containers filled with ignitable liquids.
2.7.6.1 Inspect drums for leaks upon receipt, when in use, and while stored.
2.7.6.2 Promptly remove any leaking, corroded, or damaged drums, and immediately clean up any spillage
and dispose of it in a manner acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction.
2.7.7 Strictly control all changes in storage arrangements, locations, and types of ignitable liquids.
2.7.7.1 Conduct a full review of all planned changes with qualified loss prevention consultants as well as
other authorities having jurisdiction before the project begins.
2.8 Ignition Source Control

2.8.1 Use Table 2.8.1 to determine areas needing rated electrical equipment.
2.8.1.1 Do not use non-rated portable electrical equipment in areas requiring rated electrical equipment.
2.8.1.1.1 If such equipment must be temporarily introduced, treat this as hot work and follow the permit
precautions. As with other hot work, if the precautions cannot be taken, do not issue the permit and do not
use the non-rated electrical equipment.
2.8.1.2 In distilled spirit maturation warehouses, provide Class I, Division 2, Group D rated leak-hunters,
extension lights, barrel stackers, grade level wall outlets, and below-grade electrical installations.
Table 2.8.1. Electrical Equipment Ratings and Lift Truck Ratings for Ignitable Liquids Storage Occupancies
Electrical Equipment Rating within 6 ft (1.8 m)
of Floor Level Lift Truck Rating for
US (NEC 500) US (NEC 505) Handling or
Liquid Type Container Size IECCENELEC Transporting Liquids
BP < 100°F (38°C) Any Class 1 Division 2 Class 1 Zone 2 Type EE or DY
FP <100°F (38°C) Any Ordinary Ordinary Type EE or DY
AND
BP ≥ 100°F (38°C)
FP ≥100°F(38°C) Any Ordinary Ordinary Ordinary
Note: FP = flash point, and BP = boiling point.
2.8.2 Use Table 2.8.1 to determine when lift trucks that are FM Approved for Class 1, Division 2 locations
are needed to handle and/or transport liquid storage.
2.8.2.1 Use of electric Type E, gasoline Type GS, diesel Type DS, and LP-gas Type LPS to transport all
liquid types outdoors is acceptable.
2.8.2.2 Use of air-powered or manually-operated hoists, hand trucks, or other manual equipment are
acceptable and are generally preferred for use with all ignitable liquids.
2.8.2.3 Do not use hydrogen fuel cell lift trucks for handling ignitable liquids since they are not currently rated
for hazardous location use and may create an explosion hazard if they are fueled in the building where they
are being used.
2.8.2.4 Rated lift trucks are not required for liquids stored in general purpose warehouses.
2.8.3 Provide grounding in accordance with Data Sheet 5-8, Static Electricity and NFPA 70, National Electrical
Code, Articles 250 and 500, for equipment subject to static accumulations, such as racks, ventilating ducts,
hoists, etc. Proper grounding of equipment reduces the potential for buildup of electric charge on separated
pieces of equipment due to static accumulations or stray electric currents.
2.8.4 Prohibit smoking or the use of open flames in all rooms, buildings, or outdoor storage areas that are
used for the storage of ignitable liquids.
2.8.4.1 Post conspicuous signs to define hazardous areas and state restrictions for the area.

2.8.5 When heating rooms or buildings, including hot box or warming room, that contain ignitable liquid
storage, use a system that does not introduce an ignition source (e.g., steam, hot water, or hazardous location
rated electric heat).
2.8.5.1 Direct natural gas/fuel oil-fired make-up air heaters are acceptable if the heating unit is located outside
the room or building and there is no air recirculation.
2.8.5.2 Keep heating equipment surface temperatures below the auto-ignition point of the liquids present in
the room.
2.8.5.3 Keep heating equipment at least 5 ft (1.5 m) away from liquid storage containers.
2.8.5.4 If storage containers are opened in the room, use Data Sheet 7-32.
2.8.6 Do not allow hot work of any kind in areas (indoors and outdoors) storing ignitable liquids. Instead,
use methods that do not create a potential ignition source, or relocate any hot work to a nonhazardous
location. When relocation is not possible, use the FM Global Hot Work Permit System. See Data Sheet 10-3.
3.0 SUPPORT FOR RECOMMENDATIONS
3.1 General
3.1.1 Composite Intermediate Bulk Containers (IBC)
3.1.1.1 Non-FM Approved Composite IBCs

Composite IBCs are designed to transport and store liquids, including ignitable liquids. The various
transportation codes around the world evaluate the IBCs for integrity during transportation activities. However,
the containers are not evaluated for their ability to resist failure when exposed to fire regardless of the type
of liquid storage.
Fire testing has demonstrated that composite IBCs can quickly fail when exposed to even a small packaging
fire, resulting in the release of the liquid. Composite IBCs containing ignitable liquid will create very large
pool fires that involve the contents of all containers exposed to the fire.
The only protection criteria available for these units requires significant in-rack sprinkler protection plus
isolation because multiple containers can still fail. Ignitable liquids are limited to:
• Liquids with a flash point of 200°F (93°C) or higher
• Ethyl, isopropyl or methyl alcohols
In addition, there are a couple of liquids with reduced fire hazards that can also be stored in IBCs. Those
ignitable liquids are:
• Propylene glycol, ethylene glycol or glycerin
• Very high flash point liquids
3.1.1.2 FM Approved Composite IBCs

FM Approved composite IBCs are expected to limit the involvement and prevent leakage of the stored ignitable
liquid, even when exposed to a pool fire, when protected per this data sheet. The FM Approval fire test
consists of a pool fire using the type of liquid stored in the IBC. IBCs are arranged in a 2 x 2 x 2 high array
under a 30 ft (9 m) ceiling for applications with liquids having a flash point greater than or equal to 200°F
(93°C). IBCs are arranged in a 2x2x1 array under a 30 ft (9 m) ceiling for applications with liquid having a
flash point greater than or equal to 100°F (38°C). The IBCs sit in a 14 ft x 14 ft (4.3 m x 4.3 m) pan filled with
the same liquid that is stored in the IBCs, simulating a release from one unit. Automatic sprinkler protection
2
is provided and arranged to deliver a density of 0.6 gpm/ft (24 mm/min) over the two high array and 0.3 gpm/ft2 (12 mm/min) over the
one high array. The IBCs cannot release the stored liquid into the pool fire or allow the liquid to contribute significantly (i.e., do not allow a burning across the
entire top surface of the IBC) during the test.
The currently FM Approved composite IBC is Approved for use with liquids that have a flash point greater
than or equal to 100°F (38°C).

3.2 Liquid Evaluation

The first step in evaluating the storage of ignitable liquids is to determine the actual fire hazard presented
by the liquid. Current labeling practices required by many codes and liquid classification schemes are not a
good indication of the fire hazard of a liquid. Even the measurable physical properties of liquids do not always
provide enough information to determine the fire hazard created by a particular stored liquid.
The fire hazard of an ignitable liquid is determined by both inherent physical properties of the liquid and
external factors such as container construction, container size, storage arrangement, and building
construction. Two measures of fire severity are heat release rate and flame height. For liquid fires, the heat
release rate is controlled by the surface area of the liquid, the liquid’s heat of combustion, and the mass
loss rate of the liquid. The flame height is controlled by the fire’s heat release rate. Heat of combustion is
a physical property of the liquid. Mass loss rate can vary depending on the spill size and the fire severity. The
surface area available to burn is dependent on numerous external factors such as liquid release method
(spray release, liquid stream, catastrophic mass release), floor surface and pitch (rough surface and/or floor
pitch will limit liquid spread), and container construction (combustible containers will release liquid while most
noncombustible containers will retain liquid if properly protected).
Another factor to consider is the ability to extinguish a liquid pool fire with ceiling sprinkler discharge alone.
Previous FM Global testing showed ceiling sprinklers were successful in extinguishing pool fires involving
liquids with a closed-cup flash point greater than 200°F (93°C). This result was also supported in more recent
FM Global tests on vegetable and motor oils. Using this criteria, hydrocarbon liquids could be divided into
two groups: liquids that cannot be extinguished with ceiling sprinkler discharge and liquids that can be
extinguished with ceiling sprinkler discharge. The break point would be a closed-cup flash point of 200°F
(93°C).
The FM Global test results on motor oil and vegetable oil provided a break point to use for the evaluation
of liquids with a flash point greater than 200°F (93°C). The required level of fire protection for vegetable oils
in plastic containers is less than that required for motor oil in plastic containers. The closed-cup flash point
of the tested vegetable oil was 450°F (232°C). The motor oil tested had a flash point of 375°F (191°C). The
main difference between the two tested liquids was the amount of energy needed to ignite the liquids. The
higher flash and fire points of the vegetable oil allowed for the use of a reduced protection scheme (i.e.,
no horizontal barriers and one line of in-rack sprinklers) because the released oil was more difficult to ignite
and, when ignited, was very easily cooled, and extinguished by sprinkler discharge.
Other material/liquid properties that may impact the fire hazard of a liquid include water miscibility, liquid
mixtures and emulsions, liquid viscosity, low boiling point liquids (i.e., boiling point below 100°F [38°C]), and
liquids that are heavier than water (i.e., specific gravity above 1).
Ultimately, when considering the fire hazard created by liquids, determining if the liquid will burn is the critical
factor. If it burns, the liquid creates a significant fire hazard for storage occupancies. Even liquids that create
limited fire hazards will create an unacceptable fire in a storage occupancy because they can still create
a large-area ignition source. Igniting solid materials in multiple flue spaces is beyond the design basis for
current sprinkler criteria for solid commodities. Unfortunately, current codes do not support identifying liquids
that will burn. Most codes ignore liquids with flash points greater than 140°F (60°C) and these can burn down
a building just as easily as the liquids that require labeling.
3.2.1 Water-Miscible Liquids

See Appendix A for the definition of “water-miscible.”
Historically, water-miscible ignitable liquids were thought to require significantly less protection than normal
hydrocarbon liquids since they can be diluted with water to a point where they cease to burn. This approach
actually allowed certain mixtures of water and ignitable liquids to be protected as a solid commodity.
Water-miscible liquids do generally have lower heat release rates and low flame radiation (due to limited soot
production). Also, as the water percentage of the mixture rises, the flash point and fire point of the mixture
increase while the heat of combustion and heat release rate decrease. At some point, the mixture will cease
to have a fire point but may still have a flash point. Mixtures that do not have a fire point will not burn.
Conversely, if the mixture has a fire point, it will burn and can create a pool fire. Unfortunately, this means
products with limited amounts of a water-miscible liquid and a fire point have the potential for creating a pool
fire if the liquid release is not controlled or contained during a fire. This could allow fire spread well beyond
the area of fire origin. Mixtures that have fire points must always be considered ignitable liquids.

There are only a small number of ignitable liquids that meet the definition of water-miscible provided in this
data sheet. Most liquids that meet the definition are low molecular weight alcohols and acetone. Only the
liquids listed in Table 2.1.2.2 should be considered water-miscible. If a liquid is thought to be water-miscible,
it must be confirmed by testing a range of volume percentages to clearly demonstrate its ability to mix in
all proportions with water.
Water-miscible liquids do mix with water. However, they are also lighter than water so they float on its surface.
Most of the mixing in a sprinklered pool fire scenario is due to sprinkler discharge impacting the liquid surface.
Full-scale tests by FM Global have shown that, although mixing does occur, it is a very slow process and
should not be depended on to reduce fire protection needs in a storage arrangement.
Some protection criteria required for water-miscible liquids as a general group can be reduced due to the
lower heat release rates and lower flame radiation (e.g., location and construction requirements, sprinkler
protection for liquids in metal containers). Some protection criteria (e.g., drainage requirements) can be
reduced due to the expected dilution effect of water. In other cases, water-miscible liquids need to be broken
down by the specific liquid, liquid concentration, and storage container construction (e.g., sprinkler protection
for liquids in plastic containers). Since plastic or glass containers cannot prevent the release of a water-
miscible liquid during a fire, the liquid type and concentration must be considered. All water-miscible liquids
do not present the same fire hazard. Acetone creates a more severe fire hazard than isopropyl alcohol (IPA).
Unfortunately, fire testing conducted to date has only looked at alcohols. This base of test data allows the
grouping of all water-miscible alcohols by volume percent. One series of small-scale testing indicates that
80% acetone presents a fire hazard similar to 100% IPA. Since different levels of fire protection criteria are
possible for various mixtures of some miscible liquids and water, mixtures with similar fire hazards were
grouped.
Miscible liquid mixtures in plastic or glass containers that are not included in the groups have not been
evaluated. Use the guidance in Table 2.4.5.1 to determine acceptable fire protection for these liquids.
3.2.2 Emulsions
An emulsion is a stable mixture of two or more immiscible substances held in suspension by a small
percentage of substances called emulsifiers. A common example of this type of product is a water-borne paint
or coating. Latex paints generally have little or no ignitable liquid content. Some newer paints have various
percentages of ignitable liquid in a water base. The ignitable liquids can be water-miscible or immiscible.
Bench-scale testing on a large number of paint products with up to 20% immiscible ignitable liquid has shown
these materials to present no measurable fire hazard. Many of these materials cannot be easily tested using
standard flash or fire point test methods. However, efforts to ignite larger quantities of liquid than required
by these tests also failed to produce any sustained combustion. All emulsion products with unknown ignitable
liquid content require testing to confirm if the product has a fire point.
3.2.3 Viscous Liquids/Viscous Mixtures

Viscosity is measured by many different types of tests. Many of the measurements were developed for a
particular type of liquid at a fixed temperature. It is not possible to convert between most of the viscosity
measurements. One unit of dynamic (absolute) viscosity is a centipoise (cP). One cP is equivalent to 6.72 x
104 lb/sec-ft or 0.01 g/cm-sec. The viscosity of several liquids (at 70°F [21°C]) are as follows:
• Water: 1.0 cP
• Gasoline: 0.65 cP
• Acetone: 0.35 cP
• Lubricating oil (SAE 10): 60 cP
• Glycerin: 1000 cP
• Honey: 10,000 cP
• Asphalt: >100,000 cP
A common unit of measure for kinematic (ratio of dynamic viscosity and density) viscosity is centistokes (cSt).
At 68°F (20°C), water has a kinematic viscosity of about 1 cSt.

An important benefit of viscous liquids is their reduced flow capacity. Highly viscous liquids will resist free
flow, which results in reduced surface area. As discussed earlier, surface area has a direct impact on liquid
fire severity. Unfortunately, the viscosity of many materials decreases with elevated temperatures. Since
current viscosity measurement techniques do not provide viscosities at fire temperatures, a reduction in fire
hazard for viscous homogenous materials cannot be determined.
There are other liquids that consist of a mixture of solids and an ignitable liquid. In cases where there is a
high solid content, a reduction in fire hazard is expected. Liquids with a viscosity of 10,000 cP and less than
10% ignitable liquid, or a viscosity of 100,000 cP and less than 50% ignitable liquid, can be protected using
reduced protection criteria. Straight interpolation may be used to calculate the maximum solvent content
for mixtures with viscosities between 10,000 cP and 100,000 cP. One example is automobile repair putty,
which consists of a viscous base material combined with a small quantity of low flash point solvent.
Liquid drainage systems are not needed for any liquid with a viscosity greater than 10,000 cP. Even though
these liquids may experience a reduction in viscosity when exposed to a fire, if the sprinkler protection is
adequate, the liquids should cool quickly on the floor. The reduced flow characteristics of a highly viscous
liquid negates the effectiveness of a drainage system in removing the liquid.
3.2.4 Liquids with Boiling Point Below 100°F (38°C)

No testing has been conducted on these liquids. Their low boiling point results in rapid vaporization when
released. This creates the potential for the formation of an explosive cloud if the liquid is spilled, or the quick
buildup of pressure in a sealed container exposed to fire. The impact on the overall fire hazard may be limited.
Quick vaporization produces a high mass loss rate that will quickly reduce pool area. These two factors may
cancel each other’s impact on the overall heat release rate. The key concerns with these liquids are the
prevention of a large liquid release that could result in an explosion, and the prevention of container
overpressurization during a fire.
3.2.5 Liquids with Specific Gravity Above 1

These liquids can be extinguished by water if the water is given the opportunity to build up over the liquid’s
surface. Emergency floor drainage is not required for this type of liquid storage if adequate containment can
be provided to ensure water buildup over the ignitable liquid’s surface.
3.2.6 Atypical Ignitable Liquids
3.2.6.1 Very High Flash Point Liquids

Based on the results of several research test programs, FM Global has defined a closed-cup flash point
threshold at which liquids will not support fire spread across an unheated liquid pool. This does not mean
these liquids will not burn; in fact, they still represent a severe fire hazard when stored in small plastic
containers with cardboard packaging.
Liquids meeting one of the requirements in Section 2.1.3.1.1 can be treated as very high flash point liquids.
3.2.6.2 Silicone Fluids and Silicone Emulsions

Historically, silicone fluids have been thought to present a minimal fire hazard because it was believed the
silicon dioxide ash produced by burning silicon fluids would act to coat the liquid surface and extinguish the
fire. Unfortunately, large pool fires create significant fire plumes that lift even silicon dioxide ash away from
the liquid surface. Both small-scale and full- scale fire testing of higher viscosity silicone fluids has shown
that they do burn and can make very challenging fires. Testing has also shown that relatively low sprinkler
discharge rates can quickly extinguish some pool fires.
3.2.6.3 Paste Ink

Paste inks are commonly used in the printing industry. They generally consist of a vegetable oil base mixed
with solids. True paste ink will not flow at room temperature without the application of pressure. Fires involving
paste ink are usually localized because the ink tends to accumulate on the floor and not readily spread.
Protection criteria for paste ink is provided in Data Sheet 7-96.

3.2.6.4 Polyurethane Foam Components

The chemicals used to produce polyurethane are used at many manufacturing facilities for everything from
packaging systems (rigid foam) to cushions (flexible foam). When the chemicals are mixed they react to
form polyurethane foam. One component is a polyol. This material is commonly listed with a flash point on
its MSDS, however, numerous pool fire tests failed to result in a pool fire. It does not need to be considered
an ignitable liquid. When polyurethane is used to manufacture padding for seats or other flexible final products,
the polyol is commonly mixed with an oil to create flexible foam. This version of the polyol does burn and
is an ignitable liquid.
The second component of the foam packaging is polymethylene polyphenyl isocyanate (PMDI). This is an
ignitable liquid; however, the fire hazard it creates is limited. If spilled it will support fire spread across the liquid
surface and can release enough energy to activate sprinklers. Sprinkler discharge will quickly extinguish
the pool fire. However, a release of this liquid in a general purpose warehouse will result in a very large ignition
source. Composite IBC storage of PMDI will quickly fail when exposed to a PMDI pool fire.
3.2.6.5 Butter Products

Butter is a soft yellow or white emulsion made from butterfat, water, air, and sometimes salt. It is churned
from milk or cream for use in cooking and as a food.
Butterfat is the natural fat of milk from which butter is made. It is also called milkfat.
Fire testing on butterfat demonstrated that it will not support fire spread across the surface of a liquid pool.
In large containers, butterfat can be treated like a very high flash point liquid. This also applies to milk fat.
Consumer packaging of butter can be treated as a Class 3 commodity due to the air and water content within
the butter.
3.2.6.6 Unsaturated Polyester Resin (UPR)

UPR is a polyester resin mixture with various amounts of styrene added. UPR is a liquid mixture with the
majority of the material being a higher flash point resin and various amounts of styrene, which drives the lower
flash point. If the mixture has less than 50% styrene, protection recommendations will vary (refer to Section
2.1.3.6.1). Otherwise, evaluate it as an ignitable liquid using the mixture’s flash point.
Spilled UPR will burn as a pool on the floor. It tends to spread less, and have a slower flame spread, than
common low flash point liquids. Heating UPR in a metal container will cause polymerization without
significantly overpressurizing the container (i.e., container may partially vent without creating overpressure
damage in the building). Palletized relieving-style drum storage of UPR can be protected with sprinklers and
does not need drainage.
3.2.6.7 Propylene and Ethylene Glycol Mixtures

Propylene and ethylene glycol are water-miscible, high flash point (FP above 200°F [93°C]) ignitable liquids.
One big advantage of these liquids over other high flash point or water-miscible liquids (from a protection
standpoint) is they quickly cease to produce a fire point with dilution. Bench-scale testing of both ethylene and
propylene glycol has shown they no longer produce a fire point once they have been mixed with 20% by
volume water. From a pool fire standpoint, this is positive. 80% by volume or less glycol mixed with water
does not need to be treated as an ignitable liquid because the liquids will not burn when in a pool on the floor.
However, these liquid mixtures can still impact a fire while they are on the surface of burning cellulosic
materials. Intermediate-scale testing of glycol water mixtures being discharged onto burning wooden pallets
has shown that mixtures with more than 35% by volume glycol will increase the burning rate of the pallets.
Based on this information, protection criteria for glycol water mixtures have been provided in this data sheet.
3.2.6.8 Phase Change Materials (PCMs)

The use of a standard flash point testing apparatus is not appropriate for these gelled materials. The gels
have a very low ability to conduct heat, creating large temperature differentials within the test cup. This
behavior means we cannot accurately measure open or closed cup flash points.
Since a meaningful flash point cannot be measured, the base components need to be examined. The gel
can be classified based on the closed cup flash point of the individual component(s). It is important to

recognize that these products do burn either as a pure liquid or as a gel and if not properly protected in
accordance with this data sheet, they could represent a significant fire hazard to a facility.
3.3 Construction and Location

The location and construction features provided for ignitable liquid storage are dependent on both the
expected fire severity with protection systems in service and the potential for more severe fire scenarios than
were designed for. Container size has a significant impact on the potential for a more severe fire scenario.
Fire protection designs for larger containers of low flash point liquids are based on a flowing liquid release that
is ignited immediately. The amount of the spill is dependent on the container size. The scenario for metal
drums assumes a release from two drums on a single pallet. There is a potential for a larger release or a
delayed ignition. Both cases could result in a larger fire that will challenge the provided protection scheme.
At a minimum, a cutoff room is needed to segregate ignitable liquid drum storage from other less hazardous
occupancies.
Many combustible or brittle containers with low flash point, immiscible ignitable liquids cannot be easily
protected with existing sprinkler technology. This type of storage needs to be well cutoff from other
occupancies since the confidence level in provided protection is low.
Ignitable liquid storage buildings/cutoff rooms must use noncombustible construction. The high intensity of
an ignitable liquid fire could ignite combustible construction even in adequately protected facilities. Additional
protection is needed to ensure the integrity of steel columns located in buildings or cutoff rooms where a
severe fire is expected.
Liquid control is a critical issue in buildings and cutoff rooms storing ignitable liquids. Based on the type and
size of container, the level of liquid control can vary. In storage arrays where large spills are possible, strict
liquid control via drainage systems and curbing is needed. Storage arrays of small containers with proven
protection schemes do not require drainage or containment.
3.4 Ventilation
Ventilation systems are designed to confine, dilute, and remove the normal amount of flammable vapor
released from leaks of ignitable liquids in storage or use occupancies. Today’s modern containers should
not allow any leakage of flammable vapor under normal conditions so specially designed ventilation systems
are not generally needed in storage occupancies. Certain highly volatile liquids, like those with boiling points
below 100°F (38°C), justify the use of a specially designed ventilation system due to their high vapor
pressures. Warehouses with poorly maintained containers or with liquid dispensing do still need specially
designed ventilation systems.
Ventilation is an active system designed to prevent the buildup of flammable vapor due to small leaks or
spills. These systems must be properly designed and laid out to ensure all floor areas of the warehouse or
cutoff room are covered by the system. In large buildings, a test of the system using a smoke generating
device may be needed to ensure the system layout is adequate.
3.5 Protection
3.5.1 General
Determining adequate fire protection for the storage of ignitable liquids is not a straightforward effort. In
general, there is a lack of full-scale testing to draw conclusions from due to the high cost and potential risk
of conducting this type of testing. However, even if the testing is done, the number of variables that could
drastically impact the outcome of a test are incalculable. Potential fire scenarios range from a point ignition
of a common combustible material in an ignitable liquids storage occupancy to the ignition of the contents
of a 350 gal (1.3 m3) IBC that emptied onto the floor.
For containers larger than 6.5 gal (25 L) in size, the fire scenario used to evaluate protection involves a
breached container that leaks ignitable liquid at a fixed rate until empty, with ignition after approximately 10
gal (38 L) have been released. The recommended fire protection may not be adequate for the scenario
involving the complete release of a large container before ignition in warehouses or cutoff rooms that are
larger than the provided sprinkler operating area. Due to the variability of defining fire protection for ignitable
liquids, sprinkler protection alone will not ensure adequate protection. Construction features, space
separation, and prevention measures must be included in any ignitable liquid warehouse/cutoff room design.

3.5.2 Automatic Sprinklers

Automatic sprinklers are critical for controlling temperatures in an ignitable liquid fire. Lack of properly
designed sprinklers will result in a continued release of ignitable liquid from their storage containers which
will continue to increase the pool fire size eventually resulting in the loss of buildings used to store these
materials. Due to the near immediate growth of a low flash point ignitable liquid pool fire, the use of dry
sprinkler systems is not recommended without full-scale validation testing. The potential delay time for water
delivery will allow unchecked temperature growth at the ceiling, resulting in a large number of sprinklers
opening. The very rapid fire growth expected does not allow for a fixed increase (i.e., penalty) in sprinkler
operating area. A preaction system could be used if the provided detection system ensures water delivery to
the sprinklers before the sprinklers operate. Deluge systems provide the best level of protection in unheated
facilities.
3.5.3 Special Protection Systems

Special protection systems should be installed with caution in an ignitable liquids storage occupancy. These
systems have inherent limitations that must be recognized and considered before a system is installed. The
systems that present the least number of limitations are foam-water sprinkler and compressed air foam
(CAF) systems. In a foam-water sprinkler system the foam concentrate is delivered through sprinkler piping
to the fire. In a CAF system, a foam-air-water mixture is delivered though a dedicated piping system to special
nozzles that discharge the mixture. Open doors or windows or sprinkler discharge will not impact the
effectiveness of the foam. However, these systems are complicated and require the proper operation of a
number of mechanical and electrical devices.
Gaseous extinguishing and dry chemical systems are not acceptable for protection of ignitable liquids.
3.5.4 Metal Containers

Protecting any size metal container filled with an ignitable liquid requires adequate water to cool the container
to prevent its violent rupture or the creation of a jet fire. Palletized storage arrangements significantly limit
the ability of ceiling sprinkler discharge to provide cooling to containers that are at the bottom of the storage
array. Full-scale fire testing has shown that standard response, small orifice sprinklers (i.e., smaller than
K11.2 [K160]) cannot provide adequate protection for palletized arrays of small metal containers regardless
of the liquid’s flash point.
Testing of metal containers with plastic plugs have been shown to prevent the violent rupture of the container.
The plastic plug, if properly designed, will vent due to an increase in internal pressure and temperature and
prevent container failure. However, if the container is not properly cooled with water from sprinklers, the
container will produce a flame jet which will expose other containers and result in an out of control fire. The
plastic plugs need to be proven to perform as expected in a fire. FM Approved fusible closures have been
shown to provide the needed venting in a fire.
3.5.5 Protection of Plastic, Composite (Plastic-Metal), or Other Combustible Containers: General

Proven protection schemes for liquid-packaging combinations that are tied only to Table 2.4.5.1 are not
currently available. The recommended protection will not prevent the consumption of all the liquid stored in
the cutoff room or building, but it may prevent structural failure of the roof and walls by cooling the structures.
For large containers, the quantity of liquid in a single container greatly increases the potential for a spill fire
that will activate all the sprinklers in the cutoff room or building. The addition of a foam-water sprinkler system
has not been shown to improve any of the protection line items tied only to Table 2.4.5.1.
3.6 Operation and Maintenance

Thorough basic equipment and building maintenance programs are fundamental components of any ignitable
liquid storage facility. Such programs contribute to reducing the potential for a fire, as well as reducing the
frequency and severity of such events.
3.7 Training
Thorough employee training is a fundamental component of any ignitable liquid storage facility. Such training
contributes to reducing the potential for a fire, as well as reducing the frequency and severity of such events.
Proper employee training for spill response and lift truck operation can help ensure that a small fire is
contained and does not escalate into a major loss.

3.8 Ignition Source Control

A basic design goal for occupancies that contain ignitable liquids is the elimination and careful control of all
potential ignition sources. Prevention measures should prevent contact of an ignition source with any
flammable vapor-air mixture.
Unlike solid materials, liquids with low flash points do not require much energy to ignite since they produce
flammable vapor at ambient temperatures. Preventing the ignition of an accidentally released ignitable liquid
prevents an ignitable liquid fire. The most common ignition sources in a warehouse are electrical equipment,
forklift trucks, employees, and hot work operations. Storage of liquids with excess vaporization rates (i.e.,
boiling point below 100°F [38°C]) should have added precautions taken to prevent an ignition of a spill. Since
liquid vapor is heavier than air, using hazardous area rated electrical equipment or not allowing electrical
equipment within 6 ft (1.8 m) of the floor would provide the needed level of ignition source control where the
flammable vapor will likely be located. Careless operation of forklift trucks creates an opportunity for an
accidental release of liquid. Use of a properly rated forklift truck would ensure the needed level of ignition
control is available where the most likely source of flammable vapor generation is expected.
Control of open ignition sources such as matches, fired heating equipment, and hot work must be strictly
controlled in and around areas storing ignitable liquids. Any open flame or spark has ample energy to ignite
flammable vapor released by ignitable liquids. Since the vapor is heavier than air, it can flow away from the
point of release. Hot work or an open flame well away from a liquid spill can ignite the spill if the vapor flows
to the work area.
4.0 REFERENCES
4.1 FM Global
Data Sheet 1-10, Interaction of Sprinklers, Smoke and Heat Vents and Draft Curtains
Data Sheet 1-12, Ceilings and Concealed Spaces
Data Sheet 1-20, Protection Against Exterior Fire Exposure
Data Sheet 1-21, Fire Resistance of Building Assemblies
Data Sheet 1-29, Roof Deck Securement and Above-Deck Roof Components
Data Sheet 2-0, Installation Guidelines for Automatic Sprinklers
Data Sheet 2-81, Fire Protection System Inspection, Testing and Maintenance
Data Sheet 4-0, Special Protection Systems
Data Sheet 4-1N, Fixed Water Spray Systems for Fire Protection
Data Sheet 4-12, Foam Extinguishing Systems
Data Sheet 5-8, Static Electricity
Data Sheet 5-11, Lightning and Surge Protection for Electrical Systems
Data Sheet 5-48, Automatic Fire Detection
Data Sheet 7-31, Storage of Aerosol Products
Data Sheet 7-32, Ignitable Liquid Operations
Data Sheet 7-50, Compressed Gases in Portable Cylinders and Bulk Storage
Data Sheet 7-55, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Storage in Stationary Installations
Data Sheet 7-83, Drainage and Containment Systems for Ignitable Liquids
Data Sheet 7-88, Outdoor Ignitable Liquid Storage Tanks
Data Sheet 7-96, Printing Plants
Data Sheet 8-1, Commodity Classification
Data Sheet 8-9, Storage of Class 1, 2, 3, 4 and Plastic Commodities
Data Sheet 9-0/17-0, Asset Integrity
Data Sheet 10-0, The Human Factor of Property Conservation
Data Sheet 10-1, Pre-Incident and Emergency Response Planning
Data Sheet 10-3, Hot Work Management
Approval Guide, an online resource of FM Approvals
RoofNav, an online resource of FM Approvals
4.2 NFPA
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code.
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). NFPA 70, National Electrical Code.

4.3 Other
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). Pipe Threads, General Purpose. B1.20.1.
ASTM International. Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials. ASTM
E119.
ASTM International. Standard Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Tester. ASTM D56.
ASTM International. Standard Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester. ASTM
D93.
International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are not made
on the threads - Part 1. ISO 228-1.
International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Determination of Flash Point - Pensky-Martens Closed
Cup Method. ISO 2719.
APPENDIX A GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Cartoned storage: Containers of liquid packaged in at least a single layer of corrugated cardboard are
considered cartoned storage for the purposes of this data sheet. The cardboard packaging must at least cover
the bottom and two full sides of the unit. The other two sides must be at least 80% covered. The top can
be open.
Compressed air foam (CAF) system: A CAF system consists of a piping system separate from the sprinkler
system, an air supply, a foam concentrate supply, a water supply, a mixing system, a detection system and
a control panel. To use these systems for liquid protection, they will use the same concentrate as a
foam-water sprinkler system. A major advantage to this type of system is they use significantly less foam
concentrate to produce very high quality foam. Testing has shown that the delivered foam is very resistant
to sprinkler discharge breaking up the blanket.
Emulsion: An emulsion is a stable mixture of two or more immiscible liquids held in suspension by small
percentages of substances called emulsifiers.
Fire control: Limiting the size of a fire by distribution of water so as to decrease the heat release rate and
pre-wet adjacent combustibles while controlling ceiling gas temperatures to avoid structural damage.
Fire extinguishment: The combustion process is completely stopped. As stated below in ″fire suppression″,
water-only ceiling sprinklers cannot extinguish a fire in liquids with a low flash point. A special protection
system, such as foam-water sprinkler system, may be able to extinguish ignitable liquid fires.
Fire point: The lowest temperature at which a liquid in an open container will give off enough vapor to ignite
and continue to burn. Generally, fire points are slightly higher than the open-cup flash point for a particular
liquid. Liquids can have flash points without having fire points. A liquid without a fire point will not burn (e.g.,
15% ethanol-water solution: closed- cup flash point 107°F [42°C], no fire point; 15% acetone-water solution:
closed-cup flash point 49°F [9°C], no fire point).
Fire suppression: Sharply reducing the heat release rate of a fire and preventing its regrowth by means
of direct and sufficient application of water through the fire plume to the burning fuel surface. This term does
not mean the fire is completely extinguished. To date (2020), ceiling sprinkler technology cannot extinguish
a low flash point liquid pool fire with water alone. Sprinklers can achieve many of the elements that define
a suppressed fire (i.e., break up the fire plume, significantly reduce the heat release rate, and reduce ceiling
temperatures). However, once the protection is shut down, if fuel is still present, the fire will quickly grow
back to its original size. A fire involving low flash point liquids cannot be truly suppressed by water-based fire
protection. A very high level of control is possible and, if maintained until the fuel is consumed, the fire will
be extinguished.
Flash point: The minimum temperature at which sufficient vapor is liberated to form a vapor-air mixture that
will ignite and propagate a flame away from the ignition source (flash fire, not continuous combustion).
Evaporation will take place below the flash point, but the quantity of vapor released is not sufficient to produce
an ignitable vapor-air mixture. A flash point can be determined by using either a closed-cup or open-cup
test apparatus. The closed-cup test will produce lower flash points than open-cup tests because it provides
greater vapor containment (i.e., increases vapor accumulation). The closed-cup flash point is used to classify

liquids because it is conservative (i.e., produces lowest flash point for liquid), and it represents the conditions
in which most liquids are handled (i.e., most liquids are contained in closed containers or equipment).
FM Approved: Product and services that have satisfied the criteria for FM Approval. Refer to the Approval
Guide or RoofNav, online resources of FM Approvals, for a complete list of products and services that are
FM Approved.
Foam-water sprinkler system: A foam-water sprinkler system consists of a closed or open head sprinkler
system that is connected to a low expansion foam concentrate proportioning system designed to deliver a
fixed foam concentration. The major advantage to installing a foam system is they can be added to an existing
sprinkler system. Closed and open head foam-water sprinkler systems are described in Data Sheet 4-12,
Foam Extinguishing Systems.
General purpose warehouse: A warehouse used to store general commodities such as plastics or Class
3 commodities. A general purpose warehouse does not require emergency drainage, containment, rated
electrical equipment, or ventilation.
Heat of combustion: The amount of heat released when a unit quantity of fuel is oxidized completely to
yield stable end products. The measurement is generally made in an oxygen bomb calorimeter. A similar term
is the ″chemical heat of combustion,″ which represents the amount of heat released when a unit quantity
of fuel is combusted in air. The chemical heat of combustion is less than the heat of combustion due to the
inefficiency of the combustion process in air.
Heat release rate: The rate at which energy is released in a fire. The heat release rate is a function of the
fuel’s heat of combustion, mass loss rate, and the exposed surface area.
Ignitable liquid: Any liquid or liquid mixture that has a measurable closed cup flash point. The hazard of a
liquid depends on its ability to sustain combustion or create a flammable vapor-air mixture above its surface.
Flash point is one way of understanding if a liquid can create that flammable vapor-air mixture. For a liquid
to burn in a pool, it must have a fire point as well as a flash point. Ignitable liquids include flammable liquids,
combustible liquids, inflammable liquids, and any other term for a liquid that will burn.
Intermediate bulk container (IBC): Defined by the U.S. Department of Transportation in CFR Title 49, Part
178, Subpart N, dated October 1, 1997, and the United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of
Dangerous Goods, Ninth Edition, Chapter 16. The container size is limited to 793 gal (3 m3). There are no
other specific requirements on the design or material of construction. All IBCs must pass the required
performance-based testing designed to evaluate their resistance to leakage during transport. No existing test
requirements evaluate the container’s performance when exposed to fire. The IBC category also includes
the containers previously defined as portable tanks or tote tanks. Some limitations on the type of liquid storage
allowed in an IBC used for transportation do exist. However, for most commonly transported ignitable liquids,
there are few limitations.
In general, the maximum-size IBC used for liquid transport is approximately 660 gal (2.5 m3) due to overall
package weight. More common sizes range from 250 to 330 gal (0.95 to 1.3 m3). Common IBC construction
types include all-plastic self-supporting containers; plastic-supported plastic containers (plastic composite
containers that consist of a rigid plastic frame supporting a plastic container); and metal-supported plastic
containers (metal-plastic composite containers that consist of a metal frame supporting a plastic container).
Since the only evaluation IBCs need to pass is performance-based testing, there is very little consistency
in the design of IBCs produced by various manufacturers. A series of fire tests sponsored by the
manufacturers clearly showed that the fire performance of a particular type of IBC could not be generalized.
This is likely due to the variability of the designs.
Composite IBC: IBCs consisting of a blow-molded plastic bottle enclosed within a steel cage.
Plastic IBC: IBC with a plastic bottle surrounded by a plastic frame.
Bag-In-box IBC: IBC consisting of a plastic bag inside a corrugated box.
Liquid: A material that does not have a defined shape at room temperature unless it is stored in a container.
These materials flow freely when released. (e.g., water, honey, heptane).
Non-Ignitable liquid: A liquid that does not burn or exhibit a flash point.
Open area fraction: The amount of open space between and around barrels in plan view, taking account
of flue spaces but not aisles, as shown in Figure A.1.

Fig. A.1. Plan view (white area represents open area fraction)
Prefabricated ignitable liquid storage building (PILSB): A structure designed to provide a safe, secure
storage area with secondary containment for chemicals and hazardous waste materials. These units allow
personnel entry. They are designed for the indoor and outdoor storage and dispensing of ignitable liquids. FM
Approved storage buildings are of noncombustible construction, and some are of fire-rated construction.
Additional details are provided in the Approval Guide.
Relieving-style container: A relieving-style container will release excess internal pressure without a
significant release of the stored liquid when exposed to a fire. The pressure relief prevents the violent rupture
of the container. It is also critical that the pressure relief does not allow significant liquid release. At this point
in time (2011), only metal portable tanks (now included in the general container category of IBCs) are
specifically listed or FM Approved to vent under fire exposure. The determination for all other container types
is qualitative.
1. Some examples of relieving-style containers are:
• A metal 55 gal (230 L) drum fitted with plastic plugs in both the 2 in. (51 mm) and 3/4 in. (1.9 cm)
openings in the top of the drum. Testing by FM Global and others using nylon and polyethylene fusible
closures has shown that the fusible closure will fail when exposed to a fire and prevent a significant
pressure buildup in the drum as well as maintain the overall drum integrity. Full-scale fire tests on
metal drums filled with heptane and fitted with plastic fusible closures has shown that the relieving
action will allow for greater palletized storage heights.
• A metal 5 gal (25 L) tight head pail (i.e., top and bottom are permanently attached to sides) with
plastic pour spout. Most tight head 5 gal (25 L) containers are relieving-style. Testing has shown
that the plastic pour spout will melt and allow the container to vent and prevent the full release of
the stored liquid.
• A metal 5 gal (25 L) lug head pail (i.e., top is held in place by friction and lug tabs on cover, similar
to a large paint can) with plastic pour spout. Same performance as the tight head container.
• A metal 1 gal (4 L) F-style (rectangular) can with either a plastic spout or a soldered metal spout.
Both spout arrangements will fail in a fire and allow internal pressure to vent while preventing the
release of the liquid.
• A metal 1 gal (4 L) friction lid can (e.g., circular paint cans). The friction lid will pop off when exposed
to fire. In many cases, the lid will only move slightly, allowing pressure relief without significant liquid
release. In some cases the lids move away from the container, allowing liquid to spray out during
the release and sprinkler water to enter the can and displace the stored liquid. The small can size
minimizes this negative performance.
• Metal IBCs that meet DOT/UN rules.
2. Some examples of non-relieving-style containers or containers that are not acceptable as relieving-style
are:

• A metal 55 gal (230 L) drum fitted with metal plugs in both the 2 in. (51 mm) and 3/4 in. (1.9 cm)
openings in the top of the drum. This container will not release internal pressure early in a fire. The
end result of a sealed drum exposed to fire is the violent failure of the container.
• A metal 55 gal (230 L) drum fitted with a plastic plug in an opening located in the side of the drum
or a plastic container of any size. Both container types will vent any pressure buildup; however, they
will also release the stored liquid.
• A metal 5 gal (25 L) tight head pail (i.e., top and bottom are permanently attached to sides) with
metal caps over opening. This container will not vent pressure buildup early in a fire.
• A metal 5 gal (25 L) lug head pail (i.e., top is held in place by friction and lug tabs on cover, similar
to a large paint can) with metal caps over the opening. The top of this type of container will vent
pressure buildup similar to the 1 gal (4 L) paint can. However, the lid tends to release at a higher
pressure and the venting of the lid results in a large quantity of liquid release. Also, once open,
sprinkler water will enter the container and displace the stored liquid. The quick response sprinkler-
based fire protection scheme for metal containers could fail to control the fire if several 5 gal (25 L)
containers release their contents.
• A metal 1 gal (4 L) F-style (rectangular) can with crimped-on metal spout. These containers have
failed violently during full-scale fire tests.
Semi-solid: A material that has a defined shape at room temperature without containment, but can be forced
to flow with pressure. (e.g., butter, paste ink, gels).
Solid: A material that has a defined shape at room temperature and cannot be forced to flow with pressure.
(e.g., wood, plastic, glass, wax). Materials with a melting point above 150°F [66°C], can be treated as a solid.
Specific gravity: The ratio of the weight of a substance to the weight of the same volume of another
substance. The specific gravity for ignitable liquids is provided using water as a basis. Specific gravities less
than 1 indicate the liquid is lighter than, and will float on top of, water. Conversely, specific gravities greater
than 1 indicate the liquid will sink in water. This information permits a determination of what effect water will
have on an ignitable liquid fire. Liquids heavier than water will sink, indicating water would extinguish a fire
involving this liquid (cover liquid and smother fire). Liquids lighter than water will float, indicating the fire would
not be extinguished but could be spread by water if adequate drainage is not provided.
Stable liquid: A liquid that does not self-react or polymerize.
Storage lockers for ignitable liquids: A storage unit for various size ignitable liquid containers that does
not allow personnel to enter the structure. These lockers are FM Approved for outdoor use only.
Storage Cabinet for ignitable liquids: These cabinets are for the storage of ignitable liquids in containers
not exceeding 55 gal (210 L) capacity. Total cabinet capacity is limited to 120 gal (455 L). Maximum storage
of liquids in drums is limited to vertical orientation of drums to preclude self-dispensing. FM Approved cabinets
are equipped with a 2 in. (51 mm) deep, leak-tight, sump or pan. Each cabinet has also passed a 10-minute
exposure fire test according to a time-temperature relationship described in ASTM E152 in which internal
temperature (at top center) cannot exceed 325°F (163°C). Additional details are provided in the Approval
Guide.
Uncartoned storage: Containers of liquid that are arranged on pallets without cardboard boxes are
considered uncartoned storage for the purposes of this data sheet. This type of storage usually consists of
containers arranged on trays or sheets layered on a pallet and held in place with shrink-wrapping. Uncartoned
storage also applies to any storage that does not meet the definition of cartoned storage.
Unstable liquid: A liquid that, in its pure state or as commercially produced or transported, will vigorously
polymerize, decompose, undergo condensation reaction, or become self-reactive under condition of shock,
pressure, or temperature.
Vapor density: The weight of a volume of pure vapor or gas (with no air present) compared to the weight
of an equal volume of dry air at the same temperature and pressure. It is calculated as the ratio of the
molecular weight of the gas to the average molecular weight of air, 29. A vapor density figure less than 1
indicates the vapor is lighter than air. A figure greater than 1 indicates the vapor is heavier than air. Ignitable
liquids produce vapor that is heavier than air. The vapor will collect at floor level and exhibit fluid properties
(i.e., it will flow to low points and accumulate). Flammable vapor, if not removed by ventilation, can flow to
an ignition source and flash back to the vapor source.

Wall construction categories:

Combustible: A wall made of any combustible material, any metal-faced plastic-insulated sandwich panels
that are not FM Approved, and any wall with single-pane annealed (not tempered) glass windows.
Noncombustible: Materials include FM Approved Class 1 insulated, steel or aluminum-faced sandwich
panels with thermoset plastic insulation; exterior insulation and finish system (EIFS) assemblies having
noncombustible insulation and gypsum board sheathing; and aluminum or steel panels that are uninsulated
or insulated with noncombustible insulation such as glass fiber, mineral wool, or expanded glass. It also
includes cementitious panels or shingles over steel or wood. Any windows should be multi-pane or
tempered glass.
Fire-rated: The wall should meet the required fire rating per FM Global Data Sheet 1-21, Fire Resistance
of Building Assemblies. Any openings should be protected with a comparably fire-rated door. Any windows
should be fire-rated to match the rating of the wall.
Water-miscible: A water-miscible liquid mixes in all proportions with water. When water-miscible ignitable
liquids are mixed with water, a homogeneous solution is formed. The flash point, fire point, heat of combustion,
and heat release rate of the solution will be different from the pure ignitable liquid. The flash point and fire
point of the solution will increase as the water concentration increases. At a certain water concentration (which
varies for different ignitable liquids), the fire point will no longer exist and the solution will no longer present
a fire hazard (e.g., 15% ethyl alcohol in water, 15% acetone in water).
APPENDIX B DOCUMENT REVISION HISTORY

The purpose of this appendix is to capture the changes that were made to this document each time it was
published. Please note that section numbers refer specifically to those in the version published on the date
shown (i.e., the section numbers are not always the same from version to version).
A. Revised guidance, in Table 2.1.3.1.7, Protection for Very High Flash Point Liquids, to allow for the use
of quick-response sprinklers.
B. Provided clarification on fire-rated construction (Section 2.2.1). All new fire-rated construction should
be made of noncombustible materials.
C. Provided guidance, in Table 2.4.8.4, Palletized Storage of Distilled Spirits with up to 75% Alcohol by
Volume in Wooden Barrels, for K16.8 (K235), quick-response sprinklers.
D. Added N-Methylpyrrolidone (NMP) and Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) as water-miscible liquids (Table
2.1.2.2).
E. Completed various grammar and editorial revisions.
A. Added protection guidance in Table 2.4.7.1 for the rack storage of liquids with a flash point < 200°F
(93°C) in 5 oz. (150 ml) or less plastic containers, including in-rack protection, using the new Scheme F
layout.
B. Added protection guidance for glycerin.
C. Added guidance for phase change materials (PCMs).
D. Clarified protection recommendations for very high flash point liquids in Section 2.1.3.1.
E. Added protection guidance for rack storage of very high flash point liquids stored in composite
intermediate bulk containers (IBCs) on plastic pallets.
F. Clarified guidance in Section 2.2.1.5.6.1 for the installation of a fire door when used with a spill barrier.
G. Clarified drainage and containment requirements in Table 2.2.2.1.A.
H. Revised protection guidance in Section 2.4.9 for walkways in rack storage arrangements for distilled
spirits.
I. Revised guidance for the location and protection of outdoor ignitable liquid storage.

J. Added vertical barriers as an alternative option to extending protection for Fire Protection Scheme A
and Fire Protection Scheme F.
K. Completed various grammar and editorial revisions to clarify/correct the existing text.
January 2021. This interim update added guidance for FM Approved composite IBCs.
October 2020. This document has been completely revised. Major changes include the following:
A. Revised the definition of “ignitable liquid” to be consistent with Data Sheet 7-32, Ignitable Liquid
Operations.
B. Provided a definition for very high flash point liquids (in the atypical liquids section) to replace the
previous guidance for liquids with a flash point at or above 450°F (232°C). As part of this change, the flash
point threshold has been lowered to 414°F (212°C).
C. Added guidance for the storage and protection of FM Approved composite intermediate bulk containers.
D. Revised figure (Fig. 2.2.1.1) and table (Table 2.2.1.1) for location and construction of ignitable liquid
storage areas.
E. Clarified the intent of drainage and containment (Section 2.2.2 and Tables 2.2.2.1.A and 2.2.2.1.B).
F. Clarified guidance for FM Approved prefabricated ignitable liquids storage buildings (PILSBs) and
storage lockers (Section 2.2.3).
G. Revised ventilation recommendations. Ventilation is now only required for storage occupancies
containing liquids with a boiling point below 100°F (38°C), storage occupancies with poorly maintained
and leaking containers, and storage occupancies with dispensing operations (Section 2.3.2).
H. Added guidance on flue spaces (Section 2.3.3) that is aligned with Data Sheet 8-9.
I. Added a new section to consolidate guidance on in-rack sprinklers (Section 2.4.1.5).
J. Added protection guidance for rack storage of metal drums where the roof height exceeds 30 ft (9.1
m) (Sections 2.4.3.1.1 and 2.4.4.1.1).
K. Revised the options for rack storage protection for any flash point, uncartoned, small metal containers
(6.5 gal [25 L] or less) based on fire testing (Table 2.4.4.1.A). Face sprinklers are now recommended
for double-row and multiple-row rack storage.
L. Added guidance for shelf storage of ignitable liquids in plastic or glass containers (Section 2.4.5.2).
M. Added protection for propylene glycol and ethylene glycol in composite IBCs (Table 2.4.6.1) and plastic
drums (Table 2.4.7.3.2).
N. Added protection criteria for rack and palletized storage of distilled spirits in wooden barrels (Sections
2.4.8 and 2.4.9).
O. Revised electrical equipment ratings (Table 2.8.1).
P. Clarified guidance on when balancing is recommended with Scheme A (Section D.2.2.1).
Q. Added more figures for protection options (e.g., for single-row racks) and revised other figures to provide
consistency.
R. Renumbered tables and figures based on section numbers.
April 2020. Interim revision. Minor editorial changes were made.
January 2018. Interim revision. Lowered the flash point threshold of very high flaspoint liquids from 500°F
(260°C) to 450°F (232°C).
July 2014. Interim revision. The following changes were made:
A. Added new protection options for palletized storage of Group 3 water-miscible liquid in 59 oz (1.75 L)
glass or plastic bottles for the following storage and roof height combinations:
• 17 ft (5.2 m) (max) of storage in a 30 ft (9 m) building
• 17 ft (5.2 m) (max) of storage in a 40 ft (12 m) building

• 5 ft (1.5 m) of storage in a 40 ft (12 m) building

B. Added a new protection option for rack storage of Group 3 water-miscible liquid in 59 oz (1.75 L) glass
or plastic bottles that does not use a solid barrier and is stored to unlimited heights in unlimited-height
buildings.
C. Added a new protection option for rack storage of Group 1 water-miscible liquid in 60 gal (230 L) plastic
drums for storage heights up to 30 ft (9 m) in 45 ft (13.7 m) high buildings.
April 2012. Minor editorial changes were done for this revision.
January 2012. The following changes were made for this revision:
A. Replaced references to ″flammable″ and ″combustible″ liquids with ″ignitable″ liquids throughout the
document.
B. Modified formatting, changed rearranged tables, and eliminated inconsistencies as follows:
1. Rearranged the document to align with the current data sheet format.
2. Renumbered, edited, and reformatted all tables to improve consistency, clarity, and alignment with the
pressure/number of sprinklers approach in Data Sheet 8-9.
3. Added definitions of liquid, solid, semi-solid, stable liquid, and unstable liquid.
4. Moved semi-solid liquid evaluation criteria from Data Sheet 8-1 to this document and simplified the
criteria.
5. Clearly stated that ignitable liquid storage cannot be mixed with flammable gas or oxidizers.
C. Revised location and construction as follows:
1. Eliminated space separation figures for outdoor storage and aligned the approach with Data Sheet
7-88 and Data Sheet 1-22 criteria.
2. Revised the drainage and containment table to include all liquids and containers covered by this data
sheet (now Tables 3a and 3b).
3. Revised/clarified the drainage and containment recommendations to simplify the criteria, identify
reduced criteria for liquids with a specific gravity greater than one, and add containment requirements
for high flash point liquids and alcohol in composite IBCs protected in accordance with Table 13.
4. Created a single location table for all liquids and containers covered by this data sheet.
5. Included compressed air foam (CAF) protection systems as an option for lack of emergency drainage,
and eliminated gaseous special protection systems as an option.
6. Added more guidance on the use and location of FM Approved ignitable liquids cabinets.
7. Added an allowance for locating an FM Approved prefabricated ignitable liquid storage buildings
(PILSBs) within a building.
D. Revised protection options as follows:
1. Provided an evaluation of the fire hazard created by specific liquids such as glycols, silicone fluids and
silicone-water emulsions, PMDI/Polyol, butterfat, and unsaturated polyester resins.
2. Based on the results of recent fire tests, added guidance for protecting liquids with flash points at or
above 500°F (260°C) in containers larger than 40 gal (150 L). Included guidance for composite and
bag-in-box IBCs.
3. Added new protection criteria for 3-high palletized empty composite IBCs with plastic, wood, or steel
pallets.
4. Reworded the recommendation for storing empty containers. (NOTE: There is no technical change
from the previous standard. The recommendation was simply rewritten to make it easier to understand.)
5. Removed the allowance for storing high flash point liquids in larger containers in general purpose
warehouses because providing drainage is not considered practical.

6. Revised in-rack sprinkler design criteria to be based on a flow instead of a pressure. Also included
the use of larger orifice sprinklers, which will allow for lower in-rack sprinkler discharge pressures. A
minimum discharge pressure of 10 psi (0.7 bar) has been defined.
7. Provided protection criteria for high flash point (≥ 200°F [93°C] ) liquids and alcohols in composite IBCs
in racks.
8. Changed all ceiling sprinkler recommendations to provide a K11.2 (K160) or larger sprinkler in
accordance with the requirements of NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems.
9. Added an option for protecting multiple-row rack storage of steel drums.
10. Revised protection criteria in Table 4 (previously Table 6) for two-high palletized metal IBCs containing
liquids with a flash point at or above 200°F (93°C).
11. Based on the results of full-scale fire tests, eliminated standard response protection criteria for
palletized storage of uncartoned small metal containers (6.5 gal [25 L] or less) regardless of liquid type.
12. Added a new Table 5 for rack storage of metal IBCs.
13. Provided a protection option for small metal containers (6.5 gal [25 L] or less) using Scheme A.
14. Provided protection for rack storage of low flash point liquids in up to 1 gal (4 L) plastic containers.
15. Added protection criteria for liquids with a flash point below 200°F (93°C) in 0.5 oz (15 ml) and 2 oz
(60 ml) plastic containers.
16. Added protection criteria for Group 1 water-miscible liquids in 6 oz (180 ml), 6.5 gal (25 L), and 60
gal (230 L) plastic containers.
17. Revised protection for palletized liquids with a flash point above 450°F (232°C) in Table 17 to better
reflect full-scale fire testing:
a) Increased standard response sprinkler protection for 15 ft (4.6 m) high storage in a 30 ft (9.1 m)
building for containers up to 6.5 gal (25 L).
b) Increased standard response protection for 5 ft (1.5 m) high storage in a 30 ft (9.1 m) building for
containers up to 6.5 gal (25 L).
c) Added protection for 20 ft (6 m) high storage in a 30 ft (9.1 m) building for 1 gal (4 L) containers.
d) Added protection for 15 ft (4.6 m) high storage in a 30 ft (9.1 m) building for 48 oz (1.4 L) containers.
18. Added new protection for rack storage of cartoned cooking oils in 35 ft (11 m) high racks in a 40 ft
(12 m) building.
19. Revised protection for palletized water-miscible liquids in Table 18:
a) Glass and plastic bottles are differentiated due to the very poor performance of glass.
b) Group 3 in glass bottles has been severely limited due to a lack of successful testing.
c) Group 4 protection has been modified. One option was removed (specific application sprinkler
protection), and the protection for standard response sprinklers was increased and the sprinkler
temperature was changed to ordinary.
20. Revised in-rack protection requirements for steel drum storage of liquids with a flash point greater
than or equal to 200°F (93°C) to align with in-rack arrangements for lower flash point liquid storage.
21. Reduced the hose stream requirement to 250 gpm (950 L/min) for certain cases with Scheme A
protection criteria.
September 2004. Metric values in figures for fire protection Scheme A were corrected.
May 2004. Eliminated the exclusion for plastic or glass bottles that are 2 oz (60 ml) or less in size. Recent
full-scale fire tests have demonstrated that even small plastic or glass bottles that are filled with an ignitable
liquid can produce a severe fire hazard. New protection criteria has been added in Table 16a.
September 2003. The following changes have been made for this revision:
1. Provided information on the FM Approved fusible plugs for relieving-style drums.

2. Revised the title of Table 8 to eliminate the lower container size limit of 6.5 gal (25 L). The protection
criteria in this table can be applied to smaller containers.
3. Revised protection criteria in Table 10 for rack storage of small metal containers. Provided criteria for
high temperature ceiling sprinklers.
September 2002. Fire protection tables have been revised to be consistent with the new sprinkler approval
categories.
May 2000. This document has been reorganized to provide a consistent format. In addition to the reformatting
the following technical changes have been made:
1. New fire protection for products with less than or equal to 50% water-miscible liquid have been added.
All of the water-miscible liquid fire protection criteria for rack storage have been incorporated into two
new tables.
2. Space separation distances between low value unprotected ignitable liquid buildings and main buildings
has been clarified.
3. ELO sprinklers have been expanded to include all control mode, area density spray sprinklers with a
K-factor greater than or equal to K11.2 (K160).
4. Clarified use of ignitable liquid storage cabinets in warehouse areas.
September 1999. Minor Technical Revisions
May 1999. The document represents a complete rewrite of this data sheet. All previous recommendations
were re-evaluated. Significant changes in the fire protection recommendations have been incorporated. The
recommended criteria better reflect recent test results and have eliminated a number of inconsistencies in
the old criteria. Fire protection design drawings have been provided to help clarify recommendations. The
majority of the fire protection criteria is provided in tabular format.
APPENDIX C NFPA STANDARD

The 2021 edition of NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, covers ignitable liquid storage,
use, piping and tanks. The storage chapters (9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16) share many similarities with
this data sheet. However, NFPA 30 specifies minimum storage quantities that do not require adequate fire
protection. Unfortunately, the specified quantities are still sufficient to cause an uncontrolled fire.
APPENDIX D JOB AIDS
D.1 Abbreviations Used in Fire Protection Tables

QR = Quick response sprinkler DRR = Double-row rack, ≤ 9 ft (2.7 m) wide
SR = Standard response sprinkler Ordinary = Nominal 160°F (70°C) temperature rating
NA = Not applicable High = Nominal 286°F (141°C) temperature rating

D.2 Fire Protection Illustrations
D.2.1 In-Rack Layouts
= Rack Structure
Fig. D.2.1.1. Single-row rack sprinkler layout: IBC protection scheme

= Rack Structure
Fig. D.2.1.2. Single-row rack sprinkler layout: IBC protection scheme

= Rack Structure
Fig. D.2.1.3. Double-row rack sprinkler layout: IBC protection scheme

5 ft. (1.5 m)
Fig. D.2.1.4. Single-row rack sprinkler layout: drum protection scheme

Fig. D.2.1.5. Double-row rack sprinkler layout: drum protection scheme


Fig. D.2.1.7. Multiple-row rack sprinkler layout: drum protection scheme (elevation view)

Fig. D.2.1.8. Multiple-row rack sprinkler layout: drum protection scheme (plan view)


LQ PP
Minimum

LQ PP
Minimum

LQ PP
Minimum



LQ PP
Minimum

LQ PP
Minimum

5 ft. (1.5 m)
Fig. D.2.1.17. Single-row rack sprinkler layout: small metal containers

Fig. D.2.1.18. Double-row rack sprinkler layout: small metal containers (with face sprinklers)

Fig. D.2.1.19. Double-row rack sprinkler layout: small metal containers (no face sprinklers)

Fig. D.2.1.20. Multiple-row rack sprinkler layout: small metal containers (elevation view)

Fig. D.2.1.21. Multiple-row rack sprinkler layout: small metal containers (plan view)

5 ft. (1.5 m)
Fig. D.2.1.22. Single-row rack sprinkler layout: water-miscible liquids in small metal containers

Fig. D.2.1.23. Double-row rack sprinkler layout: water-miscible liquids in small metal containers

(elevation view)

Fig. D.2.1.25. Multiple-row rack sprinkler layout: water-miscible liquids in small metal containers (plan view)

5 ft. (1.5 m)
Fig. D.2.1.26. Single-row rack sprinkler layout: quick response sprinklers protection scheme

Fig. D.2.1.27. Double-row rack sprinkler layout: quick response sprinklers protection scheme

5 ft. (1.5 m)


5 ft. (1.5 m)


5 ft. (1.5 m)


Fig. D.2.1.34. Multiple-row rack sprinkler layout: quick response sprinklers protection scheme (plan view)

Fig. D.2.1.35. Multiple-row rack sprinkler layout: quick response sprinklers protection scheme (elevation view)







Fig. D.2.1.42. Single-row rack storage of water-miscible liquids

Fig. D.2.1.43. Double-row rack storage of water-miscible liquids

Fig. D.2.1.44. Single-row rack storage of water-miscible liquids

Fig. D.2.1.45. Double-row rack storage of water-miscible liquids

Fig. D.2.1.46. Single-row rack storage of Group 3 water-miscible liquids

Fig. D.2.1.47. Double-row rack storage of Group 3 water-miscible liquids

8 in. (200mm)
Fig. D.2.1.48. In-rack sprinkler layout for distilled spirits in wooden barrels (plan view)
LQ PP
Fig. D.2.1.49. In-rack sprinkler layout for distilled spirits in wooden barrels (elevation view)

D.2.2 Fire Protection Schemes
D.2.2.1 Fire Protection Scheme A

D.2.2.1.1 Provide plywood (minimum 3/8 in. [10 mm]) or sheet metal (minimum 22 ga. [0.7 mm]) horizontal
barriers and in-rack sprinklers installed in accordance with Figures D.2.2.1.1, D.2.2.1.2, D.2.2.1.3, and
D.2.2.1.4 depending on the recommended rack type for the storage.
D.2.2.1.1.1 Use a maximum vertical spacing of 12 ft (3.7 m) between barriers.
D.2.2.1.1.2 Do not store ignitable liquids above the top barrier level.
D.2.2.1.1.3 Design barriers without gaps in longitudinal flue spaces.
D.2.2.1.1.4 A maximum gap of 3 in. (76 mm) between each barrier is permitted at rack uprights (transverse
flue) for single and double row racks.
D.2.2.1.1.4.1 Avoid gaps for multi row racks.
D.2.2.1.1.5 Arrange the storage to have a maximum overhang of 2 in. (51 mm) with respect to the horizontal
barrier.
D.2.2.1.2 Install FM Approved K8.0 (K115) or K11.2 (K160), nominal 160°F (70°C) rated, quick response
in-rack sprinklers below each horizontal barrier level.
D.2.2.1.2.1 Design the in-rack sprinklers to provide a minimum flow of 57 gpm (216 L/min) out of the
hydraulically most remote.
A. Six (6) sprinklers (e.g., three face sprinklers and three flue sprinklers in a DRR) if one horizontal barrier
level is provided.
B. Eight (8) sprinklers (e.g., two face sprinklers and two flue sprinklers on two levels in a DRR) if two or
more horizontal barrier levels are provided.
D.2.2.1.2.2 Locate face sprinklers within 6 in. (152 mm) of the rack face.
D.2.2.1.3 For the liquid-container combinations provided in Table D.2.2.1.3, provide the following:
D.2.2.1.3.1 If there are adjacent bays of rack arrays not dedicated to liquid storage, do one of the following:
A. Extend the horizontal barrier and in-rack sprinkler protection at least one rack bay, approximately 8 ft
(2.4 m) beyond the liquid storage.
B. Provide plywood (minimum 3/8 in. [10 mm]) or sheet metal (minimum 22 ga. [0.7 mm]) vertical barriers,
with no gaps, in transverse flue space at the end of the liquid storage bay.
D.2.2.1.3.2 Calculate the water demand at point of supply separately for in-rack and ceiling sprinklers. Do
not include ceiling sprinkler demand in the hydraulic calculations for in-rack sprinklers.
D.2.2.1.3.2.1 Provide a 250 gpm (946 L/min) hose stream allowance in the hydraulic calculations for the
in-rack sprinkler protection.
D.2.2.1.3.2.2 Provide the combined fire protection water demand for a 1-hour duration.
D.2.2.1.3.3 Design ceiling sprinklers to protect the surrounding occupancy.
D.2.2.1.3.3.1 Provide a minimum ceiling sprinkler design of 0.2 gpm/ft2 (8 mm/min).
D.2.2.1.3.3.2 If the liquid storage does not extend to the full height of the rack, protect the other commodities
stored above the horizontal barrier in accordance with appropriate data sheets as if the entire rack height
were filled with that commodity.
D.2.2.1.3.3.3 If in-rack sprinklers are required for the other commodities, each level of horizontal barrier and
in-rack sprinklers can be given credit as a level of in-rack sprinklers.

Table D.2.2.1.3. Liquid-Container Combinations for Use With Scheme A Without Balancing the Ceiling and In-rack Designs
Flash Point/ Liquid Type Container Size Container Type
Any ≤6.5 gal (25 L) Metal
<200°F (93°C) ≤2 oz (60 ml) Plastic/glass
Very high flash point ≤60 gal (230 L) Plastic
≥200°F (93°C) ≤6.5 gal (25 L) Plastic/glass
Groups 1 and 2 water miscible ≤1 gal (3.8 L) Plastic/glass
Groups 3 and 4 water miscible ≤6.5 gal (25 L) Plastic/glass
D.2.2.1.4 For the liquid-container combinations provided in Table D.2.2.1.4 provide the following:
D.2.2.1.4.1 If all racks in the cutoff room are not protected with the same level of protection, extend the
horizontal barrier and in-rack sprinkler protection at least two rack bays, approximately 16 ft (4.9 m) beyond
the liquid storage and to racks on each side of the storage.
D.2.2.1.4.2 Balance the ceiling sprinkler demand provided in the appropriate protection table and the in-rack
sprinkler demand at the point of connection.
D.2.2.1.4.3 Provide a 500 gpm (1900 L/min) hose stream allowance.
D.2.2.1.4.4 Provide the fire protection water demand for a 1-hour duration.
D.2.2.1.4.5 Design ceiling sprinklers in accordance with the appropriate protection table.
Table D.2.2.1.4. Liquid-Container Combinations for Use With Scheme A Where Balancing the Ceiling and In-rack Designs
is Needed
Flash Point/ Liquid Type Container Size Container Type
Group 1 & 2 water miscible >1 gal (4 L) Plastic/glass

2 - 5 ft.
(0.6 - 1.5 m)
Fig. D.2.2.1.1. Single-row rack sprinkler layout: fire protection scheme A

2 - 5 ft.
(0.6 - 1.5 m)
Fig. D.2.2.1.2. Single-row rack sprinkler layout: fire protection scheme A

4 - 10 ft.
(1.2 - 3 m)
2 - 5 ft.
(0.6 - 1.5 m)
Fig. D.2.2.1.3. Double-row rack sprinkler layout: fire protection scheme A

2 - 5 ft.
(0.6 - 1.5 m)
LQ PP
Fig. D.2.2.1.4. Multiple-row rack sprinkler layout: fire protection scheme A

D.2.2.2 Fire Protection Scheme B

D.2.2.2.1 Install in-rack sprinklers in accordance with Figures D.2.2.2.1, D.2.2.2.2, D.2.2.2.3, D.2.2.2.4.
D.2.2.2.1.1 Stagger face-sprinklers for the double-row racks vertically.
in-rack sprinklers.
A. Eight (8) sprinklers (e.g., four face sprinklers and four flue sprinklers in a DRR) if one level of in-rack
sprinklers is provided.
B. Fourteen (14) sprinklers (four face sprinklers and three flue sprinklers on two levels in a DRR) if two
or more levels are provided.
D.2.2.2.3 If there are adjacent bays of rack storage not dedicated to liquid storage, extend the in-rack sprinkler
protection by at least one rack bay, approximately 8 ft (2.4 m) beyond the liquid storage.
D.2.2.2.4 Balance the ceiling and in-rack demands at the point of connection to the water supply.
D.2.2.2.5 Provide a 500 gpm (1900 L/min) hose stream allowance in the hydraulic calculations.
D.2.2.2.6 Provide the combined fire protection water demand for a 1-hour duration.

2 - 5 ft.
(0.6 - 1.5 m)
LQ PP
Fig. D.2.2.2.1. Single-row rack sprinkler layout: fire protection scheme B

2 - 5 ft.
(0.6 - 1.5 m)
LQ PP
Fig. D.2.2.2.2. Single-row rack sprinkler layout: fire protection scheme B

4 - 10 ft.
(1.2 - 3 m)
2 - 5 ft.
(0.6 - 1.5 m)
LQ PP
Fig. D.2.2.2.3. Double-row rack sprinkler layout: fire protection scheme B

2 - 5 ft.
(0.6 - 1.5 m)
LQ PP
Fig. D.2.2.2.4. Multiple-row rack sprinkler layout: fire protection scheme B

D.2.2.3 Fire Protection Scheme C

D.2.2.3.1 Install in-rack sprinklers in accordance with Figures D.2.2.3.1, D.2.2.3.2, D.2.2.3.3.
D.2.2.3.2 For cartoned 48 oz (1.4 l) containers stored in 35 ft (10.7 m) high double or single row racks in a
40 ft (12.2 m) high building:
D.2.2.3.2.1 Provide a single level of in-racks sprinklers located at approximately the 15 ft (4.6 m) vertical
level with the horizontal spacing shown in Figures D.2.2.3.1 or D.2.2.3.3.
in-rack sprinklers.
D.2.2.3.4 Design the in-rack sprinklers to provide a minimum flow of 30 gpm (114 L/min) out of the hydraulically
most remote.
A. Eight (8) sprinklers if one level of in-rack sprinklers is provided.
B. Fourteen (14) sprinklers (7 on two levels) if two or more levels are provided.

2 - 5 ft.
(0.6 - 1.5 m)
LQ PP
Fig. D.2.2.3.1. Single-row rack sprinkler layout: fire protection scheme C

2 - 5 ft.
(0.6 - 1.5 m)
LQ PP
Fig. D.2.2.3.2. Single-row rack sprinkler layout: fire protection scheme C

2 - 5 ft.
(0.6 - 1.5 m)
LQ PP
Fig. D.2.2.3.3. Double-row rack sprinkler layout: fire protection scheme C

D.2.2.4 Fire Protection Scheme D

barriers and in-rack sprinklers installed in accordance with Figures D.2.2.4.1, D.2.2.4.2, D.2.2.4.3 depending
on the rack type.
D.2.2.4.1.1 Use a maximum vertical barrier spacing of 6 ft (1.8 m).
D.2.2.4.1.3.1 Avoid gaps for multi row racks.
barrier.
D.2.2.4.2 Design the in-rack sprinklers based on the container size and liquid type provided below in D.2.2.4.3,
D.2.2.4.4, and D.2.2.4.5.
D.2.2.4.2.1 Install FM Approved K8.0 (K115) or K11.2 (K160), 160°F (70°C) rated, quick response in-rack
sprinklers below each barrier level.
D.2.2.4.3 For liquids with a flash point at or above 200°F (93°C) in composite IBCs or alcohols in composite
IBCs, provide the following:
This protection approach has only been tested for rack storage. Testing on palletized storage arrays has
shown that composite IBCs cannot be adequately protected using ceiling-only sprinkler protection. Since
pallet loads are transported into and out of racks and a fire involving even a single IBC could damage the
building, only use this approach in well-cutoff rooms.
D.2.2.4.3.1 Limit storage to the bottom tier of the rack.
A. Eight (8) sprinklers (e.g., four face sprinklers and four flue sprinklers in a DRR) if one level of in-rack
sprinklers is provided.
B. Ten (10) sprinklers (e.g., five face sprinklers and five flue sprinklers on two levels in a DRR), if two or
D.2.2.4.3.3 Protect all racks in the cutoff room with the same level of protection.
D.2.2.4.3.4 Arrange the room to ensure there will not be any on-floor storage.
D.2.2.4.3.5 Storage is permitted above the first rack tier but is limited to products that can be protected by
Scheme A.
D.2.2.4.3.5.1 Protection above the first tier can either continue with Scheme D for the full height of the rack
or use Scheme A for the full height of the rack.
D.2.2.4.3.6 Balance the ceiling sprinkler demand and the in-rack sprinkler demand at the point of connection.
D.2.2.4.4 For water-miscible liquids in plastic containers of 60 gal (230 L) or less, provide the following:
This protection approach has only been tested for rack storage. It is unknown if palletized storage can be
protected with a ceiling-based sprinkler system. Since pallet loads are transported into and out of racks and
a fire involving even a single pallet load could damage the building, this approach should only be used in
well-cutoff rooms.

A. Eight (8) sprinklers (e.g., four face sprinklers and four flue sprinklers in a DRR) if one horizontal barrier
level is provided.
B. Five (5) sprinklers per tier and up to twenty (20) if two or more horizontal barrier levels are provided.
D.2.2.4.5 For liquids with a flash point below 200°F (93°C) in plastic containers of 1 gal (4 L) or less, provide
the following:
This protection approach has only been tested for rack storage. It is unknown if palletized storage can be
protected with a ceiling-based foam-water sprinkler system. Since pallet loads are transported into and out
of racks and a fire involving even a single pallet load could damage the building, this approach should only
be used in well-cutoff rooms.
level is provided.
B. Eight (8) sprinklers (e.g., two face sprinklers and two flue sprinklers on two levels in a DRR) if two or
D.2.2.4.5.4 Storage is permitted above the fourth rack tier but is limited to products that can be protected
by Scheme A.
D.2.2.4.5.4.1 Protection above the first tier can either continue with Scheme D for the full height of the rack
or use Scheme A for the full height of the rack.
D.2.2.4.5.8 Provide an FM Approved foam-water sprinkler system for the ceiling and in-rack protection.

2 - 5 ft.
(0.6 - 1.5 m)
Fig. D.2.2.4.1. Single-row rack sprinkler layout: fire protection scheme D

2 - 5 ft.
(0.6 - 1.5 m)
Fig. D.2.2.4.2. Single-row rack sprinkler layout: fire protection scheme D

4 - 10 ft.
(1.2 - 3m)
2 - 5 ft.
(0.6 - 1.5m)
Fig. D.2.2.4.3. Double-row rack sprinkler layout: fire protection scheme D

D.2.2.5 Fire Protection Scheme E

D.2.2.5.1 Install in-rack sprinklers on 20 ft (6 m) vertical increments in accordance with Figure D.2.2.5.1 and
Figure D.2.2.5.2.
D.2.2.5.1.1 Repeat the in-rack pattern shown in Figure D.2.2.5.2 from rack face to rack face for multiple row
racks.
D.2.2.5.2 Install FM Approved K8.0 (115) or K11.2 (160), nominal 160°F (70°C) rated, quick response, in-rack
sprinklers.
D.2.2.5.3 Design the in-rack sprinklers to provide a minimum flow of 30 gpm (114 L/min) out of the hydraulically
most remote:
A. Six (6) sprinklers if one level of in-racks is provided.
B. Twelve (12) sprinklers (six sprinklers on two levels) if two levels of in-racks are provided.
C. Eighteen (18) sprinklers (six sprinklers on three levels) if three or more levels of in-racks are provided.
2 - 5 ft.
5 ft. (1.5 m)
(0.6 - 1.5 m)
LQ PP
Fig. D.2.2.5.1. Single-row rack sprinkler layout: fire protection scheme E

2 - 5 ft.
(0.6 - 1.5 m)
2 - 5 ft. 9 ft. (2.7 m)

(0.6 - 1.5 m)
LQ PP
Fig. D.2.2.5.2. Double-row rack sprinkler layout: fire protection scheme E

D.2.2.6 Fire Protection Scheme F

barriers and in-rack sprinklers installed in accordance with Figures D.2.2.6.1a, D.2.2.6.1b, D.2.2.6.1c
depending on the rack type.
D.2.2.6.1.1 Use a maximum vertical spacing of 6 ft (1.8 m) between barriers.
barrier.
D.2.2.6.2 Design the in-rack sprinklers based on the container size and liquid type provided below in D.2.2.6.3.
D.2.2.6.2.1 Install FM Approved K8.0 (K115) or K11.2 (K160), nominal 160°F (70°C) rated, quick response
in-rack sprinklers below each horizontal barrier level.
D.2.2.6.2.2 Locate face sprinklers within 6 in. (152 mm) of the face of the commodity.
D.2.2.6.3 For liquids with a flash point below 200°F (93°C) in plastic containers of 5 oz. (150 ml) or less stored
in cartons, provide the following:
D.2.2.6.3.1 Design the in-rack sprinklers to provide a minimum flow of 60 gpm (227 L/min.) out of the
hydraulically most remote
level is provided
B. Eight (8) sprinklers (e.g., two face sprinklers and two flue sprinklers on two levels in a DRR) for up to
eight tiers of storage
C. For each horizontal barrier level beyond eight, add one additional in-rack sprinkler to the demand (add
the additional in-racks at the top level of the rack).
This protection approach has only been tested for rack storage. Palletized protection options are not available.
Since pallet loads are transported into and out of racks and a fire involving even a single pallet load could
create a significant exposure fire, avoid staging these products on loading docks or elsewhere within the
facility.
D.2.2.6.3.2 The ceiling sprinkler demand and the in-rack sprinkler demand do not need to be balanced at
the point of connection.
D.2.2.6.3.3 Provide a 500 gpm (1900 L/min.) hose stream allowance.
D.2.2.6.3.4 Provide the fire protection water demand for a one-hour duration.
D.2.2.6.3.5 If there are adjacent bays of rack arrays not dedicated to liquid storage, do one of the following:
A. Extend the horizontal barrier and in-rack sprinkler protection at least one rack bay, approximately 8 ft
(2.4 m) beyond the liquid storage.
B. Provide plywood (minimum 3/8 in. [10 mm]) or sheet metal (minimum 22 ga. [0.7 mm]) vertical barriers,
with no gaps, in transverse flue space at the end of the liquid storage bay.
D.2.2.6.3.6 If there are adjacent rack arrays not dedicated to liquids with a flash point below 200°F (93°C)
in plastic containers of 5 oz (150 ml) or less stored in cartons, provide one of the following:
A. A minimum aisle of 10 ft (3 m), or
B. A minimum aisle of 8 ft (2.4 m), and either of the following:
1. Balance the Scheme F protection with the protection needed for the adjacent rack, including when
those racks are protected with Scheme A or D

2. Protect racks across the aisle by providing a line of face sprinklers at 4 to 5 ft (1.2 to 1.5 m) on-line
spacing at the 10 ft (3 m) elevation. Design the face sprinklers for six (6) sprinklers operating, each
discharging 30 gpm (114 L/min.). Balance this demand with the Scheme F protection.
Solid Barrier
2 - 5 ft.
(0.6 - 1.5 m)
3 in (76 mm)
Gap at Uprights
Fig. D.2.2.6.1a. Single row rack sprinkler layout: fire protection scheme F

Solid Barrier
2 - 5 ft.
(0.6 - 1.5 m)
3 in (76 mm)
Gap at Uprights
Fig. D.2.2.6.1b. Single row rack sprinkler alternate layout: fire protection scheme F

Solid Barrier
4 - 10 ft.
(1.2 - 3 m)
9 ft. (2.7 m)
2 - 5 ft.
(0.6 - 1.5 m)
3 in (76 mm)
Gap at Uprights
Longitudinal Flue Sprinkler

Face Sprinkler
Fig. D.2.2.6.1c. Double row rack layout: fire protection scheme F
APPENDIX E STEEL COLUMN PROTECTION

E.1 Protect steel columns where the liquid pool fire will affect all four sides of the column, located inside
detached buildings or cutoff rooms, using one of the following methods or an equivalent:

A. Provide fireproofing rated for one hour or the expected fire duration, whichever is greater. Provide
fireproofing that is rated for a hydrocarbon fire exposure. (See Data Sheet 1-21)
B. Provide automatic (fusible link) sidewall sprinklers or water spray protection for the full height of the
column, as shown in Figure E.1.B and described below:
i. Stagger the nozzles on opposite sides of a wide-flange column on 20 ft (6.1 m) centers.
ii. Wet the reentrant space (web and flanges)(shown by black outline in Figure E.1) to cool the column
effectively.
iii. Provide a minimum 0.3 gpm/ft2 (12 mm/min) over the wetted area of the column (″wetted area″ is
the surface area on the three sides of the reentrant space formed by the column web and flanges).
The wetted area protected by a sprinkler extends from the sprinkler down to the next sprinkler on the
same side of the column.
iv. Where obstructions to run down are present, provide additional sprinklers below the obstructions.
Fig. E.1.B. Water spray protection for steel columns
APPENDIX F CLASSIFICATION OF LIQUIDS THAT BURN
F.1 Ignitable Liquid Classification Schemes

Existing classification schemes for liquids that burn are based on their closed-cup flash points. Some assign
numerical values, while others group liquids by name (e.g., flammable, combustible) according to flash point
ranges. Some classifications have many subdivisions and others only define a couple. None of them,
however, define the fire hazard created by the liquid, and, in many cases, there is confusion regarding the
severity of the hazard.
Classifying liquids based on flash point started when liquids were commonly mixed in open vessels or tanks,
and a measure of the potential for ignition was needed. The flash point served this purpose well, but it does
not provide any measure of the fire or explosion hazard created by a given liquid. The fire and explosion
hazards of liquids that burn are actually determined by the inherent physical properties of the liquid and
external factors such as the amount of liquid, process temperatures, process flow rates, and building
construction.

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FM Global

Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets 7-29

IGNITABLE LIQUID STORAGE IN PORTABLE CONTAINERS

1.0 SCOPE ..................................................................................................................................................... 6

3.5.1 General .................................................................................................................................. 66

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2.0 LOSS PREVENTION RECOMMENDATIONS

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2.1.2 Liquid Evaluation

Table 2.1.2.2. Water-Miscible Liquid Groupings

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2.1.3 Atypical Ignitable Liquids

2.1.3.1 Very High Flash Point Liquids

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Table 2.1.3.1.7. Protection for Very High Flash Point Liquids

2.1.3.2 Silicone Fluids and Silicone Emulsions

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2.1.3.3 Paste Ink

2.1.3.4 Polyurethane Foam Components

2.1.3.5 Butterfat or Milk Fat

2.1.3.6 Unsaturated Polyester Resin (UPR)

2.1.3.7 Propylene Glycol, Ethylene Glycol, and Glycerin Mixtures

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Table 2.1.3.7.1. Glycol-Water and Glycerin-Water Mixtures

>80% Protect as a Group 3 water-miscible liquid.

2.1.3.8 Semi-Solid Liquids

2.1.3.9 Phase Change Materials (PCMs)

2.2 Construction and Location

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2.2.2 Drainage and Containment

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Ignitable Liquid Storage in Portable Containers

FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets

FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets

Ignitable Liquid Storage in Portable Containers

FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets

FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets

2.2.3 Premanufactured Buildings, Lockers, and Cabinets

Fig. 2.2.3.1.1. Prefabricated ignitable liquid storage building (PILSB)

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Fig. 2.2.3.2. Ignitable liquid storage locker

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2.3.3 Flue Spaces

2.4.1.1 Automatic Sprinkler Systems

2.4.1.2 In-Rack Sprinklers

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2.4.1.3 Detector Spacing for Interior Deluge or Pre-action Sprinkler Systems

2.4.1.4 Special Protection Systems

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2.4.1.4.4.4 Provide containment as recommended in this data sheet.

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©2020-2024 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.

Ignitable Liquid Storage in Portable Containers

Composite IBC (Note 2, 3) D.2.1.2, (6 per tier per