Course: Object Oriented Programming using C++ (22CAU04A)

 Programme (s) : BCA

 Class : I B.C.A ‘A’

 Semester : II

 Unit & Lecture : 3 & 30

 Facilitator : Prof. J. JELSTEEN

SKASC 1
Topic to be Discussed

Manipulating Strings
 String Manipulation Functions

• String handling library <cstring> provides functions

to
• Manipulate string data
• Compare strings
• Search strings for characters and other strings
• Tokenize strings (separate strings into logical
pieces) .

3
String Manipulation
char *strcpy( char *s1, const char *s2 Copies the string s2 into the character
); array s1. The value of s1 is returned.
char *strncpy( char *s1, const char Copies at most n characters of the string s2 into the
*s2, size_t n ); character array s1. The value of s1 is returned.

char *strcat( char *s1, const char *s2 Appends the string s2 to the string s1. The first character
); of s2 overwrites the terminating null character of s1. The
value of s1 is returned.

char *strncat( char *s1, const char Appends at most n characters of string s2 to string s1.
*s2, size_t n ); The first character of s2 overwrites the terminating null
character of s1. The value of s1 is returned.

int strcmp( const char *s1, const char Compares the string s1 with the string s2. The function
*s2 ); returns a value of zero, less than zero or greater than zero
if s1 is equal to, less than or greater than s2, respectively.

4
int strncmp( const char *s1, const char Compares up to n characters of the string s1 with the
*s2, size_t n ); string s2. The function returns zero, less than zero or
greater than zero if s1 is equal to, less than or greater
than s2, respectively.

char *strtok( char *s1, const char *s2 ); A sequence of calls to strtok breaks string s1 into
“tokens”—logical pieces such as words in a line of
text—delimited by characters contained in string s2.
The first call contains s1 as the first argument, and
subsequent calls to continue tokenizing the same
string contain NULL as the first argument. A pointer to
the current token is returned by each call. If there are
no more tokens when the function is called, NULL is
returned.

size_t strlen( const char *s ); Determines the length of string s. The number of
characters preceding the terminating null character is
returned.

5
String Manipulation Functions
• Copying strings

• char *strcpy( char *s1, const char *s2 )

• Copies second argument into first argument
• First argument must be large enough to store string and terminating null character

• char *strncpy( char *s1, const char *s2,

size_t n )
• Specifies number of characters to be copied from string into array
• Does not necessarily copy terminating null character

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<cstring> contains
prototypes for strcpy
and strncpy.

Copy entire string in array

x into array y.

Copy first 14 characters of

array x into array y. Note
that this does not write
terminating null character.

Append terminating null

character.
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String Manipulation Functions
• Concatenating strings

• char *strcat( char *s1, const char *s2 )

• Appends second argument to first argument
• First character of second argument replaces null character terminating first argument
• Ensure first argument large enough to store concatenated result and null character

• char *strncat( char *s1, const char *s2,

size_t n )
• Appends specified number of characters from second argument to first argument
• Appends terminating null character to result

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<cstring> contains
prototypes for strcat
and strncat.

Append s2 to s1.

Append first 6 characters

of s1 to s3.

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String Manipulation Functions

• Comparing strings
• Characters represented as numeric codes
• Strings compared using numeric codes
• Character codes / character sets
• ASCII
• “American Standard Code for Information
Interchage”
• EBCDIC
• “Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code”

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String Manipulation Functions
• Comparing strings
• int strcmp( const char *s1, const char *s2 )
• Compares character by character
• Returns
• Zero if strings equal
• Negative value if first string less than second string
• Positive value if first string greater than second string
• int strncmp( const char *s1,
const char *s2, size_t n )
• Compares up to specified number of characters
• Stops comparing if reaches null character in one of
arguments
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<cstring> contains
prototypes for strcmp
and strncmp.

Compare s1 and s2.

Compare s1 and s3.

Compare s3 and s1.

12
String Manipulation Functions
• Tokenizing
• Breaking strings into tokens, separated by delimiting characters
• Tokens usually logical units, such as words (separated by
spaces)
• "This is my string" has 4 word tokens (separated by
spaces)
• char *strtok( char *s1, const char *s2 )
• Multiple calls required
• First call contains two arguments, string to be tokenized
and string containing delimiting characters
• Finds next delimiting character and replaces with null
character
• Subsequent calls continue tokenizing
• Call with first argument NULL 13
String Manipulation Functions

• Determining string lengths

• size_t strlen( const char *s )

• Returns number of characters in string
• Terminating null character not included in
length

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Thank You