Color Combination

CONTENTS

SL.NO particulars PAGE.NO

1 Abstract 2
2 System Specifications 3
3 Introduction to openGL 4
5 Implementation 7
6 Interaction 9
7 Source Code 10
8 Output 27
9 Conclusion 29
10 Bibliography 30

1 Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering.

Color Combination

Abstract

 Main aim of this Mini Project is to illustrate the concepts of color

combination and usage of OpenGL library.
 Our project demonstrates what happens when the primary colors i.e
Red, Green and Blue are combined.

 All the permutations and combinations of colors are taken care of.
 We have used input devices like mouse and key board to interact with
program

2 Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering.

Color Combination

System specifications

 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS :

 MICROSOFT VISUAL C++

 OPENGL

 HARDWARE REQUIREMENT :

 GRAPHICS SYSTEM,
 Pentium P4 with 256 of Ram(Min)

3 Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering.

Color Combination

Introduction to openGL
As a software interface for graphics hardware, OpenGL's main purpose is to
render two- and three-dimensional objects into a frame buffer.
These objects are described as sequences of vertices or pixels.
OpenGL performs several processing steps on this data to convert it to pixels to
form the final desired image in the frame buffer.

OpenGL Fundamentals
This section explains some of the concepts inherent in OpenGL.

Primitives and Commands

OpenGL draws primitives—points, line segments, or polygons—subject to several
selectable modes.
You can control modes independently of each other; that is, setting one mode
doesn't affect whether other modes are set .Primitives are specified, modes are
set, and other OpenGL operations are described by issuing commands in the form
of function calls.
Primitives are defined by a group of one or more vertices. A vertex defines a
point, an endpoint of a line, or a corner of a polygon where two edges meet. Data
is associated with a vertex, and each vertex and its associated data are processed
independently, in order, and in the same way. The type of clipping depends on
which primitive the group of vertices represents.
Commands are always processed in the order in which they are received,
although there may be an indeterminate delay before a command takes effect.
This means that each primitive is drawn completely before any subsequent
command takes effect. It also means that state-querying commands return data
that's consistent with complete execution of all previously issued OpenGL
commands.

4 Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering.

Color Combination

Basic OpenGL Operation

The figure shown below gives an abstract, high-level block diagram of how
OpenGL processes data. In the diagram, commands enter from the left and
proceed through what can be thought of as a processing pipeline. Some
commands specify geometric objects to be drawn, and others control how the
objects are handled during the various processing stages.
Figure . OpenGL Block Diagram

As shown by the first block in the diagram, rather than having all commands
proceed immediately through the pipeline, you can choose to accumulate some
of them in a display list for processing at a later time.

Rasterization produces a series of frame buffer addresses and associated values

using a two-dimensional description of a point, line segment, or polygon.
Each fragment so produced is fed into the last stage,
per-fragment operations, which performs the final operations on the data before
it's stored as pixels in the frame buffer. These operations include conditional
updates to the frame buffer based on incoming and previously stored z-value s
(for z-buffering) and blending of incoming pixel colors with stored colors, as well
5 Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering.
Color Combination

as masking and other logical operations on pixel values.

All elements of OpenGL state, including the contents of the texture memory and
even of the frame buffer, can be obtained by an OpenGL application.

6 Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering.

Color Combination

Implementation
This program is implemented using various openGL functions which are

shown below.

Various functions used in this program.

 glutInit() : interaction between the windowing system and OPENGL is
initiated

 glutInitDisplayMode() : used when double buffering is required and depth

information is required

 glutCreateWindow() : this opens the OPENGL window and displays the title
at top of the window

 glutInitWindowSize() : specifies the size of the window

 glutInitWindowPosition() : specifies the position of the window in screen

co-ordinates

 glutKeyboardFunc() : handles normal ascii symbols

 glutSpecialFunc() : handles special keyboard keys

 glutReshapeFunc() : sets up the callback function for reshaping the window

 glutIdleFunc() : this handles the processing of the background

7 Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering.

Color Combination

 glutDisplayFunc() : this handles redrawing of the window

 glutMainLoop() : this starts the main loop, it never returns

 glViewport() : used to set up the viewport

 glVertex3fv() : used to set up the points or vertices in three dimensions

 glColor3fv() : used to render color to faces

 glFlush() : used to flush the pipeline

 glutPostRedisplay() : used to trigger an automatic redrawal of the object

 glMatrixMode() : used to set up the required mode of the matrix

 glLoadIdentity() : used to load or initialize to the identity matrix

 glTranslatef() : used to translate or move the rotation centre from one

point to another in three dimensions

 glRotatef() : used to rotate an object through a specified rotation angle

8 Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering.

Color Combination

Interaction with program

 This program includes interaction through keyboard.

 S  Start the Project

 R  Toggle Red Light

 G  Toggle Green Light

 B  Toggle Blue Light

 Q-> Quit

9 Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering.

Color Combination

Source Code

/*An Interactive Program to create 3d objects*/

#include <windows.h>

#include<string.h>

#include<stdarg.h>

#include<stdio.h>

#include <glut.h>

static double x=0.0;

static float red1=0;

static float green1=0;

static float blue1=0;

static float help1=1;

void stroke_output(GLfloat x, GLfloat y, char *format,...)

10 Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering.

Color Combination

va_list args;

char buffer[200], *p;

va_start(args, format);

vsprintf(buffer, format, args);

va_end(args);

glPushMatrix();

glTranslatef(-2.5, y, 0);

glScaled(0.003, 0.005, 0.005);

for (p = buffer; *p; p++)

glutStrokeCharacter(GLUT_STROKE_ROMAN, *p);

glPopMatrix();

void doInit()

/* Background and foreground color */

glClearColor(0.5,0.5,0.5,0.0);
11 Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering.
Color Combination

glColor3f(.0,1.0,1.0);

glViewport(0,0,640,480);

/* Select the projection matrix and reset it then

setup our view perspective */

glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);

glLoadIdentity();

gluPerspective(30.0f,(GLfloat)640/(GLfloat)480,0.1f,200.0f);

/* Select the modelview matrix, which we alter with rotatef() */

glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);

glLoadIdentity();

glClearDepth(2.0f);

glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);

glEnable(GL_COLOR_MATERIAL);

glDepthFunc(GL_LEQUAL);

12 Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering.

Color Combination

void torch(){

glPushMatrix();

glutSolidSphere(0.8,50,50);

glPopMatrix();

glPushMatrix();

glRotatef(90,0,1,0);

glScaled(0.5,0.5,3);

glColor3f(0,1,1);

glutSolidTorus(0.4,1.5,50,50);

glPopMatrix();

glPushMatrix();

glTranslatef(-1.5,0,0);

glRotatef(90,0,1,0);

glScaled(0.7,0.7,1.5);

glutSolidTorus(0.4,1.5,50,50);
13 Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering.
Color Combination

glPopMatrix();

void help(){

glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);

glPushMatrix();

glScaled(0.7,0.7,0.7);

stroke_output(-2,3,"H -----> Toggle Help");

stroke_output(-2,2,"R -----> Toggle Red Light");

stroke_output(-2,1,"G -----> Toggle Green Light");

stroke_output(-2,0,"B -----> Toggle Blue Light");

glPopMatrix();

14 Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering.

Color Combination

glFlush();

glutSwapBuffers();

void draw(){

glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);

glLoadIdentity();

glTranslatef(0.0f,0.0f,-13.0f);

glPushMatrix();

glTranslatef(0,0,-15);

glScaled(1,1,0.1);

glColor3f(0.3,0.3,0);
15 Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering.
Color Combination

glutSolidCube(9);

glPopMatrix();

glPushMatrix();

glColor3f(1,0,1);

glutSolidCone(4.5,15,40,40);

glPopMatrix();

// Color Sphere

glPushMatrix();

glTranslatef(0,0,-14);

glScaled(1,1,0.1);

glColor3f(red1,green1,blue1);

glutSolidSphere(2,30,30);
16 Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering.
Color Combination

glPopMatrix();

// red Torch

glPushMatrix();

glTranslatef(-1.5,-2,2);

glRotatef(-20,0,0,1);

glPushMatrix();

glRotatef(90,0,1,0);

glScaled(0.3,0.3,0.3);

glColor3f(1,0,0);

torch();

glPopMatrix();

glPopMatrix();

if(red1){

glPushMatrix();

glRotatef(50,1,0,1);

glRotatef(-55,0,1,1);
17 Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering.
Color Combination

glColor3f(1,0,0);

glutWireCone(1.0,3,10,10);

glPopMatrix();

// Green Torch

glPushMatrix();

glTranslatef(0,-2,2);

glRotatef(-20,0,0,1);

glPushMatrix();

glRotatef(90,0,1,0);

glScaled(0.3,0.3,0.3);

glColor3f(0,1,0);

torch();

glPopMatrix();

glPopMatrix();

18 Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering.

Color Combination

if(green1){

glPushMatrix();

glTranslatef(0,-0.5,-3);

glRotatef(10,1,0,1);

glColor3f(0,1,0);

glutWireCone(1.0,7,10,10);

glPopMatrix();

// Blue Torch

glPushMatrix();

glTranslatef(1.5,-2,2);

glRotatef(-20,0,0,1);

glPushMatrix();

glRotatef(90,0,1,0);

glScaled(0.3,0.3,0.3);

glColor3f(0,0,1);

torch();
19 Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering.
Color Combination

glPopMatrix();

glPopMatrix();

if(blue1){

glPushMatrix();

glRotatef(90,1,0,1);

glColor3f(0,0,1);

glutWireCone(1.0,3,10,10);

glPopMatrix();

glFlush();

glutSwapBuffers();

void doDisplay()

{
20 Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering.
Color Combination

glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);

glLoadIdentity();

glTranslatef(0.0f,0.0f,-13.0f);

// Write your Own Code Here

if(help1)

help();

else

draw();

GLfloat mat_ambient[]={0.0f,1.0f,2.0f,1.0f};

GLfloat mat_diffuse[]={0.0f,1.5f,.5f,1.0f};
21 Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering.
Color Combination

GLfloat mat_specular[]={5.0f,1.0f,1.0f,1.0f};

GLfloat mat_shininess[]={100.0f};

glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_AMBIENT,mat_ambient);

glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_DIFFUSE,mat_diffuse);

glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_SPECULAR,mat_specular);

glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_SHININESS,mat_shininess);

/*GLfloat lightIntensity[]={3.7f,0.7f,0.7f,1.0f}; Orange

GLfloat light_position[]={2.0f,5.0f,3.0f,1.0f};*/

/*light source properties*/

GLfloat lightIntensity[]={1.7f,1.7f,1.7f,1.0f};

GLfloat light_position[]={2.0f,0.0f,0.0f,0.0f};

glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0,GL_POSITION,light_position);

GLfloat light_position2[]={0.0f,0.0f,8.0f,0.0f};

glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0,GL_POSITION,light_position2);

GLfloat light_position3[]={6.0f,0.0f,5.0f,0.0f};

22 Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering.

Color Combination

glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0,GL_POSITION,light_position3);

glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0,GL_DIFFUSE,lightIntensity);

glFlush();

glutSwapBuffers();

void mykey(unsigned char key,int x,int y)

if(key=='q'||key=='Q')

exit(0);

if(key=='h'||key=='H')
23 Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering.
Color Combination

help1=!help1;

glutPostRedisplay();

if(key=='s' || key=='S'){

glutIdleFunc(draw);

if(key=='r'||key=='R')

red1=!red1 ;

glutPostRedisplay();
24 Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering.
Color Combination

if(key=='g'||key=='G')

green1=!green1;

glutPostRedisplay();

if(key=='b'||key=='B')

blue1=!blue1;

glutPostRedisplay();

25 Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering.

Color Combination

int main(int argc, char *argv[])

glutInit(&argc, argv);

glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_DOUBLE|GLUT_RGB);

glutInitWindowSize(640,480);

glutInitWindowPosition(0,0);

glutCreateWindow("Basic Structures Orientation");

glutDisplayFunc(doDisplay);

glEnable(GL_LIGHTING);

glEnable(GL_LIGHT0);

glShadeModel(GL_SMOOTH);

glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);

glEnable(GL_NORMALIZE);

glutKeyboardFunc(mykey);

doInit();

glutMainLoop();

return 0;

}
26 Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering.
Color Combination

OUTPUT OF THE PROGRAM

27 Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering.

Color Combination

28 Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering.

Color Combination

Conclusions

The project “Color Combination” clearly demonstrates the use of OpenGL

functions and what happens when primary colors are mixed.

Finally we conclude that this program clearly illustrate the color combination
using openGL and has been completed successfully and is ready to be
demonstrated.

29 Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering.

Color Combination

Bibliography
WE HAVE OBTAINED INFORMATION FROM MANY RESOURCES TO DESIGN AND
IMPLEMENT OUR PROJECT SUCCESSIVELY. WE HAVE ACQUIRED MOST OF THE
KNOWLEDGE FROM RELATED WEBSITES. THE FOLLOWING ARE SOME OF THE
RESOURCES :

 TEXT BOOKS :
INTERACTIVE COMPUTER GRAPHICS A TOP-DOWN APPROACH
-By Edward Angel.

 COMPUTER GRAPHICS,PRINCIPLES & PRACTICES

- Foley van dam

- Feiner hughes

 WEB REFERENCES:
http://jerome.jouvie.free.fr/OpenGl/Lessons/Lesson3.php
http://google.com
http://opengl.org

30 Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering.