ENDOGENIC PROCESSES

Earth Science
Science, Technology, Engineering, and
Mathematics Strand
Outline
 Introduction  Magmatic Processes
 What is Endogenic Process?  Factors in Magmatic Movement
 Heat in Earth’s Interior  Bowen’s Reaction Series
 Internal Heat Sources of the Earth  Magmatic Differentiation
 Geothermal Gradient  Metamorphism
 Distribution of Heat  Factors in Metamorphism
 Magma Formation  Index Minerals
 Conditions of Magma Formation  Textural Changes in Rocks
 Areas of Magma Formation  Agents of Metamorphism

THINGS TO DISCUSS
INTRODUCTION
 Definition
 Endogenic Process
 Geological processes that occur beneath the surface of the Earth
 Associated with energy originating in the interior of the earth

 The Earth undergoes endogenic process when

 Ground moves
 Rock surface of the Earth are
 Broken
 Twisted
 Shaken
 Land is shaped by endogenic (internal) forces

WHAT IS ENDOGENIC PROCESS?

HEAT IN EARTH’S INTERIOR
  Two categories of the internal
heat sources of the Earth:
Primordial Heat and Radioactive
Heat
 Primordial Heat – heat generated
during Earth’s formation.
Radioactive Heat – heat
INTERNAL HEAT SOURCES OF THE

generated by long term
EARTHradioactive decay.
  Primordial Heat
 Heat accretion and
bombardment of the
earth during early
stages of Earth’s ▪ Sources of Primordial Heating
formation (Kinetic
Energy yielded into ▪ Accretion Energy
heat), ▪ Heat released from collision of planetary objects during
INTERNAL HEAT SOURCES OF THE the early formation of planets
▪ Adiabatic Compression
EARTH ▪ Heat is generated as materials are being compressed
▪ Core Formation Energy
▪ Decay of short-lived radio isotopes
INTERNAL HEAT SOURCES OF THE EARTH

 Radioactive Heat
 Heat generated by long-term
radioactive decay (of geologic time
in scale).

▪ Sources of Radioactive
Heating
▪ K40 (Potassium-40)
▪ Th232 (Thorium-232)
▪ U235 (Uranium-235)
▪ U238 (Uranium-238)
  Geothermal Gradient
(Geotherm)
 A graphical
representation of a
temperature-depth
curve
 Defines the rate of
temperature increase
with respect to the
GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT
increasing depth in the
Earth’s interior
  Convection
 The process by which material circulates through a region that is unevenly
heated.
 Occurs at the mantle and between asthenosphere and lithosphere
 Boundary between mantle-core and the seafloor spreading zone transfer
heat by conduction.
 Radioactive materials transfer heat by radiation

DISTRIBUTION OF HEAT
MAGMA FORMATION
  Magma forms by melting existing rocks of the Earth
 There are three conditions that enhances the
melting of materials: change in pressure, addition
of water, and heat transfer
 3 Types of Melting
 Decompression Melting – happens due to decrease
in pressure; rocks can be easily melted if it is not
pressurized (Pressure makes the rock intact is hard to
melt);

CONDITIONS FOR MAGMA

 Flux Melting – addition of water to the rock;
decreases rock’s melting point and weathers it.
FORMATION
Heat Transfer Melting – magma rises to the surface

or the subsurface, directly conducting heat to rocks.
  Magma can form in the following areas of the Earth;
▪ Mid Oceanic Ridges – area
where magma rises up and
the plates are expanding
(Decompression melting).
▪ Subduction Zone – area
where water immersed
oceanic crust subducts due
to convergence with
continental crust or another
oceanic crust (Flux melting).
▪ Mantle Plumes (Hot Spots)
AREAS OF MAGMA FORMATION
– area where magma rises
up and conducts heat to
pre-existing rock (Heat
Transfer melting).
MAGMATIC PROCESSES
 Question: Why does magma rise up?
 The reason is due to the following factors;
 Density
 magma tend to decrease in density; magma tends to overlay the existing rocks
that surrounds it above.
 Volume
 increase in volume of magma (at a constant space) due to subduction of foreign
material will make the magma flow out of the chamber.
 Viscosity
 magma can have lesser viscosity when its temperature increases: makes the
magma more liquified which makes it easier to flow through crack and pores.
 Factors affecting viscosity are temperature, silica content, and dissolved water.

FACTORS IN MAGMATIC MOVEMENT

  Bowen’s Reaction is a series
where one can infer from the
minerals present in a rock the
conditions (temperature and
pressure) under which the
rock had formed.
 There are two branch of the
series; Continuous and
Discontinuous

BOWEN’S
▪ Continuous REACTION
Branch – plagioclase SERIES
feldspar only; changes in its composition (calcium-rich
to sodium-rich when temperature decreases)
▪ Discontinuous Branch – describes how ferromagnesian minerals in the magma are
transformed as temperature changes.
  Magmatic differentiation is the process of creating one or more secondary
magmas from single parent magma.
 There are for different processes of magmatic differentiation:
 Crystal Fractionation – a chemical process by which the composition of a liquid,
such as magma, changes due to crystallization
 Crystal Settling - denser minerals crystallize first and settle down while the lighter minerals
crystallize at the latter stages.
 Partial Melting – incomplete melting of material where partial rocks, such as
quartz, melt at a lower temperature than the other. Liquified and less denser;
unmelted materials were submerged in the melted material.
 Magma Mixing – occurs when two different magma rises up, with the more
buoyant mass overtakes the more slowly rising body. Once joined, convective
MAGMATIC DIFFERENTIATION
flow will mix the magma.
 Assimilation – occurs when crust is mixed up with rising magma, melts, and
contaminates the magma.
 Crystal Settling

MAGMATIC DIFFERENTIATION
 Partial Melting

MAGMATIC DIFFERENTIATION
 Magma Mixing and Assimilation

MAGMATIC DIFFERENTIATION
METAMORPHISM
 What is Metamorphism?
 It can be describe when minerals become unstable and change into another
mineral without necessarily changing the composition as a response to heat,
pressure, and chemically active fluids.
 Composition of metamorphosed rock is influenced by
 Parent rock
 Fluids
 Magnitude of metamorphism
 Factors controlling the mineral composition of metamorphic rocks are
 Bulk composition of parent rock
 Attained pressure during metamorphism
 Attained temperature during metamorphism
 Composition of fluid phase that was present during metamorphism

FACTORS IN METAMORPHISM
 Can be used as a good indicator of the metamorphic
environment or zone of metamorphism in which the minerals are
formed.
 Not all parent rocks can be used as index mineral.

INDEX MINERALS
  Foliation - pervasive planar structure that
results from the nearly parallel alignment
of sheet silicate minerals and/or
compositional and mineralogical layering
in the rock.
 Differential Stress – unequal pressure
applied on a rock in all directions. Effects
can be as follows
 Flattened grains, that is initially rounded,
perpendicular to the maximum stress
 Reorientation and elongation of minerals
on a rock perpendicular to the direction of
TEXTURAL CHANGES OF ROCKS
maximum stress determined by their habit.

▪ Restructuring – crystals in rocks recrystallize and restructure to

equidimensional and equigranular material; non-foliated rocks.
 The main agents of metamorphism are heat and pressure. The
table below shows the metamorphic process that the agents can
exhibit: Agents of Metamorphic Processes
Metamorphism
High temperature • Minerals convert to new high
temperature minerals
• Fluids are released (e.g. clay = mica +
H2O)
• Crystals grow larger
• Rocks become weaker and easier to
deform
High pressure • Minerals may recrystallize into
AGENTS OF METAMORPHISM more compact/stable forms
• Platy or elongate minerals may align
in a preferred direction
SHORT QUIZ #1
QUIZ 3: ENDOGENIC PROCESSES