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Transformations of Sinusoidal Functions

The document discusses transformations of sinusoidal functions using the generalized equation y = af(kx - d) + c. It explains how to identify transformations by examining the coefficients and applies transformations to an example function. Key points on the base function are used to draw the transformed graph. The properties of a transformed function are also derived.

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Elizabeth
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23 views6 pages

Transformations of Sinusoidal Functions

The document discusses transformations of sinusoidal functions using the generalized equation y = af(kx - d) + c. It explains how to identify transformations by examining the coefficients and applies transformations to an example function. Key points on the base function are used to draw the transformed graph. The properties of a transformed function are also derived.

Uploaded by

Elizabeth
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Transformations of

Sinusoidal Functions
• Given the possible base functions 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 or 𝑓 𝑥 = cos 𝑥, we
can identify and apply the transformations to these base functions
using the generalized equation 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑓 𝑘 𝑥 − 𝑑 + 𝑐. Let us follow
the same process as we have done earlier in the course.
1
Ex: 𝑦 = − cos 2𝑥 + 60° + 4 Base Function: 𝑦 = cos 𝑥
2
1
𝑦= − cos 2(𝑥 + 30°) + 4
2

1 Transformations
𝑎= −
2
• reflection in the 𝑥 − axis
𝑘=2 1
• vertical compression by a factor of
2
𝑑 = −30° 1
• horizontal compression by a factor of
2
𝑐 = +4 • phase shift left 30°
• shift up 4 units
• Let’s apply these transformations to the key point 60°, 0.5 .
60°, 0.5  60°, −0.5  60°, −0.25  30°, −0.25  0°, −0.25
 0°, 3.75

Note: In general, we usually only use the key points on the base function
where the 𝑦 − value is 1, −1 or 0 since those points will remain at the top,
bottom or middle of the graph. If need be, we can also use the point where
1
the 𝑦 − value is if we need some help filling the curve between the main
2
key points. I will briefly explain in class (or make a video if I don’t have
time) going over how to draw a beautiful graph using just the top, bottom
and middle key points. Also remember, if you can draw a quarter of one
cycle really well, the rest of the graph is the same shape but flipped around
in different orientations.
1
Properties of 𝑦 = − cos 2(𝑥 + 30°) + 4
2
domain: 𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ
360°
Period =
𝑘
period: 180°
Equation of the Axis: y = 𝑐
equation of the axis: 𝑦 = 4
Amplitude = 𝑎
1
amplitude:
2
Range: Look at equ. of axis
for the middle of the
range: 𝑦|𝑦 ∈ ℝ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3.5 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 4.5 interval, go above and
below that number by the
amount of the amplitude.
Ex: Determine equations for the
given graph using both sine and
cosine as base functions.
Period = 1260° − 180° = 1080°
360°
Period = = 1080°
𝑘
360° 1
𝑘= =
1080° 3

−1+ −5
Equ. of the Axis: 𝑦 = = −3
2
𝑐 = −3
The phase shift 𝑑 depends on whether
Amplitude = 2 we are using sine or cosine as the base
𝑎=2 function.
If we use Sine as the base
function, we “start” in the middle
where the graph is increasing.
In this case, we have a phase shift
left of 90°.
𝑑 = −90°
If we use Cosine as the base
function, we “start” at the top.
In this case, we have a phase shift
right of 180°.
𝑑 = 180°
Note: We can also start in the middle
with decreasing for Sine or start at the
1 1 bottom for Cosine IF we include a
𝑦 = 2 sin 𝑥 − −90° − 3 = 2 sin 𝑥 + 90° −3
3 3 reflection in the 𝑥 − axis (i.e. make 𝑎
1 negative)
𝑦 = 2 cos 𝑥 − 180° −3
3

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