Exercise: Text Completions

Physicists have yet to figure out what exactly W Mark for Review
happens at the singularity of a black hole: matter
is crushed, but what becomes of it
then? The event Which choice most logically completes the text?
horizon. by hiding the singularity, isolates this gap
in our knowledge. All kinds of apply the standard laws of physics with
to science may occur at the
processes unknown confidence.
singularity, yet they
have no effect on the outside world.
Astronomers focus on gaining a deeper understanding of
plotting the orbits of planets and stars can safely black holes.
ignore the uncertainties introduced by
singularities and
attempt to peer behind the event horizon.

uncover phenomena not currently known to

science.

Most grocery stores spray produce with water on a W Mark for Review
regular basis in order to ensure that they maintain
a wholesome, fresh-picked appearance. However, Which choice most logically completes the text?
according to Martin Lindstrom, author of
Brandwashed: Tricks Companies Use to Manipulate shoppers are unlikely to purchase fruits and
Our Minds and Persuade Us to Buy, not only does vegetables that appear dry and withered.
this liquid lack any practical purpose, but it
moisture causes picked vegetables to spoil
actually has a deleterious effect: more quickly than they otherwise would.

certain vegetables lose some of their

nutrients when they are boiled.
( produce must be watered at predictable
intervals in order to appeal to consumers.
 to of

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 NMark for Review
When Isaac Newton published the Principia in
1687, his laws of motion solved numerous
problems in physics; however, they also Which choice most logically Completes the texr
introduced a new conundrum, which was not fully objects interact unpredictably withone
grasped until centuries after Newton and which another.
still poses a problem for cosmologists today.
Essentially,Newton's laws work about twice as planets that are in motion remain in motiom
well as they are intended: they describe the
everyday world that people move through, but particles of different weights move at
they also account perfectly well for a world in varying speeds.
which people walk backwards, clocks tick from
evening to morning, and apples rise from the ground to the branches
of a tree.

Exactly how Mars was formed approximately 4.5 Mark for Review
bilion years ago is a mystery, although there are
several theories. One idea is that the planet was Which choice most logically completes the text?
created via a titanic colision of rocks in space,
spawning an all-encompassing magma ocean. A portions of Mars' surface were never covered
When it cooled, a crust with high levels of basalt by a crust.
was formed. Another possibility is that parts of the magma ocean formed from rocks
the first crust on Mars had a different origin, one
colliding in space was not all-encompassing.
that would primarily show large concentrations
of silica. Planetary geochemist Valerie Payré and the southern hemisphere of Mars contained
her partners analyzed data for the planet's more silica than was previously believed.
southern hemisphere, the planet's oldest region.
They discovered nine locations rich in feldspar, a the first crust on Mars did not
develop until
mineral associated with lava flows that are higher long after the planet was formed.
in silica than basalt. This finding led them to
conclude that

148
 Liquidinterfaces--the boundaries where two
groupsof liquid meet--are only a few atoms thick Mark for Review
Ddntil recently were almost impossible to
study:the.large bulk of molecules that clump on Which choice most logically
completes the text?
either side of the interface drowned out the two substances emerged in
from the interfaceitself and created alotsignals
of form. purified
in experimental data. Researchers at the SLACnoise
National Energy Laboratory may have found a the groups of molecules surrounding the
b1tion, however: by shooting fine jets of water interface became even thicker.
and oil at each other, they created liquid layers tiny crests of waves caused the water to
only a few hundreds of atoms thick. As a result.
behave as if it were a gas.

the interfaces where the liquids interacted

could be more easily observed.

To find out how the brain processes multiple W Mark for Review
languages, a team of cognitive scientists led by Ev
Fedorenko and Saima Malik-Moraleda scanned Which choice most logically completes the text?
the brains of 25 polyglots. Using imaging people can achieve fluency in a foreign
technology, they mapped neural language language until relatively late in life.
networks while study participants listened to
learning a new language increases the
brief recordings in familiar and unfamiliar
languages. The researchers found that when efficiency of neural processing.
participants heard any of the foreign languages the brain processes languages acquired early
they had studied, the same brain regions were in life with greater efficiency.
always activated, although responses wereperson's
strongest when languages were close to a native-level fluency cannot be achieved in a
the language
native tongue. When subjects heard birth, language learned after early childhood.
since
to which they had been exposed much less
however, their neural networks were
when they were
active. This trend held even
languages,
fluent in their other familiar
| suggesting that

149
 Lightning is typically associated with storm WMark for Review
clouds, which consist of turbulent masses of
water droplets. In these clouds, water Which choice most logically completes the text?
droplets
drawn to the top of the cloud by updrafts freeze.
When they are eventually pushed downward, the minimizing the chance that clouds will
frozen droplets collide with uprising liquid become electrified.
droplets. The impact strips electrons from the
molecules, resulting in the electrification of the increasing thunderstorms' power.
cloud. However, scientists have found that coarse
marine aerosols, such as salt from sea spray, can creating unpredictable weather patterns.
reduce the frequency of lightning. The particles
weaken updrafts within the cloud, causing making lightning more likely to strike over
water than on land.
droplets to fall as rain instead of rising upward to
form ice and thus

It was once thought that acquiring perfect pitch 10 Mark for Review
depended on a "critical period" early in life
during which children could acquire this skill Which choice most logically completes the text?
with training, or that only some children with a
specific genetic endowment could acquire perfect A to develop perfect pitch, children should
pitch during this period. Adults, it was believed, begin musical training at a young age.
;could not acquire perfect pitch once that the influence of genetics on musical ability is
developmental window closed. However, extremely limited.
research has shown that with only a short period
of training, some adults can learn to remember the development of perfect pitch may depend
! notes, and can correctly identify them even on general auditory capabilities.
months later with higher accuracy than they had
been able to beforehand. The researchers the process of acquiring perfect pitch is more
therefore concluded that flexible than previously believed.