Algorithm question 2 & 4 & 5

Data for drug

1. Analgesics and Antipyretics: no

Paracetamol
Paracetamol, also known as acetaminophen, is a common over-the-counter pain reliever and
fever reducer. It's widely used to alleviate mild to moderate pain and reduce fever.

2. Antihypertensives:

Losartan
Losartan is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, commonly referred to as an angiotensin receptor
blocker (ARB). It is used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) and certain heart conditions.

Metoprolol
Metoprolol is a beta-blocker. It is used to treat high blood pressure, angina (chest pain), and
certain heart conditions, as well as to prevent migraines and manage symptoms of
hyperthyroidism.

Carvedilol
Carvedilol is also a beta-blocker but with additional alpha-blocking properties. It is used to treat
high blood pressure, heart failure, and certain heart conditions.

Enalapril
Enalapril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. It is used to treat high blood
pressure, heart failure, and other cardiovascular conditions.

Propranolol
Propranolol is a beta-blocker, and it is used to treat high blood pressure, irregular heartbeats
(arrhythmias), migraines, and various other conditions including anxiety.

Amlodipine
Amlodipine is a calcium channel blocker. It is used to treat high blood pressure and certain types
of angina (chest pain).

Verapamil
Verapamil is another calcium channel blocker. It is used to treat high blood pressure, angina, and
certain heart rhythm disorders.

Spironolactone
Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic and aldosterone antagonist. It is used to treat
conditions such as heart failure and high blood pressure.

Methyldopa
Methyldopa is a medication used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension). It belongs to the
class of antihypertensive drugs and is specifically categorized as a centrally acting alpha-2
adrenergic agonist. It works by affecting certain receptors in the brain to lower blood pressure.

3. Antiasthmatics and Bronchodilators:

Salbutamol
Salbutamol, also known as albuterol in the United States, is a medication that falls into the class
of bronchodilators. It is commonly used to treat respiratory conditions such as asthma, chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and bronchospasm associated with other respiratory
issues.
Salbutamol works by relaxing the muscles in the airways,

4. Antihistamines:
Cetirizine
Cetirizine is a second-generation antihistamine. It is used to relieve allergy symptoms such as
runny nose, sneezing, itchy or watery eyes, and itching of the throat or nose. Cetirizine is known
for its non-sedating properties, which means it is less likely to cause drowsiness compared to
some other antihistamines.

Diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine is a first-generation antihistamine. It is used to treat allergy symptoms and is
also commonly used as a sleep aid. However, it has a stronger sedative effect compared to
second-generation antihistamines, which can lead to drowsiness and is why it's often used as a
nighttime sleep aid.

5. Diuretics:
Furosemide
Furosemide is a loop diuretic. It is used to help the body eliminate excess salt and water by
increasing the production of urine. This can be helpful in reducing fluid retention and lowering high
blood pressure. Furosemide is often prescribed for conditions such as congestive heart failure
and edema.

Hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic. It works by promoting the elimination of salt and water
through urine, thus reducing blood volume and helping to lower blood pressure.
Hydrochlorothiazide is commonly used to treat hypertension and may also be prescribed for
conditions like edema and kidney stones.

6. Antibiotics:

Ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic. It's used to treat a wide range of bacterial infections,
including respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, and certain types of bacterial
diarrhea.

Metronidazole
Metronidazole is an antibiotic classified as a nitroimidazole. It's particularly effective against
anaerobic bacteria and is used to treat various infections, including dental infections

Cefuroxime
Cefuroxime is a cephalosporin antibiotic, specifically a second-generation cephalosporin. It is
used to treat various bacterial infections, including respiratory tract infections and skin and soft
tissue infections.

Nalidixic acid
Nalidixic acid is a quinolone antibiotic. It's used primarily for urinary tract infections and is less
commonly prescribed today, as newer quinolone antibiotics have largely replaced it.

Amoxicillin
Amoxicillin is a penicillin antibiotic. It is commonly used to treat a wide range of bacterial
infections, including respiratory tract infections, ear infections, and skin infections.

Cefuroxime
Cefuroxime is also a cephalosporin antibiotic but is classified as a second-generation
cephalosporin. It is used to treat various bacterial infections, including respiratory tract infections,
skin and soft tissue infections, and urinary tract infections. Cefuroxime works similarly by
disrupting the formation of the bacterial cell wall.
Cefixime
Cefixime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. It's used to treat a variety of bacterial
infections, including respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, and certain sexually
transmitted diseases. Cefixime works by interfering with the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall,
ultimately leading to the destruction of the bacteria.

7. Antithyroid Agents:

PTU (Propylthiuracil)
Methimazole
Methimazole can be taken once per day. Propylthiouracil — Propylthiouracil does not correct
hyperthyroidism as rapidly as methimazole, and it has more side effects

8. Antidiabetic Medications:

Sitagliptin
Sitagliptin is a medication classified as a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor. It is used to
treat type 2 diabetes by increasing the levels of certain natural substances that lower blood sugar.

Metformin
Metformin is classified as a biguanide medication. It's also used to treat type 2 diabetes and
works by lowering glucose production in the liver and improving the body's sensitivity to insulin.

Glargine
Glargine is classified as a long-acting insulin analog. It is used to manage blood sugar levels in
individuals with diabetes by providing a consistent and extended release of insulin throughout the
day and night.

9. Antiulcer Medications:

Cimetidine
Cimetidine is a medication classified as an H2 receptor antagonist (H2 blocker). It is used to
reduce stomach acid production and is commonly prescribed to treat conditions like
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, and heartburn. Cimetidine works by
blocking the action of histamine on the H2 receptors in the stomach, which decreases the
production of stomach acid.

Omeprazole
Omeprazole is a medication classified as a proton pump inhibitor (PPI). It is also used to reduce
stomach acid production and is prescribed for similar gastrointestinal conditions such as GERD,
peptic ulcers, and conditions involving excessive stomach acid. Omeprazole works by inhibiting
the proton pumps in the stomach lining, which are responsible for producing stomach acid.

10. Anti-inflammatory and Gout Medications:

Celecoxib
Celecoxib is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that falls into the selective COX-2
inhibitor class. It is primarily used to relieve pain and inflammation in conditions like arthritis.

Colchicine
Colchicine is a medication used to treat gout and other conditions that involve inflammation. It is
classified as an alkaloid and is derived from plants. Colchicine works by reducing inflammation
and pain associated with gout.

Febuxostat
Febuxostat is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor used to manage high levels of uric acid in the blood,
which can lead to conditions like gout. It falls into the drug class of xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
11. Tuberculosis Medication:

Isoniazid
Isoniazid is a medication that falls into the class of antitubercular drugs. It is a primary component
of the standard treatment for tuberculosis (TB). Isoniazid works by inhibiting the growth of the
bacteria that cause TB.

Rifampicin
Rifampicin (also known as rifampin) is another important medication used in the treatment of
tuberculosis. It belongs to the class of antibiotics and is specifically a member of the rifamycin
group. Rifampicin is effective against various bacterial infections, including tuberculosis, and it
works by inhibiting bacterial RNA synthesis.

12. Cholesterol-Lowering Medication:

Atorvastatin
Atorvastatin works by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, which plays a central role in the
production of cholesterol in the liver. By reducing cholesterol production, Atorvastatin helps lower
LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol and total cholesterol levels, which can decrease the risk
of cardiovascular events, such as heart attacks and strokes.

If time so studied

Paracetamol - Analgesic and antipyretic (pain reliever and fever reducer).

Losartan - Angiotensin II receptor antagonist, used to treat hypertension.

Salbutamol - Bronchodilator, used for asthma and other respiratory conditions.

Metoprolol - Beta-blocker, used to treat high blood pressure and heart conditions.

Cetirizine - Antihistamine, used for allergies.

Carvedilol - Beta-blocker, used for heart conditions.

Diphenhydramine - Antihistamine, used for allergies and sleep aid.

Enalapril - ACE inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and heart conditions.

Cimetidine - Histamine H2 receptor antagonist, used for stomach conditions.

Propranolol - Beta-blocker, used for various heart and medical conditions.

Furosemide - Loop diuretic, used to treat edema and high blood pressure.

Amlodipine - Calcium channel blocker, used for high blood pressure and angina.

Hydrochlorothiazide - Thiazide diuretic, used for high blood pressure.

Verapamil - Calcium channel blocker, used for heart conditions.

Spironolactone - Potassium-sparing diuretic, used for edema and high blood pressure.

Isoniazid - Antibiotic, used to treat tuberculosis.

Ciprofloxacin - Antibiotic, used to treat various bacterial infections.

PTU (Propylthiuracil) - Antithyroid medication, used to treat hyperthyroidism.

Metronidazole - Antibiotic and antiprotozoal, used for various infections.

Atorvastatin - Statin, used to lower cholesterol levels.

Metformin - Biguanide, used to treat type 2 diabetes.

Clarithromycin - Macrolide antibiotic, used for bacterial infections.

Glargine - Long-acting insulin, used to treat diabetes.

Cefuroxime - Antibiotic, used for bacterial infections.

Sitagliptin - Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, used for diabetes.

Methyldopa - Alpha-2 adrenergic agonist, used for high blood pressure.

Methimazole - Antithyroid medication, used to treat hyperthyroidism.

Omeprazole - Proton pump inhibitor, used to reduce stomach acid.

Nalidixic acid - Antibiotic, used for urinary tract infections.

Celecoxib - Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), used for pain and inflammation.

Colchicine - Anti-gout medication, used for gout.

Rifampicin - Antibiotic, used for various bacterial infections.

Febuxostat - Xanthine oxidase inhibitor, used for gout.

Cefixime - Antibiotic, used for bacterial infections.

Amoxicillin - Antibiotic, used for various bacterial infections.

Concepts and Calculations to review (questions 1 in ospe )

Loading dose

Plasma half life

Plasma half-life (T1/2) is the time required for plasma concentration to diminish by 50% Plasma
half-life (T1/2) is the time required for plasma concentration to diminish by 50%

Clearance
Actual Dose

Bioavailability
Bioavailability refers to the extent and rate at which the active moiety (drug or metabolite) enters
systemic circulation, thereby accessing the site of action

Zero order Elimination

For example, if the substance follows a zero-order elimination, the amount eliminated will be
dependent on time and not the amount ingested

First Order elimination

First order elimination occurs when a constant proportion of drug is eliminated per unit time.
 Dosing Rate

What is dose-rate? The dose-rate is the frequency someone takes a dose of a medication or
nutrient. For example, if you are taking a medication for a bacterial infection, you may be required
to take one dose of the medication two times a day, approximately 12 hours between each dose
for ve days.
fi
Recommended Dose
prescription (que 3 in ospe)
The prescription consists of the superscription, the inscription, the subscription, the signa, and
the name and signature of the prescriber,
1.Typhoid fever
Ciprofloxacin - Antibiotic, used to treat various bacterial infections.
Including in Fluoroquinolones
Oral 500 mg 7-10 days twice a day
Iv 400 mg 7-10 days twice a day

Mechanism of Action: Ciprofloxacin works by inhibiting DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV,
enzymes necessary for bacterial DNA replication and repair.

Non pharmacological
Hydration
Rest
Diet
Good hygiene
Isolation

2.Amoebiasis
Metronidazole - Antibiotic and antiprotozoal, used for various infections.
MOA - diffuses into the organism, inhibits protein synthesis by interacting with DNA, and causes a
loss of helical DNA structure and strand breakage
500 mg orally every 6-8 hour for 7-14 days
Tinidazol 2g orally each days for 3 days

Non pharmacological
Maintaining proper hygiene, clean water consumption, and following food safety practices to
prevent contamination

3.pulmonary tuberculosis

First-line drugs include isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and

pyrazinamide.

Isoniazid - Antibiotic, used to treat tuberculosis.

MOA - inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis following activation by the bacterial catalase–peroxidase
enzyme KatG in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb).

Non pharmacological
to the full course of medication, proper ventilation, and isolation of contagious
patients during treatment

4. Hypertension
Ace inhibitors ll
Losartan - Angiotensin II receptor antagonist, used to treat hypertension.

MOA - ACE inhibitors prevent an enzyme in the body from making angiotensin 2, a substance that
narrows blood vessels.

Non pharmacological
modifications such as weight management, exercise, dietary changes,
and stress reduction

5. Diabetes mellitus
Type 2 -
Metformin - Biguanide, used to treat type 2 diabetes.
MOA - alteration of the energy metabolism of the cell. Metformin exerts its prevailing, glucose-
lowering effect by inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis and opposing the action of glucagon.
Type 1 - insulin
Non pharmacological
control, regular exercise, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Blood sugar monitoring is
crucial.

6. Hyperthyroidism

Methimazole - Antithyroid medication, used to treat hyperthyroidism.

MOA - interfere with the oxidation of the iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups

Non pharmacological
Radioiodine therapy, or thyroidectomy maybe considered in certain cases.

7. Allegic rhinitis
ANTI HISTAMIAN
Cetirizine - Antihistamine, used for allergies.
MOA - mediated via selective inhibition of peripheral H1 receptors

NON PHARMACOLOGICAL
Avoiding allergens, keeping indoor air clean, and using air filters or purifiers

8. DYSPEPSIA
PPI
Omeprazole - Proton pump inhibitor, used to reduce stomach acid.
MOA-Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) block the gastric H,K-ATPase, inhibiting gastric acid secretion

NON PHARMACOLOGICAL
Diet modification, stress reduction, and avoiding trigger foods to alleviate symptoms.