The 2019 Tokyo Metropolitan Resilience Project E-Defense Test of A 3-Story Disaster Management Center

2i-0020 The 17th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering
17th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, 17WCEE

Sendai, Japan - September 13th to 18th 2020
Paper N° XXXX (C000239)
Registration Code: S-XXXXXXXX
THE 2019 TOKYO METROPOLITAN RESILIENCE PROJECT E-DEFENSE

TEST OF A 3-STORY DISASTER MANAGEMENT CENTER
TZ. Yeow(1), K. Kusunoki(2), I. Nakamura(3), Y. Hibino(4), T. Ohkubo(5), T. Seike(6), S. Yagi(7), T. Mukai(8),

P. Calvi(9), M. Moustafa(10), S. Fukai(11)
(1)
Project Researcher, Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, [email protected]
(2)
Professor, Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, [email protected]
(3)
Chief Researcher, National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience, [email protected]
(4)
Associate Professor, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, [email protected]
(5)
Professor, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, [email protected]
(6)
Associate Professor, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, [email protected]
(7)
Masters Candidate, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, [email protected]
(8)
Senior Researcher, Building Research Institute, [email protected]
(9)
Assistant Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, [email protected]
(10)
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, [email protected]
(11)
Professional Engineer, Structural Engineering Division, Nikken Sekkei Ltd, [email protected]
Abstract
Several buildings with post-disaster functions, such as city halls or emergency shelters, had been severely damaged in
recent earthquakes in Japan; hindering their intended usage after a major seismic event. Furthermore, resource-intensive
post-earthquake damage evaluation of buildings conducted after major seismic events often result in occupants being
displaced from potentially safe buildings or delays in identifying dangerous buildings. There is also the potential for
significant damage to be hidden and missed during damage evaluations. Based on this, there is a need to improve the
resiliency of buildings with post-disaster functions and develop structural health monitoring techniques to rapidly and
reliably assess the safety of buildings following major seismic shaking.
To address this need, an E-Defense test of a 3-story reinforced concrete disaster management center fitted with non-
structural components and structural health monitoring instruments was performed under the Tokyo Metropolitan
Resilience Project (subproject C). The specimen had hanging/standing/wing walls casted to be monolithic with frame
elements. Gaps were present at the end of walls attached to the beams on the 2 nd and 3rd floors, while gaps at the end of
walls on the roof and at the 1F column bases were filled with concrete. These details allowed plastic hinges to form at
intended locations and avoided bar buckling failure, while filling the gap with concrete allowed the wall to act only in
compression. Non-structural elements attached to the building were ceilings, windows, exterior tiles and piping on the
roof. Instrumentations and equipment installed in the building or used to evaluate damage included accelerometers,
potentiometers, laser transducers, cameras, laser scanners, strain gauges and optical fibers; among others. In addition to
the testing, a blind prediction competition was held to evaluate the accuracy and applicability of numerical modelling
approaches and assumptions for buildings of this type.
An organized session based solely on this experimental study will be held at the 17th World Conference on Earthquake
Engineering and will cover all aspects of the test. This paper serves as a companion piece for the organized session, and
provides details on key aspects of the test, such as project background information, specimen details, test objectives,
and input excitations. It will also cover preliminary damage observations and damage evaluations, showcase the
application of the structural health monitoring approaches, and provide an overview of the blind prediction competition.
Overall, it was found that the building mostly satisfied its performance objectives, and that the structural health
monitoring methods adopted provided a rapid and reliable method to assess building damage and response.
Keywords: reinforced concrete, shake-table test, non-structural element, structural health monitoring, damage
estimation,
© The 17th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering - 2i-0020 -


1. Introduction
An E-Defense shake-table test of a 3-story reinforced concrete (RC) disaster management center was
performed in December 2019 as part of the Tokyo Metropolitan Resilience Project Subproject C [1]. An
organized session for this study will be held at the 17th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, and
will cover various topics ranging from project background, test details, performance assessment, structural
health monitoring, and results from a blind prediction competition. This paper serves as a complementary
source of information for interested conference participants who wish to learn more about the project.
2. Project Background and Objectives

The Tokyo Metropolitan area, while a major global economic center and home to over 35 million people, is a
seismically active region. To reduce socioeconomic impacts from major seismic events, the “Tokyo
Metropolitan Resilience Project” was initiated in 2017 and consisted of three subgroups; (i) social-sciences
(subproject A), (ii) natural sciences (subproject B), and (iii) engineering (subproject C).
One objective of subproject C was the development of rapid damage assessment systems to avoid
unnecessarily displacing people from safe buildings or to quickly identify dangerous buildings. Furthermore,
such systems may be able to detect hidden damage, which was one of many reasons for the CTV Building
collapse in New Zealand [2]. Another objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of resilient structural and
non-structural detailing for buildings with post-disaster functions due to poor performance of such buildings
in recent events (e.g. city hall buildings [3] and school gymnasiums intended to be used as emergency
shelters [4]). There are other objectives in subproject C which have been/will be addressed by other research
studies.
A shake-table test of a disaster management building was performed at E-Defense to address the two
objectives discussed. Following requirements for Japanese buildings with post-disaster functions [5], the
specimen must have a base shear coefficient greater than 0.55 and remain elastic with interstory drifts less
than 0.33% at design-level shaking. The building must also meet life-safety requirements at 1.5 times design-
level shaking. To achieve these objectives, spandrel walls were casted to be monolithic with RC frame
elements to provide additional stiffness and strength, with special detailing provided to ensure a favorable
deformation mode. The building was fitted with non-structural elements, and various instrumentation and
scanning equipment were used to assess the building’s performance. The key objectives of this test were to:
i) Evaluate the effectiveness of the spandrel wall detailing to satisfy performance objectives for
buildings with post-disaster functions.
ii) Evaluate the effectiveness of more resilience non-structural element detailing.
iii) Test the reliability and robustness of various structural health monitoring techniques.
3. Test Description
3.1 Structural details
The RC specimen layout and dimensions are shown in Fig. 1. Spandrel wall elements were casted to be
monolithic with the frame elements with 50 mm wide gaps present at hanging/standing wall ends on 2F and
3F (Fig. 2a) to ensure that plastic hinges form at intended locations and to prevent bar buckling failure.
Similar detail was used for RF hanging-walls and 1F wing-wall bases, except that the gaps were filled with
concrete to allow the walls to act in compression. The gap detailing had been tested previously [6,7], while
the concrete filled-gap detailing was new. Reinforcing details of frame elements parallel to the loading
direction are shown in Fig. 3. Note that reinforcing in the RF hanging-wall and 1F wing-wall base was
terminated 50 mm before its ends, and that the lower reinforcing layer for B1 beams was also terminated
before intersecting G2 and G3 beams. Details for other frame elements are available from Fukai et al [8].


Wall bars cut on RF Wall gaps on

beams and column base 2F and 3F
RF
3.2 m
3F
3.2 m
Standing
wall
2F
4.0 m
Hanging
Wing wall
walls
4.8 m 4.8 m
(a) (b)
RF
3.2 m
3F
3.2 m
2F
4.0 m
4.8 m
(c) (d)
C2 G1 C1 G1a C2
N
Ceiling on
west bay
G3 G2 G3
(2F and 3F)
Shaking
direction B1 B1
G1 G1a
C2 Windows C1 Exterior tiles C2

(2F and 3F)
(e)
Fig. 1 – Specimen layout; (a) in-plane elevation dimensions, (b) in-plane elevation photo, (c) out-of-
plane elevation dimensions, (d) out-of-plane elevation photo, and (e) location and ID of components


Gap filled with concrete

for hanging wall
attached to RF beam
Gap at end of
hanging/standing
walls (attached to
2F/3F beams)
(a) (b)
Fig. 2 – Detailing at hanging/standing walls ends, (a) 50 mm gap at ends of hanging/standing walls
attached to 2F/3F beams, (b) concrete filled gap on roof level beams (wall longitudinal reinforcing
terminated)
Standing wall (end layer):

2-D13
0.25 m 0.15 m
0.88 m (standing wall
Standing wall: Beam (top and bottom):

only on 2F/3F)
D10@160 3-D19
Stirrups:
D10@160
Beam (top layer):
0.32 m
2F/3F: 4-D19
RF: 3-D19 B1 beams
0.15 m
Beam (bottom layer):

2F(left)/RF: 3-D19
0.33 m
2F(right)/3F: 2-D19 Column (short-side): 4-D19

Stirrups:
D10@160 Wall (boundary): Column (long side):
0.42 m
4-D13
C1 (1F): 5-D19
0.40 m
Hanging wall: Wall (other): Stirrups: C1 (2/3F): 4-D19

D10@160 D10@160 D10@80 C2 (all): 3-D19
0.18 m
Hanging wall (end layer):

2F/3F: 2-D13
0.18 m
RF: 4-D13
0.48 m 0.52 m 0.48 m
0.32 m
Columns and wing walls
G1 beams/hanging wall/standing wall
Fig. 3 – Cross section details


3.2 Non-structural details

Four types of non-structural components were attached to the building as follows:
i) Windows on south-west bay on 2F and 3F (Fig. 1e);
ii) Ceilings on west bay on 2F and 3F (Fig. 1e);
iii) Exterior tiles on south-east bay over entire height (Fig. 1e); and
iv) Piping on roof.
Two types of windows were installed in the building; fixed and sliding. The 2F fixed window used
two panes of glass (Fig. 4a) while the 3F fixed window used a single pane (Fig. 4b). As the window sash
used for both fixed windows were identical, the edge clearance is larger for the 2F fixed window and thus the
drift capacity of the fixed window with two glass panes should be greater. The sliding windows were
identical on both floors to observe the influence of drift demands on the seismic performance of sliding
windows.
Two detailing variants were used for each non-structural component type; one being more seismically
resilient than the other. With regards to ceilings, the one located on 2F (attached to 3F slabs) was fixed to the
surrounding beams (Fig. 5a) without seismic bracing (Fig. 5b). The ceiling on 3F (attached to roof slab) had
gaps around its edge (Fig. 5c) and was seismically braced (Fig. 5d). The latter ceiling was thought to be more
seismically resistant and thus was installed where the acceleration demand was expected to be greater.
Two different materials were used to attach tiles to the south-east exterior bay; (a) mortar and (b)
chemical adhesive. The mortar was applied over the western half of the bay, while the chemical adhesive
was applied over the eastern half. The mortar layer was approximately 10 mm thicker, and thus a
discontinuity of the tile surface could be observed as shown in Fig. 6. The chemical adhesive was more
flexible than the mortar layer, and therefore the exterior tiles attached using the chemical adhesive were
expected to remain attached to the frame at higher drift demands.
Two pipe systems in L-shape configurations were attached to the roof as shown in Fig. 7a. The pipes
were weighed down using concrete supports instead of being bolted down as is common practice in Japan to
avoid damaging roof weather proofing material. These supports had two or four-legs as shown in Fig. 7b, the
latter of which was expected to be more stable and hence have lesser displacement.
Two panes of glass Sliding window Single pane of Sliding window

used for 2F fixed (identical on both glass used for 3F (identical on both
window floors) fixed window floors)
(a) (b)
Fig. 4 – Window detailing; (a) two panes of glass used for 2F fixed window and (b) single pane of glass
used for 3F fixed window


2F ceiling fixed
Hangers only for
to surrounding Seismic braces
2F ceiling
beams Gap around edge for 3F ceiling
of ceiling for 3F
ceiling
(a) (b) (c) (d)

Fig. 5 – Ceiling detailing; (a) no gaps for 2F ceiling, (b) no seismic braces for 2F ceiling, (c) edge gaps for
3F ceiling, and (d) seismic braces for 3F ceiling
Chemical adhesive
on east half
Mortar on
west half
Fig. 6 – Tile detailing
Four-legged
support
Two-legged
support
(a) (b)
Fig. 7 – Pipe support detailing; (a) layout of piping and (b) difference in piping support
3.3 Instrumentation
Different types of accelerometers, such as those shown in Fig. 8a, were installed on all floors. This was to
evaluate (i) the accuracy of cheaper sensors compared to more expensive variants and (ii) the global building
performance following an approach proposed by Kusunoki et al. [9].
Laser transducers (Fig. 8b) were installed at three locations on each floor to measure interstory drift;
one next to each exterior frame at the mid-width of the east-side bay and a third near the center of each floor.
The transducer and the target were attached to steel H sections bolted to the bottom and top slab,
respectively. The center location had two transducers in parallel to capture rotation effects.
Displacement potentiometers (Fig. 8c) were attached to the exterior of the northeast bay at column
bases and joints between beams/hanging walls/standing walls and wing walls. These were also used on
windows to capture window drift.


Other instrumentation and equipment installed in the building included video cameras, strain gauges,
optical fibers, wires, and 3D scanners; among others.
(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 8 – Instrumentation applied in building; (a) accelerometers, (b) laser transducers, (c) displacement
potentiometers
3.4. Input motion

The specimen was subjected to an artificial record five times. The artificial record with a 1.0 scale factor was
representative of the Japanese Building Code design spectra for ordinary buildings. The input record
acceleration history and response spectra for a scale factor of 1.0 are shown in Fig. 9. The scale factors
adopted for each excitation were as follows:
i) 0.2 (for confirming serviceability performance objectives were satisfied for frequent shaking events);
ii) 1.0 (for confirming that the building could remain mostly elastic with a peak inter-story drift of less
than 0.33% at design-level shaking);
iii) 1.5 run #1 (for evaluating the building’s performance at 1.5 timed design-level shaking);
iv) 1.5 run #2 (this was repeated to evaluate if the building could withstand an aftershock of equal
intensity to its design demand as required by the Japanese Building Code); and
v) 1.6 (for observing the building’s performance in its fully inelastic range and its capability to
withstanding multiple significant seismic events).
White noise excitations were applied before and after each of the five major excitations. These were
used to track changes in the building’s dynamic properties resulting from each shaking event.
0.8 1.5
Spectral Acceleration (g)
1.2
0.4
Acceleration (g)
0.9
0
0.6
-0.4
0.3
-0.8 0
0 20 40 60 80 0 0.2 0.4 0.6
Time (s) Spectral Displacement (m)
(a) (b)
Fig. 9 – Artificial record with 1.0 scale factor; (a) total acceleration history and (b) response spectra


4. Initial Damage Observations and Evaluations

This section covers initial damage observations and evaluations. No detailed results were discussed as these
were still being processed at the time of writing. Building damage surveys were performed (i) before testing,
(ii) after the 1.0-scaled excitation, (iii) after the first 1.5-scaled excitation, and (iv) after the 1.6-scaled
excitation. After (ii) and (iii), the building damage was evaluated following the “Guideline for Post-
Earthquake Damage Evaluation and Rehabilitation of RC Buildings” [10].
Before testing, initial cracks were observed at the beam-wing wall joints adjacent to the outer (C2)
columns. These cracks were small (0.2 mm or less in the beams) and were thought to not significantly
influence building strength. No damage was observed in columns or slabs.
Following the 1.0-scaled excitation, more cracks were identified at each beam end, though damage
was concentrated on a single crack. Minor insignificant cracking had formed on columns and slabs, the latter
of which originated near wall gaps and propagated towards the center of the slab. Based on the damage
evaluation procedure [10], the damage was minor on 1F and 2F. The damage on 3F was considered moderate
if the hanging-wall crack width was considered. However, this occurred where there were no reinforcing and
thus had no influence on strength. If the beam residual crack was considered, the 3F damage would be slight.
Following the first 1.5-scaled excitation, only a few new cracks were observed. However, the largest
residual beam cracks widened to 2.0 mm. Horizontal cracks with residual width of 0.3 mm formed at column
bases and some crushing occurred at wing-wall corners. Slab cracks intersected, resulting in large cracks
spanning the slab width residual widths of 3.5 mm. The damage was evaluated as “significant” on all floors.
Photos of final observed damage is shown in Fig. 10. Significant concrete spalling occurred on 1F and
2F beams (Fig. 10a) resulting in reinforcing bars being exposed. While concrete spalling also occurred on 3F
(Fig. 10b), the extent was not as significant, and no reinforcing was not exposed. This showed the advantage
of the concrete-filled-gap detailing which lessened the compression strains at the soffit of the beam.
Significant concrete crushing occurred at the base of the wing-walls (Fig. 10c), and small diagonal column
cracks started forming. The slab cracks widened to over 15.0 mm and diagonal cracks formed due to
secondary compression struts developing due to a change in the force transfer mechanism. Due to the
extensive damage observed, the damage was classified as “significant” and was deemed close to collapse.
(a) (b) (c) (d)

Fig. 10 – Damage observation photos (after 150-1); (a) 2F beam, (b) 3F beam, (c) column base, (d) slab
5. Structural Health Monitoring

Several structural health monitoring approaches were applied to the building to evaluate its performance and
safety. One such approach was the use of accelerometer data following Kusunoki [9], and another was using
laser scanning and motion tracking technology to capture damage and track building response. Other
approaches were also utilized, but only these were described herein.
5.1 Damage evaluation using the Wavelet Transform Method
The approach by Kusunoki [9] involved (i) double integrating accelerometer data to obtain relative
displacement response, (ii) simplifying the response into an equivalent single-degree-of-freedom response


using modal analysis methods considering the displaced shape at each time-step, (iii) applying the Wavelet
Transform Method and selecting ranks representing the predominant response, and (iv) obtaining the
resultant “skeleton curve” from the representative acceleration-displacement response. The skeleton curve
obtained from preliminary application of this approach using the experimental data is shown in Fig. 11.
The skeleton curves are useful in several ways. Firstly, the change in the “initial” period could be
estimated based on the change of the initial slope with each excitation. Secondly, the overall building
ductility demand could be estimated based on the ratio of peak representative displacement to estimated yield
displacement. Thirdly, if a “safety limit” is known, one could assess how close the building is to reaching
this safety limit, essentially providing an alternative to the damage evaluation procedure [10] followed
previously. One important advantage is that this system can be applied in real-time, meaning that the safety
of the building could be evaluated almost immediately. This can reduce the time and effort required to
evaluate a building’s level of safety.
Fig. 11 – Derived capacity curves using WTM

5.2 Laser scanning and motion tracking technology
Two separate research teams were involved with using laser scanning and motion tracking technology;
(i) the University of Washington (UW) and University of Nevada, Reno (UNR) team, and (ii) the Building
Research Institute (BRI) from Tsukuba, Japan.
The UW/UNR team were funded by the US National Science Foundation (NSF), and collaborated in
the project by collecting response and damage data using multiple non-contact image and lidar based
systems. UW researchers employed equipment provided by the NSF-funded Natural Hazards Engineering
Research Infrastructure (NHERI) “RAPID” Facility. This included two portable lidar scanners, each with
integrated imaging but with different lidar scan resolutions and scan times (Leica ScanStation P50 and Leica
RTC360), and a surveying total station (Leica Nova TS161). Data collection activities were performed while
the structure was stationary (i.e. prior to testing and at the end of each test day) and included:
i) Use of the total station to locate, with a high level of accuracy, approximately 30 high-contrast
targets located on the test specimen, the shake table, and the laboratory structure to provide
information about residual deformation of the test specimen;
ii) Use of the Leica RTC 360 scanner to generate a modestly accurate/dense 3D point cloud
encompassing the interior and exterior of the specimen with image overlay (Fig. 12a) to qualitatively
assess the structural performance and support use of localized, high-resolution point cloud data; and,
iii) Use of the Leica P50 to generate high accuracy/density point clouds in regions with significant
damage (Fig. 12b) to evaluate the potential for lidar to be used to identify cracks in concrete and
masonry structures as well as to determine crack length, width and depth.


Balcony
Beam
Window opening
(a) (b)
(c)
Top of
building
Foundation
(d) (e) (f)

Fig. 12 – Laser scanning and motion tracking examples; (a) point cloud density of specimen, shake table, and
laboratory, (b) high-resolution scale of crack initiating from hanging-wall gap, (c) camera setup for TT-DIC
monitoring, (d) residual deformation of building, (e) detecting tile damage, and (f) dynamic tracking of
specimen response
The UW/UNR team also collected dynamic response data during shake table tests, under both white
noise and seismic excitation. The UW team employed the Leica P50 scanner in “line-scan” mode to track the
east-west (EW) location of the vertical centerline of the northwest column to generate EW displacement,
velocity, and acceleration histories for the column. The UNR team employed two cameras sets; (i) two state-
of-the-art monochrome ultra high-speed Fastec cameras and (ii) consumer-grade DSLR Canon cameras (Fig.
10


12c). These cameras faced the south side of the building on which approximately 40 high-contrast targets
were placed as shown in Fig. 12c. Software produced by GOM [11] will be used to perform target-tracking
digital image correlation (TT-DIC) of data to generate displacement time-histories for the high-contrast
targets. One challenge was dealing with low light levels which were required to avoid potentially interfering
with laser sensor readings employed by other research teams. This will require pre-processing of image data
to ensure accurate calculation of camera and target locations. Two types of analyses will be conducted using
TT-DIC data; (i) determining building frequency and mode shapes using acceleration readings, and (ii)
obtaining peak and residual drifts from each excitation. The response and damage data obtained by the
UW/UNR team will be compared with similar data collected by other research teams.
The BRI team also conducted similar scans using their own set of equipment. Description of past
deployment of such equipment and examples demonstrating the usefulness of acquired data are available in
literature [12]. Some initial outputs from their data collection in this project can be seen in Figs. 12d-12f and
included (i) evaluating the residual deformation of the building, (ii) identifying exterior damage, such as
spalling of tiles, and (iii) tracking the dynamic specimen response.
6. Blind Prediction Competition

In addition to the E-Defense test, a blind prediction competition was held to evaluate the accuracy and
reliability of numerical modelling approaches and assumptions. Participants were requested to predict the
following building response parameters for the 1.0 and 1.5 (run 1) scaled excitation cases:
i) Roof displacement history (relative to base of building);
ii) Peak absolute interstory drift on all floors; and
iii) Peak base shear demand.
The blind prediction competition was still running at the time of writing, and thus only the judging
criteria was discussed here. Contestants will be ranked for each category based on the calculated error, and
the three contestants with the best average rank will be deemed competition winners. If a top-three could not
be clearly identified due to multiple teams having the same average rank, then the ranking in the roof
displacement history category will be used as a tiebreaker as this is thought to be the hardest to predict. The
error for roof displacement history were determined using sum-squared-error, SSERDH, using the following
equation.
𝑛
2
𝑆𝑆𝐸𝑅𝐷𝐻 = ∑(𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑,𝑖 − 𝑥𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑,𝑖 ) (1)
𝑖=1
Where xpredicted,i and xmeasured,i are the predicted and measured roof-displacements at step i, respectively,
and n is the number of steps.
Accuracy of peak values of predicted and measured values (Rmax,predicted,j and Rmax,measured,j, respectively)
were also assessed using sum-square-error considering each floor (denoted by j), though the natural log
values were used instead. Base shear was also evaluated using log values, though as only one value was
considered for each excitation, the sum-squared-error calculation was not required.
3
2
𝑆𝑆𝐸𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑡 = ∑ (𝑙𝑛(𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥,𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑,𝑗 ) − 𝑙𝑛(𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥,𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑,𝑗 )) (2)
𝑗=1
7. Conclusions
This paper summarized various aspects of a shake-table test of disaster management center performed at E-
Defense in December 2019 and serves as a companion paper to an organized session to be held at the 17th
World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Based on building response and initial damage evaluations,
11


the building was able to satisfy design objectives from a performance perspective (i.e. minor damage at
design-level shaking and ability to survive multiple significant events without collapsing), though the
damage at 1.5-times design-level shaking was classified as “significant”. Application of various structural
health monitoring approaches, such as deriving capacity curves using accelerometer data or using laser
scanning and motion tracking technology, demonstrated its effectiveness in rapidly assessing a building’s
performance and damage.
8. Acknowledgement
The present work is supported by the Tokyo Metropolitan Resilience Project of the National Institute for
Earth Science and Disaster Resilience.
Material related to UW/UNR team’s contribution presented in this paper is based upon work supported by
the US National Science Foundation under awards CMMI-1611820 and CMMI-2000478. Any opinions,
findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not
necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.
Finally, we would also like to acknowledge the many teams and participants involved in the test which
enabled it to be a success.
9. References
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Presentation [powerpoint presentation].
[2] Cooper M, Carter R, Fenwick R (2012): Final Report Volume 6 – Canterbury Television Building (CTV).
Canterbury Earthquake Royal Commission, New Zealand.
[3] Matsuda T, Yamao T, Matsuda H, Kakimoto R, Tsujimoto G, Kasai A, Fujimi T, Maruyama T, Yoshito K, Torii M,
Inamoto Y, Yukihide K, Tamai H, Choi J, Yamazaki T, Yoshida M (2016): 2016 Kumamoto earthquake emergency
disaster report – part 2 (in Japanese). The Japan Society of Civil Engineers (west chapter).
[4] Nishiyama I, Okawa I, Fukuyama H, Okuda Y (): Building damage by the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku
earthquake and coping activities by NILIM and BRI collaborated with the administration. 43rd Joint Meeting of
U.S.-Japan Panel on Wind and Seismic Effects, Tsukuba, Japan.
[5] Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (2018): Design guideline for buildings with post-disaster
functions (draft)”. Technical Note of National Institute for Land and Infrastructure management, No. 1004.
[6] Kono S, Kitamura F, Yuniarsyia E, Watanabe H, Mukai T, Mukai DJ (2017): Efforts to Develop Resilient
Reinforced Concrete Building Structures in Japan. Fourth Conference on Smart Monitoring, Assessment and
Rehabilitation of Civil Structures, Zurich, Switzerland.
[7] Tani M, Mukai T, Demizu T, Kono S, Kinugasa H, Maeda M (2017): Full-scale Static Loading Test on a Five
Story Reinforced Concrete Building (part 2: damage analysis). 16th World Conference on Earthquake
Engineering, Santiago, Chile.
[8] Fukai S, Kusunoki K, Yeow TZ (2019): A new safety evaluation system and the continuous functionality of
buildings with post-disaster functions following earthquakes (part 1 – design of specimen). 2019 Annual Meeting
of the Architectural Institute of Japan, Kanazawa, Japan.
[9] Kusunoki K, Hinata D, Hattori Y, Tasai A (2018): A New Method for Evaluating the Real-Time Residual Seismic
Capacity of Existing Structures using Accelerometers: Structures with Multiple Degrees of Freedom. Japan
Architectural Review, 1(1), pp 77-86.
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2i-0020 The 17th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering

17th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, 17WCEE