Dr.

Suresh Kumar, Professor

Department of CSE, FET,
Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies
Faridabad
[email protected]
Artificial Intelligence
 Defining AI
• Artificial Intelligence is composed of two
words Artificial and Intelligence, where Artificial
defines "man-made," and intelligence
defines "thinking power", hence AI means "a
man-made thinking power.“
• "It is a branch of computer science by which we
can create intelligent machines which can behave
like a human, think like humans, and able to
make decisions.“
 Artificial Intelligence (Cont.)
• “Use of a computer to model intelligent behaviour with
minimal human intervention”
• Machines & computer programs are capable of problem
solving and learning, like a human brain.
• Natural Language Processing (“NLP”) and translation,
– Pattern recognition,
– Visual perception and
– Decision making.
• Machine Learning (“ML”), one of the most exciting areas
for Development of computational approaches to
automatically make sense of data
 Cont.
Advantage of Machine
• Can retain information
• Becomes smarter over time
• Machine is not susceptible to Sleep deprivation,
distractions, information overload and short-term
memory loss
 AI and Machines
• Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine
possesses human based skills such as:
– learning, reasoning, and solving problems
• With Artificial Intelligence you do not need to
pre-program a machine to do some work,
despite that you can create a machine with
programmed algorithms which can work with
own intelligence, and that is the awesomeness
of AI.
 Why AI??
• With the help of AI, you can create software or
devices which can solve real-world problems very
easily and with accuracy such as:
– health issues, marketing, traffic issues, etc.
• With the help of AI, you can create your personal
virtual Assistant, such as:
– Cortina, Google Assistant, Siri, etc.
• With the help of AI, you can build Robots which
can work in an environment where survival of
humans can be at risk. (Think about those
situations)
What is Intelligence?
The Turing Test

A machine can be described as a

thinking machine if it passes the
Turing Test. i.e. If a human
agent is engaged in two isolated
dialogues (connected by
teletype say); one with
a computer, and the other with
another human and the human
agent cannot reliably identify
which dialogue is with the
computer.
 Data Pyramid & Computer Based
Systems
Heuristics and
models Wisdom

Novelty
Knowledge
Rules

Information Experience
Concepts
Data
Raw data through Understanding
fact finding
Researching Absorbing Doing Interacting Reflecting

Convergence from data to intelligence

 Academic Disciplines relevant to AI
• Philosophy Logic, methods of reasoning, mind as physical
system, foundations of learning, language,
rationality.
• Mathematics Formal representation and proof, algorithms,
computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability
• Probability/Statistics modeling uncertainty, learning from data
• Economics utility, decision theory, rational economic agents
• Neuroscience neurons as information processing units.
• Psychology/ how do people behave, perceive, process cognitive
Cognitive Science information, represent knowledge.

• Computer building fast computers engineering

• Control theory design systems that maximize an objective
function over time
• Linguistics knowledge representation, grammars
 Foundations of AI
Computer
Science &
Engineering
Mathematics Philosophy

Economics
AI Biology

Psychology Cognitive Linguistics

Science
 Can we build hardware as complex as the brain?
• How complicated is our brain?
– a neuron, or nerve cell, is the basic information processing unit
– estimated to be on the order of 10 12 neurons in a human brain
– many more synapses (10 14) connecting these neurons
– cycle time: 10 -3 seconds (1 millisecond)
• How complex can we make computers?
– 108 or more transistors per CPU
– supercomputer: hundreds of CPUs, 1012 bits of RAM
– cycle times: order of 10 - 9 seconds
• Conclusion
– YES: We have computers with as many basic processing elements as
our brain,
– but building hardware is very different from making a computer
behave like a brain!
Intelligent Systems in our Everyday Life
• Post Office
– automatic address recognition and sorting of mail
• Banks
– automatic check readers, signature verification systems
– automated loan application classification
• Customer Service
– automatic voice recognition
• The Web
– Identifying your age, gender, location, from your Web surfing
– Automated fraud detection
• Digital Cameras
– Automated face detection and focusing
• Computer Games
– Intelligent characters/agents
 Artificial intelligence in day-to-day
activities
• Social media
• Digital Assistants
• Self-Driving And Parking Vehicles
• Email communications
• Web searching
• Stores and services
• Offline experiences
What is the impact of artificial intelligence on society?

• Artificial intelligence can dramatically improve the

efficiencies of our workplaces and can augment the
work humans can do.
• When AI takes over repetitive or dangerous tasks, it
frees up the human workforce to do work they are
better equipped for—tasks that involve creativity and
empathy among others.
 How artificial intelligence is impacting the future?

• AI can be used to solve an array of environmental

problems, such as climate change and natural
calamities prediction. AI will also take over many
hazardous jobs in the future.
• For businesses, AI enables people to use their
creativity for verification, validity, security and
control
How Artificial Intelligence Improves Email
Communications: Smart Replies in Gmail

• Smart replies offer users a way to respond to emails

with simple phrases like:
– “Yes, I’m working on it.” or
– “No I have not. ”
• Smart replies are tailored to the content of each
email. Users can reply by typing a manual response
or may instead choose a one-click smart reply.
• Email Filters in Gmail
• Google uses AI to ensure that nearly all of the email
landing in your inbox is authentic. Their filters attempt
to sort emails into the following categories:
• Primary
• Social
• Promotions
• Updates
• Forums
• Spam
 Google Predictive Searches

• When you begin typing a search term and

Google makes recommendations for you to
choose from, that’s AI in action.
 How Artificial Intelligence Improves Your
Experience at Online Stores and Services

• Product Recommendations
• Amazon and other online retailers use AI to
gather information about your preferences
and buying habits.
• Then, they personalize your shopping
experience by suggesting new products
tailored to your habits.
 Example of AI-powered
recommendations on Amazon.com
 Maps and Directions

• When apps like Google Maps calculate traffic and

construction in order to find the quickest route to your
destination.
• Google Maps offers directions based on the fastest route
from Berlin to Potsdam according to the usual traffic.
• Orange sections of the route indicate where traffic is
slower.
 Honda Humanoid Robot

Walk

Turn

Stairs
Domestic Robots
Military robots
 Robocup

www.robocup.org
 But then ask Garry K.

But don’t try to ask Deep Blue

 Watson
• IBM’s Artificial
Intelligence computer
system
• Capable of answering
questions in natural
language
• Competed against
champions on
Jeopardy and won
 Watson
• IBM describes this AI as:
"an application of advanced Natural Language
Processing, Information Retrieval, Knowledge
Representation and Reasoning, and Machine
Learning technologies to the field of open
domain question answering“
• What this means…
High-Level Architecture used in Watson
 Watson
• Specifics
– 16 Terabytes of RAM
– Can process 500 gigabytes (1 million books) per
second
– Content was stored in Watson’s RAM rather than
memory to be more easily accessed
– Cost about $3 Million
 Watson’s sources of information
• Encyclopedias
• Dictionaries
• Thesauri
• Newswire articles
• Literary works
• Databases, taxonomies, and ontologies.
• Wikipedia articles
• And more
 How Watson Works
• Receives the clues (questions) as electronic texts
• It then divides these texts into different keywords
and sentence fragments and searches for statistically
related phrases
• Quickly executes thousands of language analysis
algorithms
• The more algorithms that find the same answer
increase Watson’s confidence of his answer and it
calculates whether or not to make a guess
History of AI
 Maturation of Artificial Intelligence
(1943-1952)
• Year 1943: The first work which is now recognized as AI was
done by Warren McCulloch and Walter pits in 1943. They
proposed a model of artificial neurons.
• Year 1949: Donald Hebb demonstrated an updating rule for
modifying the connection strength between neurons. His
rule is now called Hebbian learning.
• Year 1950: The Alan Turing who was an English
mathematician and pioneered Machine learning in 1950.
Alan Turing publishes "Computing Machinery and
Intelligence" in which he proposed a test. The test can
check the machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior
equivalent to human intelligence, called a Turing test.
 The birth of Artificial Intelligence
(1952-1956)
• Year 1955: An Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon
created the "first artificial intelligence program"Which
was named as "Logic Theorist". This program had
proved 38 of 52 Mathematics theorems, and find new
and more elegant proofs for some theorems.
• Year 1956: The word "Artificial Intelligence" first
adopted by American Computer scientist John
McCarthy at the Dartmouth Conference. For the first
time, AI coined as an academic field.
• At that time high-level computer languages such as
FORTRAN, LISP, or COBOL were invented. And the
enthusiasm for AI was very high at that time.
 The golden years-Early enthusiasm
(1956-1974)
• Year 1966: The researchers emphasized
developing algorithms which can solve
mathematical problems. Joseph Weizenbaum
created the first chatbot in 1966, which was
named as ELIZA.
• Year 1972: The first intelligent humanoid
robot was built in Japan which was named as
WABOT-1
 The first AI winter (1974-1980)

• The duration between years 1974 to 1980 was

the first AI winter duration. AI winter refers to
the time period where computer scientist
dealt with a severe shortage of funding from
government for AI researches.
• During AI winters, an interest of publicity on
artificial intelligence was decreased.
 A boom of AI (1980-1987)

• Year 1980: After AI winter duration, AI came

back with "Expert System". Expert systems
were programmed that emulate the decision-
making ability of a human expert.
• In the Year 1980, the first national conference
of the American Association of Artificial
Intelligence was held at Stanford University.
 The second AI winter (1987-1993)

• The duration between the years 1987 to 1993

was the second AI Winter duration.
• Again Investors and government stopped in
funding for AI research as due to high cost but
not efficient result. The expert system such as
XCON was very cost effective.
 The emergence of intelligent agents
(1993-2011)
• Year 1997: In the year 1997, IBM Deep Blue beats
world chess champion, Gary Kasparov, and
became the first computer to beat a world chess
champion.
• Year 2002: for the first time, AI entered the home
in the form of Roomba, a vacuum cleaner.
• Year 2006: AI came in the Business world till the
year 2006. Companies like Facebook, Twitter, and
Netflix also started using AI.
 Deep learning, big data and artificial
general intelligence (2011-present)
• Year 2011: In the year 2011, IBM's Watson won
jeopardy, a quiz show, where it had to solve the
complex questions as well as riddles. Watson had
proved that it could understand natural language
and can solve tricky questions quickly.
• Year 2012: Google has launched an Android app
feature "Google now", which was able to provide
information to the user as a prediction.
• Year 2014: In the year 2014, Chatbot "Eugene
Goostman" won a competition in the infamous
"Turing test."
• Year 2018: The "Project Debater" from IBM debated on complex topics
with two master debaters and also performed extremely well.
• Google has demonstrated an AI program "Duplex" which was a virtual
assistant and which had taken hairdresser appointment on call, and lady
on other side didn't notice that she was talking with the machine.
• Now AI has developed to a remarkable level. The concept of Deep
learning, big data, and data science are now trending like a boom.
Nowadays companies like Google, Facebook, IBM, and Amazon are
working with AI and creating amazing devices.
• The future of Artificial Intelligence is inspiring and will come with high
intelligence.
 AI competitions
• Robotics - Robocup
• Chess /other games
• Turing Test (Loebner prize)
• Theorem proving
• Planning (agent)
• Data mining
• DOD autonomous cross country driving
• Finance
• Recently:
– Mario AI competition
– Google AI Challenge
 References
• http://asimo.honda.com/
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_car
• http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/08/how-go
ogle-making-music-artificial-intelligence
• http://www.legaltechnews.com/id=120279500382
7/Artificial-Intelligence-is-Molding-the-Attorney-ofthe-
Future?sqlreturn=20170709132104
• http://www.newsweek.com/2017/08/18/ai-faceboo k-
artificial-intelligence-machine-learning-robots-rob
otics-646944.html
• http://www.nasdaq.com/article/how-alibaba-is-usin g-
artificial-intelligence-in-healthcare-cm815551
• http://www.cs.williams.edu/~andrea/FPS.htm
• https://www.aaai.org/Pathfinder/html/show.h
tml
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P
MC7605294/