Compilation of

Daily Class Notes

Post Independence
 List of Lectures
1. Introduction
2. Merger of Princely States
3. Reorganization of states and development of agriculture after post-independence
4. Foreign Policy
5. Economic Development
6. Economic Development Part 02
7. Vinoba Bhave, Abdul Kalam Azad, Jai Jawan Jai Kisan
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DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Post Independence

Lecture - 01
Introduction
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Introduction
Post-Independence (GS-I)
❖ Important for Mains
❖ Only 7 Questions asked (2013-2023)
❖ On average 1 question asked in almost every year
Syllabus
❖ Post-independence - Consolidation and Reorganisation within the country.
Book
❖ India Since Independence by Bipin Chandra (around 42 lessons and more than 400 pages)
Post Independence
It consists of four important eras:
1. Nehru Era (1947-64)
2. Shastri Era (1964-66)
3. Indira Gandhi Era (1966-77 and 1980-84)
4. Rajiv Gandhi Era (1984-89)
Nehru Era
❖ Most important era among all.
❖ Maximum questions have been asked from this era.
❖ Topics to be Covered:
➢ Reorganization of States
➢ Integration of Princely States after Independence
➢ Economic Development of India after Independence
➢ Foreign Policy of India
➢ Issue of Language (National language)
➢ Tribal Issue
➢ Development in Science and Technology
Analysis of Questions:
Year Topic Question Asked
2023 Agriculture Q1. From being a net food importer in the sixties, India has
emerged as a net food exporter to the world. Provide
reasons.
2022 Reorganization of States Q1. The political and administrative reorganization of state and
territories has been a continuous ongoing process since the
mid nineteenth century. Discuss with examples.
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2021 Socio-cultural problems Q1. Assess the main administrative issue and sociocultural
problems in the integration process of Indian Princely
states.
2018 Impact of formation of Q1. Discuss whether formation of new states in recent times is
new states beneficial or not for the economy of India.

2016 Formation of linguistic Q1. Has the formation of linguistic states has strengthened the
states cause of Indian Unity?
2015 Draft of Indian Q1. It would have been difficult for the Constituent Assembly
Constitution to complete its historic task of drafting the Constitution for
independent India in just three years but for the experience
gained with the Government of India Act, 1935. Discuss.
2013 Bhoodan and Gramdan Q1. Critically discuss the objectives of Bhoodan and Gramdan
movement movements initiated by Acharya Vinoba Bhave and their
success.
Jawahar Lal Nehru
❖ He was the first Prime Minister of India.
❖ He is considered as the nation-builder and a chief architect of modern India as he played a significant role
in building India after independence.
❖ He gave shape to the:
➢ Economic policy of India.
➢ Foreign policy of India.
➢ Domestic policy of India.
Problems faced by India at time of Independence:
❖ Control on Communal Riots: Control on communal riots was a pressing challenge faced by India at the
time of Independence, requiring concerted efforts to promote harmony among diverse religious and ethnic
communities.
❖ Merger of Princely States: The merger of Princely States posed a significant administrative and political
challenge, necessitating delicate negotiations and strategies to integrate these territories into the newly
independent nation.
❖ Reorganization of Indian States: It was essential to ensure effective governance and address regional
disparities, demanding careful consideration of linguistic, cultural, and administrative factors.
❖ Refugee Accommodation: To accommodate refugees, particularly from the partition of India, required swift
humanitarian action and resource allocation to provide shelter, food, and basic amenities to those displaced
by the upheaval.
❖ Indo-Pak Border Demarcation: Demarcation of the Indo-Pak border was a complex task, involving
diplomatic negotiations and boundary delineation to establish clear territorial boundaries between the two
newly formed nations.
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❖ Water Sharing Issues: Issues related to sharing of river water between India and Pakistan necessitated
diplomatic negotiations and agreements to ensure equitable distribution of water resources for agricultural
and domestic purposes.
❖ Tribal Problems: The tribal problem demanded attention to safeguard the rights and interests of indigenous
communities, addressing issues of land ownership, cultural preservation, and socio-economic development.
❖ Economic Development: Economic development emerged as a paramount concern, requiring policies and
strategies to alleviate poverty, promote industrialization, and foster inclusive growth to uplift the standard of
living for the masses.
❖ Foreign Policy Formulation: It was crucial to establish India's identity on the global stage, navigating
geopolitical complexities, and fostering alliances while maintaining sovereignty and independence.
❖ Agricultural Problem: The agricultural problem, characterized by food scarcity and agricultural challenges,
called for comprehensive reforms to enhance productivity, modernize farming practices, and ensure food
security for the large population.
❖ Poor State of Science and Technology: The poor state of science and technology necessitated investments
and initiatives to promote research, innovation, and technological advancements to propel India towards
modernization and self-reliance.
❖ Constitution Formation: The formation of a Constitution acceptable to all was a monumental task,
requiring meticulous deliberations and compromises to enshrine democratic principles, fundamental rights,
and governance structures that would serve as the foundation for the nation's governance.
Merger of Princely States
❖ Three types of states present at the time of independence:
1. British Provinces: This comprises the maximum area of India.
2. Princely States: There were in total 562 princely states.
3. Provinces under Portuguese and French: Masulipatnam, Goa, Diu, Daman, etc.
❖ After independence, all these states had to be merged under India and establish Indian paramountcy over
them.
❖ A commission was formed for the merger of princely states in India namely ‘Commission for Princely
States’ on 27th June, 1946. The commission was headed by Sardar Patel and included members like V.P
Menon (Chief Secretary), Jawaharlal Nehru, etc.
❖ This commission made an appeal to all princely states to sign the ‘Instrument of Accession’ and thus
surrender their three subjects i.e. army, foreign affairs, and communication under the control of India.
❖ All princely states signed the instrument of accession except five namely:
1. Hyderabad
2. Junagarh
3. Manipur
4. Bhopal
5. Jammu and Kashmir
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Hyderabad
❖ It was the largest princely state of British India, also a land-locked state situated in south India.
❖ The Nizam (head) of Hyderabad Umar Ali Shah VII wanted to keep his state independent.
❖ 80% of the population of the state belonged to Hindu religion.
❖ The army of razakars attacked the Hindus. Razakars were a permanent volunteer force formed and
maintained by the Nizam. The head of razakars was Qasim Rizvi.
❖ The Indian army defeated the army of razakars and annexed Hyderabad.
Junagarh
❖ It was situated in Kathiawar, Gujarat.
❖ The Nawab Muhammad Mahabat Khan and the Diwan Shah Nawaz Bhutto wanted to keep the state
independent.
❖ Junagarh was economically boycotted by the Government of India and as a result Nawab and Diwan fled
to Pakistan.
❖ A plebiscite held in the state on February 20, 1948, resulted in an overwhelming 91% vote in favor of
merging with India.
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DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Post Independence

Lecture - 02
Merger of Princely States
 2

Merger of Princely States

Manipur
❖ It is situated in the north-eastern part of India.
❖ Maharaja of Manipur Bodhchandra Singh wanted to keep the State independent. Both Jawaharlal Nehru
and Sardar Patel pressured him to sign the Instrument of Accession but all in vain.
❖ A plebiscite was conducted and 99% of the population of the State voted in favour of the merger of State
with India.
❖ In September 1949, Manipur was finally merged with India.
Bhopal
❖ The Nawab of Bhopal Habibullah Khan wanted to keep the State independent. The Nawab was Muslim but
his maximum subjects were Hindus.
❖ He faced pressure from Patel and finally signed the Instrument of Accession in 1949 to join India.
Jammu & Kashmir
❖ It is situated in the northern part of India. It shares a boundary with China, Pakistan and Afghanistan.
❖ Its ruler Hari Singh was a Hindu, while nearly 75% of the population of the State was Muslim. He also did
not want the State to merge with India. But India wanted to conduct a plebiscite in the State.
❖ Meanwhile several Pathan tribesmen, led unofficially by Pakistani army forces, invaded Kashmir and
rapidly pushed towards Srinagar, capital of Kashmir. The Maharaja appealed to India for military
assistance.
❖ The Maharaja signed the Instrument of Accession in October, 1947 and India sent its army to defeat the
invaders.

Extra Edge:
❖ Fearful of the dangers of a full-scale war between India and Pakistan, the Government of India agreed,
on 30 December 1947, on Mountbatten's suggestion, to refer the Kashmir problem to the Security
Council of the United Nations, asking for a vacation of aggression by Pakistan.
❖ Nehru was to regret this decision later as, instead of taking note of the aggression by Pakistan, the Security
Council, guided by Britain and the United States, tended to side with Pakistan. Ignoring India's
complaint, it replaced the 'Kashmir question' before it by the 'India-Pakistan dispute'.
❖ It passed many resolutions, but the upshot was that in accordance with one of its resolutions both India and
Pakistan accepted a ceasefire on 3 December 1948 which still prevails and the state was effectively
divided along the ceasefire line.
❖ In 1951, the UN passed a resolution providing for a referendum under UN supervision after Pakistan had
withdrawn its troops from the part of Kashmir under its control.
❖ The resolution has remained infructuous since Pakistan has refused to withdraw its forces from what is
known as Azad Kashmir. Since then Kashmir has been the main obstacle in the path of friendly relations
between India and Pakistan.
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Territories Occupied by French

❖ The French kept following territories of India under their control:
➢ Machilipatnam,
➢ Chandranagar,
➢ Puducherry,
➢ Karaikal,
➢ Yanam,
➢ Mahe.
❖ The French government surrendered these territories between 1948-54.
Territories Occupied by Portuguese
❖ The Portuguese establishments included Goa, Daman & Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli.
❖ The Portuguese did not want to vacate these areas.
❖ Operation Vijay was launched by the Government of India in December, 1961 and finally all the territories
of Portuguese were surrendered to India in 1961.
Integration of Tribals in India
Who were tribals?
❖ Tribals are a group of orthodox people who lived a primitive life.
❖ Tribals were called by different names:
➢ AV Thakkar or Thakkar Bapa, a social reformer in Gujarat, called them Adivasi.
➢ Gandhi called them Girijan.
➢ The Constitution of India refers to them as Scheduled Tribes.
❖ According to the Census of 2011, there are 104.28 tribal people living in India. They comprise 8.6% of the
total population of India.
❖ They are spreaded in 15% of the total area of India.
❖ They are spreaded in 500 districts of India.
Main Problems faced by Tribals in India
❖ AV Thakkar highlighted the problems of tribal people in his book Tribes of India (1950).
❖ The problems faced by tribal people include:
➢ Poverty
➢ Lack of health related services
➢ Lack of education
➢ Living primitive life
➢ Lack of mode of communication
➢ Poor administration
➢ Lack of leadership
➢ Trust issues
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➢ Unemployment
Nehru’s Stand to Solve Tribal Problem
❖ Tribals will progress by themselves therefore there is no need to interfere with them.
❖ Equality between tribal and non-tribal.
❖ Promotion of their traditional language.
❖ Recognition of their right on forest land.
❖ No need to over-administer them.
Constitutional Provisions
❖ Article 15 (4): Reservation in educational institutions for Scheduled Tribes.
❖ Article 16 (4): Reservation in public employment for Scheduled Tribes.
❖ Article 46: Promotion of economic and educational interests of tribal people.
❖ Article 243d: Reservation in Panchayats for Scheduled Tribes.
❖ Article 243t: Reservation in Municipalities for Scheduled Tribes.
❖ Article 330: Reservation in Lok Sabha for Scheduled Tribes.
❖ Article 332: Reservation in State Legislative Assemblies for Scheduled Tribes.
❖ Schedule 5: Administration and control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes
❖ Schedule 6: Administration of tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.
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 1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Post Independence

Lecture - 03
Reorganization of states and
development of agriculture
after post-independence
 2

Reorganization of states and development of agriculture

after post-independence
Reorganization of states:
❖ After the integration of princely states into the newly independent India, the issue of reorganizing states
emerged as a significant challenge.
❖ With the diversity of languages, cultures, and ethnicities across the Indian subcontinent, the administrative
boundaries inherited from British colonial rule often did not reflect the linguistic or cultural realities on the
ground.
❖ This incongruity led to demands from various linguistic and ethnic communities for the redrawing of state
boundaries to better align with their identities and aspirations.
❖ Leaders of India, including figures like Jawaharlal Nehru and Sardar Patel, found themselves grappling with
the complexities of this issue.
❖ The diversity of demands, often with competing interests, necessitated careful negotiation and deliberation to
find solutions that would balance the aspirations of different groups while maintaining national unity and
integrity.
❖ The challenge was not merely administrative but also deeply intertwined with questions of identity,
representation, and governance.
❖ Stand of Congress before independence.
➢ Before independence, the Indian National Congress had articulated its stance on the reorganization of
states, notably addressing linguistic concerns.
➢ This was evident during the Nagpur session of the Congress in 1920, where the party formally
demanded the reorganization of states based on language.
➢ This demand was reiterated in the Nehru Report of 1928, reflecting the Congress's commitment to
accommodating linguistic diversity within the future constitutional framework of India.
❖ Stand of Congress after independence.
➢ However, the stand of the Congress on the issue of linguistic reorganization took a different turn after
independence.
➢ The formation of the JVP (Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel, and Pattabhi Sitaramayya)
Committee in 1948 marked a shift in the party's approach.
➢ The committee, comprising prominent Congress leaders, expressed reservations against the idea of
forming states based solely on language.
➢ Instead, it advocated for a more pragmatic approach, emphasizing the importance of administrative
efficiency and national unity over linguistic considerations.
➢ This shift in stance created discontent among linguistic communities, leading to the emergence of pan-
India movements advocating for linguistic states.
➢ The divergence between the Congress leadership and linguistic activists highlighted the complexities
and tensions inherent in addressing the linguistic diversity of India within the framework of a unified
nation.
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❖ Indian reaction:
➢ The Pan-India movement initiated in response to the Congress's reluctance to heed linguistic demands
gained momentum in 1952 with Potti Sriramulu's pivotal decision to undertake a fast unto death.
➢ Sriramulu's fast, a poignant protest against the delay in creating linguistic states, particularly for Telugu-
speaking people, galvanized public sentiment across India.
➢ His sacrifice underscored the depth of feeling among linguistic communities and intensified pressure on
the government to act.
➢ Finally, in 1953, the formation of Andhra Pradesh, primarily for the Telugu-speaking population,
marked a significant victory for the linguistic reorganization movement.
➢ This event not only addressed the longstanding linguistic aspirations of the Telugu-speaking people but
also served as a catalyst for subsequent demands for linguistic states across the country, reshaping
India's administrative landscape and affirming the importance of linguistic identity in the nation-
building process.
❖ Reorganization Act of 1956
➢ The States Reorganization Act of 1956 marked a significant milestone in India's journey towards
accommodating linguistic diversity within its administrative framework.
➢ As demands for linguistic reorganization echoed from various regions beyond Andhra Pradesh, the
Indian government established a commission comprising Fazal Ali, Hriday Nath Kunzru, and K.M.
Panikar to address these concerns comprehensively.
➢ Following extensive deliberations and consultations, the commission submitted its recommendations,
which formed the basis for the enactment of the State Reorganization Act.
➢ This Act, passed as the 7th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1956, brought about substantial changes
in India's administrative structure.
➢ It effectively abolished the previous categorization of states into four distinct categories, ushering
in a new era where states were organized based on linguistic and other relevant considerations.
➢ Additionally, the Act delineated two main types of administrative entities: Union Territories (UTs)
and States, each with its own set of powers and responsibilities.
➢ By streamlining India's administrative divisions along linguistic lines and abolishing the outdated
categorization of states, the State Reorganization Act of 1956 facilitated a more coherent and responsive
governance structure.
➢ It not only addressed the immediate demands for linguistic reorganization but also laid the groundwork
for a more inclusive and representative system of governance that could better accommodate the diverse
identities and aspirations of India's populace.
❖ Problems have not been solved:
➢ Despite the enactment of the State Reorganization Act in 1956, the linguistic and regional aspirations of
various communities continued to manifest in demands for the creation of new states.
➢ The Act failed to entirely resolve the issue as linguistic identity remained a potent force in Indian
politics.
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➢ Subsequent decades witnessed a series of movements and demands for statehood based on linguistic,
cultural, and regional considerations.
➢ In 1960, the Maratha movement resulted in the formation of Maharashtra and Gujarat as separate
states, addressing the linguistic aspirations of Marathi-speaking people.
➢ The annexation of Goa, Daman, and Diu in 1961 further added to the complexity of state boundaries.
➢ Pondicherry, now Puducherry, was designated as a Union Territory in 1954, but demands for
statehood persisted in other regions.
➢ The Akali movement in 1964 led to the reorganization of Punjab and the creation of Haryana,
reflecting the demands of Punjabi-speaking Sikhs for their own state.
➢ Subsequent years saw the formation of Himachal Pradesh in 1971 and the creation of Manipur,
Meghalaya, and Tripura as states in 1972, each reflecting unique linguistic and regional identities.
➢ The late 1980s saw the emergence of demands for Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh, which
culminated in their formation in 1986 and 1987, respectively.
➢ The turn of the millennium witnessed further reorganization with the formation of Jharkhand,
Uttarakhand, and Chhattisgarh as separate states in 2000, each representing the aspirations of
distinct linguistic and tribal communities.
➢ In 2014, Telangana was carved out of Andhra Pradesh, marking one of the most recent instances of
state formation in India.
➢ These developments underscore the persistent significance of linguistic, cultural, and regional identities
in Indian politics and governance, highlighting the ongoing challenges in balancing the diverse
aspirations within the framework of a unified nation.
➢ Despite numerous reorganizations, demands for statehood continue to arise, reflecting the complex and
dynamic nature of India's socio-political landscape.
Development of Agriculture:
❖ Colonial heritage:
➢ The development of agriculture in India bears the marks of its colonial past, where policies focused on
the expansion of land revenue collection often came at the expense of agricultural productivity.
➢ This period witnessed a decline in agricultural output due to exploitative land revenue policies, coupled
with the neglect of soil fertility and inadequate industrialization support.
➢ As a result, traditional farming practices gave way to a form of industrialized agriculture that favored
mechanization but marginalized small-scale farmers.
➢ Poverty and famines were pervasive, exacerbated by the sector's disproportionate contribution to the
economy with over 70% of the population dependent on agriculture for their livelihoods.
➢ The pitiable condition of agriculture reflected the enduring legacy of colonial-era policies, necessitating
post-independence efforts to rectify historical injustices and address the systemic challenges plaguing
the agricultural sector.
❖ Outlook of Nehru Ji
➢ Jawaharlal Nehru, India's first Prime Minister, held a profoundly positive outlook on the nation's
development, with a strong emphasis on rapid improvement across various sectors.
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➢ Recognizing the critical role of agriculture in India's socio-economic fabric, Nehru made a significant
announcement in 1948, stating that while all sectors could wait, agriculture could not.
➢ This declaration underscored Nehru's prioritization of agricultural development as a cornerstone of
India's progress, reflecting his commitment to uplift rural communities and drive overall economic
growth.
➢ Nehru's unwavering focus on advancing agriculture laid the foundation for subsequent policies and
initiatives aimed at modernizing the sector and addressing the challenges faced by farmers, thereby
shaping India's developmental trajectory in the post-independence era.
❖ Planning for agriculture and land reforms:
➢ The planning for agriculture and land reforms in India gained momentum with the formation of a
committee under the leadership of J.C. Kumarappa, aimed at addressing the entrenched issues
surrounding land ownership and tenancy.
➢ The committee underscored four crucial points to tackle these challenges effectively.
➢ Firstly, it advocated for the abolition of zamindari systems, which had long perpetuated landlordism
and exploitation of tenant farmers.
➢ Secondly, emphasis was placed on implementing tenancy reforms to protect the rights of tenants and
provide them with secure land tenure.
➢ Additionally, the committee highlighted the importance of maximizing land possession for small and
marginal farmers, aiming to empower them economically.
➢ Lastly, it stressed the need for the consolidation of land holdings to enhance agricultural productivity
and efficiency.
➢ These recommendations laid the groundwork for subsequent land reforms in India, aimed at addressing
inequalities in land distribution and fostering agricultural development for the benefit of rural
communities.
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 1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Post Independence

Lecture – 04
Foreign Policy
 2

Foreign Policy

Meaning of Foreign Policy :

❖ Foreign policy refers to a government's strategy and actions undertaken on the international stage to
safeguard the interests of both the nation and its citizens.
❖ It encompasses a dual objective:
➢ First, to protect the various interests of the country, including political, social, and territorial
concerns.
✓ This aspect involves engaging with other nations through diplomacy, negotiations, and alliances to
ensure the security and sovereignty of the nation-state.
➢ Secondly, foreign policy aims to safeguard the interests of citizens, whether they reside within the
country's borders or abroad.
✓ This includes providing consular assistance to citizens facing legal or other challenges in foreign
jurisdictions, promoting trade and economic opportunities for citizens, and fostering cultural
exchanges to enhance national identity and pride.
❖ Thus, foreign policy serves as a crucial instrument for advancing both national interests and the well-being of
citizens in an increasingly interconnected world.
Objectives of foreign policy:
❖ The objectives of foreign policy encompass a multifaceted approach aimed at ensuring equality, freedom,
sovereignty, and global peace.
❖ Firstly, foreign policy seeks to eliminate racial discrimination by advocating for the equal treatment of all
races, emphasizing that no race is superior or inferior to another.
❖ This commitment extends to providing refuge and protection to individuals fleeing persecution or
oppression, reflecting a dedication to human rights and humanitarian principles.
❖ Additionally, foreign policy prioritizes the preservation of territorial integrity and sovereignty, asserting
that no external entity has the authority to dictate a nation's internal or external affairs.
❖ Furthermore, promoting international peace is a fundamental objective, recognizing that global stability is
crucial for preventing conflicts like the devastating World Wars. Through diplomatic efforts and engagement
with other nations, foreign policy endeavors to foster cooperation, dialogue, and mutual respect among
states, thereby contributing to a more peaceful and harmonious world order.
Basic principle of foreign policy:
❖ Non-Alignment: Non-alignment is a core principle of India's foreign policy, advocating for maintaining
independence and neutrality in international affairs. It involves refraining from aligning with any major
power blocs or military alliances, thereby preserving autonomy and flexibility in diplomatic relations.
❖ Principle of Panchsheel: Panchsheel, or the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, is a guiding
framework for India's foreign policy. It emphasizes mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity,
non-aggression, non-interference in internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence.
❖ Anti-Colonialism: India's foreign policy is rooted in opposition to colonialism, reflecting its own history of
struggle against British colonial rule. It supports the decolonization efforts of other nations and advocates for
the rights of colonized peoples to self -determination and independence.
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❖ Anti-Imperialism: India opposes imperialism, which involves the domination and exploitation of weaker
nations by more powerful ones. It advocates for a multipolar world order where all nations are treated as
equals and have the right to pursue their own development paths.
❖ Anti-Racialism: India is committed to combating racial discrimination and promoting equality among all
races. It actively supports initiatives aimed at eliminating racism and prejudice on the global stage, fostering
a more inclusive and tolerant world.
❖ Commonwealth and India: India's membership in the Commonwealth reflects its historical ties with former
British colonies. While participating in Commonwealth activities, India also asserts its independent foreign
policy and advocates for the interests of developing nations within the organization.
❖ Support to Disarmament: India advocates for global disarmament and the reduction of nuclear weapons,
emphasizing the need for collective efforts to promote peace and security. It supports arms control
agreements and initiatives aimed at preventing the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction.
❖ Peaceful Nuclear Policy: India maintains a policy of peaceful use of nuclear energy, emphasizing its
commitment to nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation. It advocates for the peaceful resolution of
conflicts and opposes the use of nuclear weapons.
❖ Faith in UN: India places faith in the United Nations as a forum for multilateral cooperation and conflict
resolution. It supports the UN's principles of sovereignty, territorial integrity, and non -interference while
actively participating in its various organs and initiatives.
❖ Faith in Peaceful Coexistence: India believes in the principle of peaceful coexistence, promoting dialogue,
cooperation, and mutual respect among nations. It seeks to build friendly and harmonious relations with all
countries based on the principles of equality, reciprocity, and non -aggression.
Criticism of foreign policy:
❖ India's foreign policy has faced criticism on several fronts, with notable instances such as the Indo-China
war highlighting its shortcomings.
❖ The neglect of border security and intelligence failures allowed for China's capture of Tibet and eventual
aggression along the Indo-China border.
❖ Additionally, criticisms have been directed at the perceived neglect of the military and over-reliance on
idealistic diplomatic approaches, which some argue left India vulnerable to external threats.
❖ India's decision to refuse a permanent seat at the United Nations Security Council and its handling of the
Kashmir issue, including taking it to the UN, have also been points of contention.
❖ Furthermore, the effectiveness of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) has been questioned, with critics
arguing that it failed to adequately address contemporary geopolitical challenges.
❖ Overall, these criticisms suggest a need for India to reassess and adapt its foreign policy strategies to better
address emerging threats and safeguard national interests effectively.
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 1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Post Independence

Lecture - 05
Economic
Development
 2

Economic Development
Role of Nehru ji in planning.
❖ Economic Policy
➢ Questions can be asked related to
✓ Planning of economy
✓ Land reforms
✓ Agriculture
✓ Industrialization
✓ Positive aspects of planning
✓ Role of Nehru ji in planning.
✓ Mixed economy
✓ Nature of planning of Indian economy
❖ Jawaharlal Nehru, as the architect of India's economic planning, pioneered an idealistic approach that sought
to blend socialist principles with democratic values, aiming to uplift the nation's masses while fostering self-
sufficiency.
❖ However, as the global economic landscape evolved, Nehru demonstrated a pragmatic flexibility, notably
evidenced in the economic reforms of 1991, which embraced liberalization and globalization to adapt to
changing realities.
❖ Despite challenges in garnering full support from neighboring countries, Nehru's vision of regional
cooperation remained steadfast, even as geopolitical complexities sometimes hindered progress.
❖ While the focus on national interest became more pronounced, Nehru's legacy was distinguished by a
commitment to values, ensuring that India's growth trajectory was not only economically robust but also
rooted in principles of peace, cooperation, and social justice.
❖ Thus, Nehru's role in planning epitomized a blend of idealism and pragmatism, underpinned by a steadfast
adherence to moral and ethical values, shaping India's economic trajectory for decades to come.
❖ Jawaharlal Nehru's fundamental approach to economic philosophy was marked by a nuanced understanding
that drew from both capitalist and communist ideologies.
❖ He recognized the merits and pitfalls of each system and sought to synthesize their best features into a unique
framework suitable for India's context.
❖ This approach culminated in the concept of a mixed economy, where the state would play a significant role
in guiding economic development while also providing ample opportunities for private enterprise.
❖ Nehru believed in harnessing the dynamism of the private sector while ensuring that the state intervened where
necessary to promote equity and social welfare.
❖ Thus, the mixed economy model under Nehru's leadership aimed to strike a balance between state control and
private initiative, embodying a pragmatic approach tailored to India's socio-economic realities.
 3

Economic Planning of India:

❖ Before Independence:
➢ M. Visvesvaraya, a renowned economist and politician, made significant contributions to this discourse
through his seminal work "Planned Economy of India," published in 1934.
➢ In this book, Visvesvaraya outlined a comprehensive vision for promoting economic development in India
over the next decade.
➢ One of the central themes of his plan was the strategic shift of labor from agriculture to industry,
recognizing the need to modernize and industrialize the economy.
➢ His emphasis on industrialization over agriculture reflected a forward-looking approach aimed at fostering
economic growth and increasing India's GDP.
➢ The establishment of the Planning Department in 1944 marked a crucial step towards formalizing the
process of economic planning in India.
➢ Under the guidance of figures like Sir Ardeshir Desai, the department laid the groundwork for both
central and provincial planning initiatives.
➢ Various reports, such as the Kheraghat Report focusing on agricultural development and the Gadgil
Report addressing issues related to rural credit and economic damage in the Western Ghats,
provided valuable insights and recommendations for policymakers.
➢ Moreover, the Sariya Report emphasized the importance of cooperation between the central government
and provincial administrations in implementing economic policies effectively.
➢ These reports served as foundational documents for shaping India's economic planning strategies and
policies in the years to come, laying the groundwork for coordinated and comprehensive development
efforts across different sectors and regions.
➢ One notable initiative in this period was the Bombay Planning of 1944, spearheaded by cooperative
families and involving prominent industrialists like the Tatas and the Birlas.
➢ Overall, the pre-independence era witnessed a growing recognition of the importance of economic
planning as a means to drive inclusive growth and development.
➢ Through the efforts of visionary leaders, policymakers, and industrialists, India laid the groundwork for
a structured approach to economic planning that would continue to evolve and shape the country's
trajectory in the post-independence period.
❖ Planning in post Independence:
❖ After India gained independence, the establishment of the Planning Commission in 1951 marked a significant
milestone in the country's economic planning efforts.
❖ Headed by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, the Planning Commission, also known as Niti Aayog in
more recent times, became the first official organization tasked with formulating comprehensive development
plans for India.
❖ Nehru's leadership at the helm of the Planning Commission reflected his commitment to steering India towards
a path of economic progress and social justice.
❖ Central to Nehru's vision was the concept of a mixed economy, which he embraced after being influenced by
both socialist and capitalist ideologies.
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❖ While figures like Subhash Chandra Bose also advocated for socialist principles, Nehru took a pragmatic
approach by amalgamating the most beneficial aspects of both economic systems.
❖ In doing so, he aimed to harness the dynamism of the private sector while ensuring that the state played a
pivotal role in promoting equitable growth and development.
❖ By adopting a mixed economy model, Nehru sought to strike a balance between state intervention and private
enterprise, thereby maximizing the efficient utilization of India's resources.
❖ This approach allowed for the coexistence of public sector enterprises alongside private businesses, facilitating
economic diversification and innovation while also addressing socio-economic disparities.
❖ Thus, Nehru's leadership in shaping India's economic planning framework during the post-independence
period laid the foundation for a dynamic and inclusive approach to development, emphasizing the importance
of balanced growth and social welfare in the nation's journey towards progress.
Four Pillars of Mixed Economy:
❖ The concept of a mixed economy, particularly as advocated during India's post-independence era, was built
upon four foundational pillars aimed at fostering balanced economic growth and social welfare.
❖ First and foremost, the aspiration towards a classless society formed a fundamental pillar, reflecting the
commitment to mitigate socio-economic disparities and promote inclusivity.
❖ This pillar echoed socialist ideals of equality and social justice, emphasizing the importance of uplifting
marginalized sections of society.
❖ The second pillar, the free enterprise system, recognized the value of private initiative and entrepreneurship
in driving economic dynamism and innovation.
❖ By allowing for the operation of private businesses and market mechanisms, this pillar aimed to harness the
potential of individual enterprise while fostering competition and efficiency in the economy.
❖ The adaptation of a mixed economy constituted the third pillar, representing a pragmatic approach that
integrated elements of both socialism and capitalism.
❖ This pillar acknowledged the need for state intervention to address market failures and ensure equitable
distribution of resources, while also preserving the space for private enterprise and market-driven growth.
❖ Finally, the concept of a humanistic economy formed the fourth pillar, emphasizing the centrality of human
welfare and dignity in economic planning and policy-making.
❖ Together, these four pillars of the mixed economy framework provided a comprehensive and balanced
approach to economic development, seeking to harmonize the objectives of growth, equity, and human well-
being.
❖ They served as guiding principles in shaping policies and strategies aimed at building a more inclusive and prosperous
society.
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 1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Post Independence

Lecture - 06
Economic Development Part 02
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Economic Development Part 02

Impact of colonial rule on indian economy:
❖ The colonial rule in India profoundly impacted its economy, characterized by economic
exploitation, widespread poverty, limited industrial growth, and the decline of indigenous
handicrafts.
❖ Under British colonialism, India was systematically exploited for its resources, with raw materials
extracted and exported to fuel the British industrial revolution, while finished goods were imported,
stifling local industries.
❖ This exploitation led to the impoverishment of Indian farmers and artisans, perpetuating a cycle of
poverty.
❖ Moreover, British policies favored the development of industries in Britain at the expense of those
in India, resulting in the stagnation of indigenous industrial growth.
❖ Additionally, the introduction of British manufactured goods flooded the Indian market,
undercutting the demand for traditional Indian handicrafts, leading to their decline.
❖ Overall, the colonial era left a legacy of economic exploitation, poverty, and underdevelopment that
persisted even after independence.
Development of indian economy:
❖ After India gained independence, one of the foremost priorities was economic development, and
under the leadership of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, this goal was pursued with great
emphasis.
❖ Nehru recognized that a robust economy was essential for the overall development of the nation.
❖ He championed a vision of economic self-reliance and sought to modernize India's economy
through industrialization and technological advancement.
❖ Nehru's policies focused on establishing a strong industrial base, promoting science and technology,
and investing in infrastructure such as dams, power plants, and educational institutions.
❖ His government implemented the Five-Year Plans, aimed at fostering balanced growth across
sectors and regions.
❖ Nehru believed that economic development was not an end in itself but a means to uplift the living
standards of all citizens and to lay the foundation for social progress and equality.
❖ Through his emphasis on economic development, Nehru laid the groundwork for India's
transformation into a modern, self-sufficient nation.
❖ Jawaharlal Nehru's leadership in post-independence India was characterized by a strong emphasis
on planned economic development rooted in socialist ideals.
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❖ Nehru advocated for a planned economy that aimed to harness resources efficiently and equitably
for the benefit of all citizens.
❖ His vision emphasized the importance of state intervention to promote industrialization,
infrastructure development, and social welfare programs.
❖ The Five-Year Plans, introduced under his leadership, provided a framework for systematically
allocating resources and prioritizing key sectors to achieve balanced growth across the nation.
❖ Nehru believed that planned economic development was essential to address the socio-economic
disparities inherited from colonial rule and to lay the foundation for a more just and equitable
society.
❖ By prioritizing planning and socialist principles, Nehru sought to ensure that India's economic
progress was inclusive and sustainable, aiming to uplift the marginalized sections of society while
promoting overall national development.

❖ The four pillars of planning envisioned by Jawaharlal Nehru for India's development strategy
comprised the establishment of a classless society, fostering free enterprise, adopting a mixed
economy model, and nurturing a humanistic society.
❖ Nehru envisioned a society where socio-economic disparities would be minimized, with
opportunities and benefits distributed equitably among all citizens, thus striving towards a classless
society.
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❖ At the same time, he recognized the importance of entrepreneurship and innovation in driving
economic growth, hence advocating for the encouragement of free enterprise within a regulated
framework.
❖ Nehru's approach also emphasized the adoption of a mixed economy, combining elements of both
public and private sectors, to ensure optimal utilization of resources and stimulate economic
development.
❖ Furthermore, his vision emphasized the importance of a humanistic society that prioritized the well-
being and dignity of individuals, ensuring that economic development was not pursued at the
expense of social justice and human rights.
❖ Through these four pillars, Nehru aimed to lay the foundation for a prosperous, inclusive, and
compassionate society in post-independence India.
Planning before independence:
❖ Before independence, the concept of planning in India was explored both within and outside the
Congress party, reflecting diverse perspectives on the nation's economic future.
❖ Within the Congress, Jawaharlal Nehru played a significant role in establishing the National
Planning Committee in 1938, which laid the groundwork for future planning initiatives.
❖ Outside the Congress, several notable efforts emerged, including the M. Visvesvaraya Plan, which
emphasized industrialization and infrastructure development, and the Planning Deport, which
focused on agricultural planning.
❖ Additionally, various reports from experts and intellectuals contributed to the discourse on
economic planning.
❖ The Bombay Plan, proposed by leading industrialists, outlined a comprehensive strategy for India's
economic development, advocating for a mixed economy with significant state intervention.
❖ These diverse planning initiatives underscored the growing consensus on the need for systematic
economic planning to address the socio-economic challenges facing India and laid the groundwork
for post-independence planning efforts.
Planning Commission:
❖ The Planning Commission of India emerged as a pivotal institution in shaping the nation's
economic policies and development strategies post-independence.
❖ It traces its roots back to the Advisory Planning Board, established in 1946 under the chairmanship
of Sri Niyogi, which recommended the formation of an independent planning commission.
❖ This recommendation culminated in the establishment of the Planning Commission in 1950, tasked
with drafting comprehensive plans for economic development.
❖ The primary objective was to address the socio-economic challenges inherited from colonial rule
and to chart a course for inclusive growth and prosperity.
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❖ Additionally, the National Development Council (NDC) was instituted in 1951 under the leadership
of the Prime Minister, serving as the apex body responsible for making decisions on planning and
development matters.
❖ The NDC provided a platform for coordination between the central and state governments, ensuring
cohesive implementation of development policies.
❖ The Planning Commission, working in tandem with the NDC, spearheaded the formulation and
execution of India's first Five-Year Plans, which laid the foundation for systematic economic
development across sectors such as agriculture, industry, infrastructure, and social welfare.
❖ Through these initiatives, the Planning Commission played a crucial role in shaping India's
economic trajectory, driving progress, and fostering socio-economic advancement for its citizens.
Concept or types of planning
❖ Planning encompasses various concepts and types, each tailored to address specific needs and
objectives.
❖ At a macro level, planning involves formulating strategies and policies to guide the overall
development of a nation or region.
❖ This can include macroeconomic planning to manage national resources and stimulate economic
growth, as well as sectoral planning to address specific sectors such as agriculture, industry, or
education.
❖ Conversely, micro-level planning focuses on smaller units such as communities or organizations,
aiming to address localized issues and meet specific targets or goals.
❖ Targeted planning involves setting precise objectives and devising strategies to achieve them, often
tailored to address particular challenges or opportunities.
❖ Planning for a certain period typically involves setting goals and formulating policies to be
implemented over a specific timeframe, such as short-term plans for immediate objectives or long-
term plans for sustainable development and growth.
❖ Prospective planning involves looking forward and anticipating future trends and challenges,
enabling proactive decision-making to mitigate risks and capitalize on opportunities.
❖ Development planning focuses on fostering socio-economic progress and improving living
standards, while structural planning entails organizing and managing resources based on
geographical or sectoral considerations.
❖ Democratic planning involves engaging stakeholders and communities in the decision-making
process, ensuring inclusivity and accountability in the planning process.
❖ Overall, these various types of planning serve as essential tools for guiding development and
achieving sustainable progress at different levels of governance and organization.
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Achievements of planning:
❖ The achievements of planning in India have been pivotal in steering the nation towards economic
development and prosperity.
❖ With a steadfast emphasis on economic growth, the planning initiatives have laid the groundwork
for the country's overall advancement.
❖ Notably, the implementation of the first three Five-Year Plans played a crucial role in achieving a
commendable growth rate of around 4%, fostering industrialization, and bolstering the agricultural
sector.
❖ The support extended to industries facilitated increased production and employment opportunities,
contributing to the overall economic expansion.
❖ Furthermore, investments in technology and infrastructure, such as the construction of dams, not
only provided vital support to agriculture but also facilitated electricity generation, powering the
nation's industrial growth and improving living standards.
❖ These achievements underscore the significant strides made through planned economic
development, demonstrating the effectiveness of strategic planning in driving progress and uplifting
the nation as a whole.
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 1

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Post Independence

Lecture – 07
Vinoba Bhave, Abdul Kalam
Azad, Jai Jawan Jai Kisan
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Vinoba Bhave, Abdul Kalam Azad, Jai Jawan Jai Kisan

Q 1. Discuss the contribution of Abdul Kalam Azad to pre and post-independent India? (10 Marks)
Ans:
Introduction: Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad, born in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, was a prominent figure in
India's struggle for independence. He was a multifaceted personality, known as a freedom fighter, writer,
journalist, leader of Congress, and nationalist leader. Azad is particularly renowned for his efforts towards
Hindu-Muslim unity and his advocacy for the unity and integrity of the nation.
Contribution Before Independence:
❖ Azad emphasized Hindu-Muslim unity, recognizing its importance in India's freedom struggle.
❖ He emerged as a nationalist leader opposing the partition of Bengal and actively participated in
revolutionary activities alongside Aurobindo Ghosh.
❖ Azad played a significant role in journalism by publishing the paper "Al-Hilal," which criticized
British rule in India and advocated for independence.
❖ He participated in the Khilafat Movement and the Non-Cooperation Movement, showcasing his
commitment to India's freedom struggle.
❖ Azad joined the Salt Satyagraha and became the youngest president of the Indian National Congress.
❖ He served as the chief spokesperson during the Quit India Movement and participated in the Simla
Conference, advocating against the partition of India.
Contribution After Independence:
❖ Post-independence, Azad served as India's first Education Minister, laying the foundation for the
nation's educational policies.
❖ He was instrumental in establishing institutions like the Sangeet Natak Academy, Sahitya Academy,
and Lalit Kala Academy, promoting Indian art and culture.
❖ Azad founded the University Grants Commission (UGC) and played a crucial role in establishing the
Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), contributing to the development of higher education in India.
❖ In recognition of his immense contributions, Azad was honored with the Bharat Ratna, India's highest
civilian award.
Conclusion: Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad's contributions to both pre and post-independent India are
exemplary. His unwavering dedication to the cause of freedom, his efforts towards communal harmony,
and his significant contributions to education and culture have left an indelible mark on the nation's history.
Azad's legacy continues to inspire generations, symbolizing the values of unity, integrity, and progress in
the journey of India's development.
Q2. Critically discuss the objectives of Bhoudan and gramdan movements initiated by Acharaya Vinoba
Bhave and their success.
Ans:
Introduction:
❖ After independence, Vinoba Bhave - two movements - Bhutan and Gram Dan - to end economic
oddity and to improve the conditions of the peasants
❖ 1951 Bhoodan movement - Pocham Pally village, Telangana.
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Body:
❖ These movements started to end economic oddity and up to a great extent became successful.
❖ Some zamindars donated the whole village
❖ Some were ready to donate a part of their land.
❖ Limitations:
➢ Zamindar donated barren and useless lands,
➢ In some cases - land donated on paper only
➢ Donation and redistribution of land as unequal
➢ Target was set to donate 5 cr acres of land
➢ Within 20 years 40 lakh acres of land were donated.
Conclusion:
❖ Land movements - unable to get desired results but proved to be the base of further land reforms
❖ The role of corruption seen in the entire process
❖ Movements did not spread in all parts of India
Q3. Write a critical note on the Evolution and Significance of the slogan - “Jai Jawan Jai Kisan”.
Ans:
Introduction:
The slogan coined by PM Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1965, "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan," underscored the importance
of both the soldier and the farmer. It was introduced during a critical period when India faced various
challenges, including the aftermath of the India-China war, a severe food crisis, droughts in many states,
and aggression from Pakistan.
Body:
The causes behind the adoption of this slogan were multifold. Firstly, the morale of the soldiers was low
following the defeat in the India-China conflict. Secondly, the nation was grappling with a severe food
shortage in 1965, exacerbated by drought conditions. Lastly, Pakistan's aggression added to the precarious
security situation.
The slogan held significant importance as it rallied the nation's spirit and had several positive outcomes. It
played a pivotal role in boosting the morale of both soldiers and farmers. Notably, it instilled confidence
among soldiers, contributing to the successful defense against Pakistan and fostering the Green Revolution
to address food scarcity.
However, the slogan had its limitations.
Despite the surge in morale, India struggled to formulate constructive policies towards its neighbors.
Additionally, the confidence gained was tested when Pakistan launched further attacks, indicating that
vulnerabilities persisted despite the slogan's motivational impact.
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