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Object Oriented Programming
Using C+ +
An Introduction

John Pardoe and Melv King

© J.P. Pardoe and M.J. King 1997

All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of

this publication may be made without written permission.

No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or

transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with
the provision of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988,
or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying
issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court
Road, London WIP 9HE.

Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this

pUblication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil
claims for damages.

The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as

the authors of this work in accordance with the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

First published 1997 by

MACMILLAN PRESS LTD
Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS
and London
Companies and representatives
throughout the world

ISBN 978-0-333-69241-7 ISBN 978-1-349-14449-5 (eBook)

DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-14449-5

A catalogue record for this book is available

from the British Library.

This book is printed on paper suitable

for recycling and made from fully
managed and sustained forest sources.

10987654321
06 05 04 03 02 01 00 99 98 97
Contents

Preface ix

1 Programming Concepts 1
1.1 Computer programs 1
1.2 The way a program uses the computer's memory 2
1.3 Input and output of data 4
1.4 Computer program development 6
1.5 The user requirements specification 6
1.6 The design stages 7
1.7 Detailed design using pseudo-code 7
1.8 The programming stage 8
1.9 Compiling, running and testing a program 8
1. 10 Documenting and maintaining pro grams 9
1.11 Writing high-quality computer programs 10
1.12 Exercises 10

2 Object Oriented Programming Concepts 12

2.1 Concept of a model 12
2.2 Object classes and objects 13
2.3 Inheritance 15
2.4 Encapsulation 17
2.5 Polymorphism 17
2.6 Modelling a system using object classes 17
2.7 Exercises 18

3 A First Program 21
3.1 The model for our first program 21
3.2 The C++ code for our first program 22
3.3 Coding style 26
3.4 Pseudo-code for a sequence 27
3.5 Exercises 28

v
vi Contents

4 An Introduction to Inheritance 29
4.1 Using a header file 29
4.2 Inheriting code from our first program into a second
program 31
4.3 Exercises 34

5 Arithmetic 36
5.1 Integers 36
5.2 Assignment statements and integer arithmetic 37
5.3 Real arithmetic 38
5.4 A model for a student's assessment in a subject 38
5.5 Using integer and real numbers, the ini tialise
function 42
5.6 The display functions 44
5.7 Exercises 46

6 An Introduction to Selection 49
6.1 Further development of a model for a student's
assessment in a subject 49
6.2 The i f statement 49
6.3 The if-else statement 52
6.4 Relational operators 53
6.5 Nested selections 54
6.6 Compound statements 56
6.7 Exercises 57

7 Further Concepts for Selection 62

7.1 Further development of a model for a student's
assessment in a subject 62
7.2 Logical operators 62
7.3 Assigning and comparing characters 66
7.4 The swi tch statement 67
7.5 Exercises 71
 Contents vii

8 Repetition 74
8.1 Refining the input processes for the student's marks 74
8.2 The whi le statement 77
8.3 The for statement 80
8.4 The do-while statement 82
8.5 Exercises 85

9 Functions 88
9.1 The function call 88
9.2 The function definition 89
9.3 A revised version of the student marks object class 90
9.4 Call by value parameters 91
9.5 Function results 93
9.6 Call by reference parameters 96
9.7 When to use call by value and call by reference 101
9.8 Exercises 101

10 Constructors and Destructors 106

10. 1 Constructors 106
10.2 Constructors with parameters 109
10.3 Destructors 111
10.4 Exercises 112

11 Introduction to Arrays 114

11.1 The need for arrays 114
11.2 Using an array 114
11.3 Exercises 121

12 Arrays of Objects 124

12.1 Using an array of objects 124
12.2 Aggregation 128
12.3 Exercises 129

13 Two-dimensional Arrays 132

13.1 Using a two-dimensional array 132
13.2 An alternative approach for entering the data 138
13.3 Exercises 140
viii Contents

14 Object Lifetime and Dynamic Objects 143

14.1 Object lifetime 143
14.2 The scope of variables 144
14.3 The scope of objects 145
14.4 Dynamic variables 147
14.5 Dynamic objects 149
14.6 Exercises 155

15 Streams and Files 161

15.1 Disk files 161
15.2 Streams 162
15.3 File streams 164
15.4 Object persistence 172
15.5 Exercises 173

16 Introduction to Polymorphism 177

16.1 What is polymorphism? 177
16.2 Operator overloading 177
16.3 Operator functions 179
16.4 Function overloading 181
16.5 Generic functions 184
16.6 Exercises 187

Appendix A: Object Classes Used in Examples 189

Appendix B : Solutions to Exercises 193

Appendix C : C++ Keywords and Operators 246

Appendix D : The ASCn Character Set 248

Index 249
Preface

Aim of the book

The increasing use of object oriented techniques for software development is now
a fact of life.
• Increasingly large software projects must use object oriented techniques.
• It has been predicted that object oriented programming will provide the
focus for all new software development.
• The concepts of software reuse are becoming increasingly important.
The aim of this book is to provide an introductory course in the use of object
oriented computer programming using the C++ language. It has been especially
designed to teach those with no previous experience of computer programming.
Many student programmers learn more traditional, procedural approaches to
computer programming before tackling the quite different concepts found in
object oriented programming; many students find this switch difficult. Hence the
need for an introductory text that encourages students to understand basic
programming concepts and techniques within an object oriented framework.
Other books in this area have tended to incorporate so much material, much
of it difficult to assimilate, that the novice reader could well be discouraged. The
temptation to include too much has therefore been resisted. Complex terminology
has been eliminated or explained in simple terms.
What we have included are the basic concepts and terminology of object
oriented programming that will enable the reader to 'get started' and build up the
confidence to move on to more advanced texts.

Content of the book

The book develops the techniques of object oriented programming at the same
time as gradually introducing the language features of C++. Procedural aspects
that should be included in any introductory text, such as the use of structured
programming techniques, have been incorporated.
Many straightforward examples are used to introduce and illustrate both new
techniques and language features.

ix
x Preface

Chapter I covers basic concepts in order that the reader can appreciate what
a computer program is. The development of a program is then put in context by
describing briefly, in general terms, the various stages involved. Chapter 2
introduces the basic object oriented terminology and illustrates how object classes
are used to model a very simple system.
Having introduced a C++ program in chapter 3, the important concept of
inheritance and the use of a header file are covered in chapter 4.
Chapters 5 to 8 cover, within an object oriented context, facilities found in
most procedural languages, such as basic data types, arithmetic and control
constructs for selection and repetition. The need for, and the difference between,
the constructs for both selection and repetition are emphasised.
Chapter 9 concentrates on the use of programmer-defined functions; con-
cepts are introduced by referring to functions already used including those found
in standard C++ libraries. The next chapter on the use of constructors and
destructors is a natural development.
The need for arrays and their use is described in chapters 11 to 13. The
concept of an array of objects enables the difference between inheritance and
aggregation to be explained.
Scope rules and object lifetime are emphasised in chapter 14 before introduc-
ing the concept of pointers for dynamic variables and objects. Then chapter 15
covers the use of file streams in general and how they may be used to facilitate
object persistence.
Finally, in chapter 16, we introduce some of the fundamental concepts of
polymorphism and use appropriate C++ language constructs in straightforward
illustrative examples.

Use of the book

Each chapter starts with the learning objectives for the chapter and concludes with
a number of exercises. The chapters have been kept relatively short so that the
reader can use the exercises to ensure that concepts are understood and techniques
mastered in accordance with the objectives.
There are two types of exercise. The first type is a self-assessment question
designed to reinforce major points by referring the reader back to specific
examples in the chapter. The second type of exercise involves either amending
one or more of the example programs or writing a new program. The reader is
strongly advised to attempt all the exercises and for the second type to run the
program and get it working. Sample solutions to all the exercises are given in
appendix B.
An outline design, indicating how each function achieves a specific task, is
provided in most of the examples and all the practical exercises; it is written in a
form of structured English (pseudo-code). This emphasises to the reader the
importance of understanding 'how to solve the problem' before 'coding in C++'.
It also demonstrates how to write pseudo-code and provides appropriate help for
the novice when attempting the practical exercises.
 Preface xi

A model and corresponding object class for a student's performance

(examination and practical mark) in a subject (module) is introduced in a
simplified form in chapter 5. This model is developed and refined in subsequent
chapters as additional features of object oriented programming are introduced.
This case study approach promotes the learning process as well as providing an
awareness of the reality of software systems development using object oriented
programming. A diagram showing all the object classes that are eventually used
and the relationship between them is given in appendix A. This diagram also
indicates where each class is first introduced in the text enabling the reader to
refer back, if necessary, for the full specification.

Acknowledgement
The authors are grateful to Neil Hepworth of South Bank University for his
helpful and constructive comments made while reviewing this book.