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Chapter 1 PLC

The document discusses programmable logic controllers (PLCs), including their purpose, components, architecture, input/output units, brands, and programming languages. PLCs are microprocessor-based controllers used to control machines and processes. They are optimized for industrial control tasks and have inputs/outputs for connecting sensors and actuators. The internal architecture includes a CPU, memory, and input/output circuitry connected by buses.

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52 views17 pages

Chapter 1 PLC

The document discusses programmable logic controllers (PLCs), including their purpose, components, architecture, input/output units, brands, and programming languages. PLCs are microprocessor-based controllers used to control machines and processes. They are optimized for industrial control tasks and have inputs/outputs for connecting sensors and actuators. The internal architecture includes a CPU, memory, and input/output circuitry connected by buses.

Uploaded by

arkarminkhant734
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 1

Programmable Logic Controllers

Daw Zin Mar Htun


YTU McE Department
[email protected]
PLC
PLC is a special form of microprocessor-based controller that
uses programmable memory to store instructions and to
implement functions such as logic, sequencing, timing,
counting, and arithmetic in order to control machines and
processes.
The term logic is used because programming is primarily
concerned with implementing logic and switching operations;
for example, if A or B occurs, switch on C; if A and B occurs,
switch on D.
Input devices (that is, sensors such as switches) and output Fig 1.3: A programmable
devices (motors, valves, etc.) in the system being controlled
logic controller
are connected to the PLC.
PLCs are optimized for control tasks and the industrial
environment.
PLC
PLCs are similar to computers, but whereas computers are optimized for calculation and
display tasks, PLCs are optimized for control tasks and the industrial environment.
PLCs are rugged and designed to withstand vibrations, temperature, humidity, and noise.
PLCs have interfacing for inputs and outputs already inside the controller.
PLCs are easily programmed and have an easily understood programming language that is
primarily concerned with logic and switching operations.
PLC System

Pushbuttons, Motors,
Switches, Valves,
etc. Alarms, etc.
Hardware
CPU contains Microprocessor
Power Supply – 5V DC (internal)
Programming devices – to enter the
required program into the memory
of the processor
Memory Unit – to process input to
output
Input and Output sections
Communications Interface – to
receive and transmit data Fig. 1.4: The PLC System
Input and Output Sections
Devices giving discrete or digital signals are
ones where the signals are either off or on.
A switch is a device giving a discrete signal,
either no voltage or a voltage.
Digital devices can be considered essentially as
discrete devices that give a sequence of on / off
signals.
Analog devices give signals of which the size is
proportional to the size of the variable being
monitored. Fig 1.5: Signals: (a) discrete, (b) digital, and
(c) analog.
For example, a temperature sensor may give a
voltage proportional to the temperature.
Internal Architecture
It consists of a central processing unit (CPU)
containing the system microprocessor,
memory, and input/output circuitry.
The CPU controls and processes all the
operations within the PLC.
The information within the PLC is carried by
means of digital signals.
The internal paths along which digital signals
flow are called buses.

Fig 1.6: Basic communications model


Internal Architecture
1. Data bus – for sending data
between the constituent
elements
2. Address bus – to send the
addresses of locations for
accessing stored data
3. Control bus – for signals
relating to internal control
actions
4. System bus – for
communications between the
input/output ports and the
input/output unit

Fig 1.7: Architecture of a PLC


Internal Architecture

1. The CPU – Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), Memory (registers), Control Unit
2. The Buses – Data bus, Address bus, Control bus, System bus
3. Memory – RAM, ROM, EPROM
4. Input/Output Unit
5. Sourcing and Sinking
Input/Output Unit

 When a digital pulse passes through the light-


emitting diode, a pulse of infrared radiation is
produced.
 This pulse is detected by the phototransistor and
gives rise to a voltage in that circuit.
 The gap between the light-emitting diode and the
phototransistor gives electrical isolation, but the
arrangement still allows for a digital pulse in one
circuit to give rise to a digital pulse in another circuit.
 Electrical isolation from the external world is called
optoisolator (optocoupler).
The digital signal that is generally compatible with the Fig 1.8: An optoisolator
microprocessor in the PLC is 5V DC.
Input/Output Unit

1. Output Type
 Relay
 Transistor
 Triac

Fig 1.9 Input Levels Fig 1.10 Output Levels


Input/Output Unit

1. Relay type of output is used to operate a relay and is able to switch currents of the order of a
few amperes in an external circuit.
Relay outputs are suitable for AC and DC switching.
They can withstand high surge currents and voltage transients.
2. Transistor type of output uses a transistor to switch current through the external circuit.
Transistor output is strictly for DC switching and is destroyed by overcurrent and high
reverse voltage.
For protection, either a fuse or built-in electronic protection is used.
Optoisolators are used to provide isolation.
3. Triac type of output, with optoisolators for isolation, can be used to control external loads that
are connected to the AC power supply.
Triac output is strictly for AC operation and is very easily destroyed by overcurrent.
Fuses are virtually always included to protect such outputs.
Sourcing and Sinking

 With sourcing, using the conventional current flow direction as from positive to
negative, an input device receives current from the input module, that is, the input module
is the source of the current.
 With sinking, using the conventional current flow direction, an input device supplies
current to the input module, that is, the input module is the sink of the current.
Sourcing and Sinking

 Used to describe the way in which DC devices are connected to PLC

Fig 1.11: Inputs: (a) sourcing; (b) sinking Fig 1.12: Outputs: (a) sourcing; (b) sinking
PLC Systems

1. Single box
2. Modular / rack types

Fig: Single Box Fig: Modular / rack types


Leading Brands of PLC

1. American – Allen Bradley, Gould Modicon, Texas Instruments, General


Electric, Westinghouse, Cutter Hammer, Square D
2. European – Siemens, Klockner & Mouller, Festo, Telemechanique
3. Japanese – Toshiba, Omron, Fanuc, Mitsubishi

 Size of PLC
 Nano – 15 I/O
 Micro – 32 I/O
 Small – 128 I/O
 Medium – 1024 I/O
 Large – 4096 I/O
 Very Large – 8192 I/O
Programming Languages of PLC

1. Ladder Diagram (LAD),


2. Sequential Function Charts (SFC),
3. Function Block Diagram (FBD),
4. Structured Text (ST), and
5. Instruction List (IL).

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