Chapter 1 PLC
Chapter 1 PLC
Pushbuttons, Motors,
Switches, Valves,
etc. Alarms, etc.
Hardware
CPU contains Microprocessor
Power Supply – 5V DC (internal)
Programming devices – to enter the
required program into the memory
of the processor
Memory Unit – to process input to
output
Input and Output sections
Communications Interface – to
receive and transmit data Fig. 1.4: The PLC System
Input and Output Sections
Devices giving discrete or digital signals are
ones where the signals are either off or on.
A switch is a device giving a discrete signal,
either no voltage or a voltage.
Digital devices can be considered essentially as
discrete devices that give a sequence of on / off
signals.
Analog devices give signals of which the size is
proportional to the size of the variable being
monitored. Fig 1.5: Signals: (a) discrete, (b) digital, and
(c) analog.
For example, a temperature sensor may give a
voltage proportional to the temperature.
Internal Architecture
It consists of a central processing unit (CPU)
containing the system microprocessor,
memory, and input/output circuitry.
The CPU controls and processes all the
operations within the PLC.
The information within the PLC is carried by
means of digital signals.
The internal paths along which digital signals
flow are called buses.
1. The CPU – Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), Memory (registers), Control Unit
2. The Buses – Data bus, Address bus, Control bus, System bus
3. Memory – RAM, ROM, EPROM
4. Input/Output Unit
5. Sourcing and Sinking
Input/Output Unit
1. Output Type
Relay
Transistor
Triac
1. Relay type of output is used to operate a relay and is able to switch currents of the order of a
few amperes in an external circuit.
Relay outputs are suitable for AC and DC switching.
They can withstand high surge currents and voltage transients.
2. Transistor type of output uses a transistor to switch current through the external circuit.
Transistor output is strictly for DC switching and is destroyed by overcurrent and high
reverse voltage.
For protection, either a fuse or built-in electronic protection is used.
Optoisolators are used to provide isolation.
3. Triac type of output, with optoisolators for isolation, can be used to control external loads that
are connected to the AC power supply.
Triac output is strictly for AC operation and is very easily destroyed by overcurrent.
Fuses are virtually always included to protect such outputs.
Sourcing and Sinking
With sourcing, using the conventional current flow direction as from positive to
negative, an input device receives current from the input module, that is, the input module
is the source of the current.
With sinking, using the conventional current flow direction, an input device supplies
current to the input module, that is, the input module is the sink of the current.
Sourcing and Sinking
Fig 1.11: Inputs: (a) sourcing; (b) sinking Fig 1.12: Outputs: (a) sourcing; (b) sinking
PLC Systems
1. Single box
2. Modular / rack types
Size of PLC
Nano – 15 I/O
Micro – 32 I/O
Small – 128 I/O
Medium – 1024 I/O
Large – 4096 I/O
Very Large – 8192 I/O
Programming Languages of PLC