ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATION (EEC 126)

LABORATORY MANUAL

DO’S AND DON’TS IN THE LAB

DO’S:-
1. Students should carry observation notes and records completed in all aspects.
2. Correct specifications of the equipment have to be mentioned in the circuit
diagram.
3. Students should be aware of the operation of equipment.
4. Students should take care of the laboratory equipment/instruments.
5. After completing the connections, students should get the circuits verified by the Lab
Instructor.
6. The readings/waveforms must be shown to the concerned faculty for verification.
7. Students should ensure that all switches are in the OFF position to remove
the connections before leaving the laboratory.
8. All patch cords and chairs should be placed properly in their respective positions.
9. The steps for simulation of different tools should be properly known to the students
for the software related laboratory.

DON’Ts:-
1. Come late to the Lab.
2. Make or remove the connections with power ON.
3. Switch ON the power supply without verification by the instructor.
4. Switch OFF the machine with load.
5. Leave the lab without the permission of the concerned faculty.

EXPERIMENT 1
Aim of the Experiment: Measuring an unknown self-Inductance using Maxwell’s Inductance
Bridge.
Objective: To measure the unknown inductance of low Q value.
Device/Equipment: The following are the devices or equipment used
i. Maxwell’s Inductance Bridge Trainer Kit (Scientech AB59)
ii. DC Supply (+12V, -12V)
iii. Function Generator
iv. Patch Cords
v. Digital Multimeter

Circuit Diagram
Theory: Accurate measurements of complex impedances and frequencies may be performed by
using impedance-measuring AC Bridges. A Maxwell’s Bridge is a type of Wheatstone bridge
used to measure an unknown inductance (usually of low Q value) in terms of calibrated resistance
and inductance.

 L1 = Inductor whose inductance is to be determined.

 R1 = a resistance in series the inductor L1.
 L3 = Fixed value inductor.
 R3 = Fixed value resistance in series the inductor L3.
 R4 = a standard resistor.
 R2 = a variable non-inductive resistance.
From the theory of ac bridges, we have at balance condition,
Z1Z4 = Z2Z3
Substituting the values of z1, z2, z3 and z4 in the above equation and equating the real and
imaginary parts of it,
L1 = (R2/ R4)L3
R1= (R2/ R4)R3

Procedure:

1. Connect +/- 12V DC power supply at their indicated position from external source.
2. Connect function generator probes between VIN terminals.
3. Using patch cords connect the unknown L1 and R1 to the bridge circuit.
4. Switch on power supply and function generator.
5. Set the 5Vpp, 1KHz input sinusoidal signal of function generator.
6. Rotate potentiometer R2 to find a condition for zero/minimum current.
7. Switch off the power supply and function generator.
8. Take the value of R2 using the multimeter.
9. Calculate the value of L1 and R1 using their formulae.
10. The above procedure will be repeated for different values of L1 and R1.

Calculation:

Conclusion:

EXPERIMENT 2

Aim of the Experiment: Measuring an unknown capacitance using Schering’s Capacitance

Bridge.

Objective: To measure the unknown capacitance where the balance equation is independent of
frequency.
Device/Equipment Required:

i. Schering’s Capacitance Bridge Trainer Kit

ii. DC Supply (+12V, -12V)
iii. Function Generator
iv. Patch Cords
v. Digital Multimeter

Circuit Diagram:

Theory: Accurate measurements of complex impedances and frequencies may be performed

by using impedance-measuring AC Bridges. The Schering Bridge is an electrical
circuit used for measuring the insulating properties of electrical cables and
equipment. It is an AC bridge circuit, developed by Harald Schering. It has the
advantage that the balance equation is independent of frequency.

 Cx = capacitor whose capacitance is to be determined,

 rx = a series resistance representing the loss in the capacitor Cx,
 Cs = a standard capacitor,
 rs = a series resistance representing the loss in the capacitor Cs, of very low value can
be ignored in the equation.
 A = a variable non-inductive resistance,
 Cp = a variable capacitor,
 B = a non-inductive resistance in parallel with the capacitor Cp

From the theory of AC bridges, we have at balance condition, Z1Z4 = Z2Z3

Substituting the values of z1, z2, z3 and z4 in the above equation and equating the real and
imaginary parts of it,
Rx = (ACp)/Cs
Cx = (BCs)/A
The dissipation factor for the capacitor is given by the formula,
D= (2πf) Cx Rx, where f= frequency of the input signal.
Procedure:

1. Connect +/- 12V DC power supply at their indicated position from external source.
2. Connect function generator probes between VIN terminals.
3. Using patch cords connect the unknown Cx and Rx to the bridge circuit.
4. Switch on power supply and function generator.
5. Set the 5Vpp, 1KHz input sinusoidal signal of function generator.
6. Rotate potentiometer R2(A) to find a condition for zero/minimum current.
7. Switch off the power supply and function generator.
8. Take the value of R2(A) using the multimeter.
9. Calculate the value of Cx and Rx using their formulae.
10.The above procedure will be repeated for different values of Cx and Rx.

Calculation:

Conclusion:

EXPERIMENT 3

Aim of the Experiment: Measuring an unknown Resistance using Kelvin’s Double Bridge.

Objective: To measure very small resistance (0.1Ω to 1.0 Ω.)

Device/Equipment Required:

i. Kelvin’s Double Bridge Trainer Kit (VBK-02)

ii. Patch Cords
iii. Digital Multimeter
iv. Unknown Resistances

Circuit Diagram:

Theory:

A Kelvin Bridge is a measuring instrument used to measure unknown electrical resistors below 1
ohm. It is specifically designed to measure resistors that are constructed as four terminal resistor.
The operation of the Kelvin Bridge is very similar to the Wheatstone bridge except that it is
complicated by the presence of two additional resistors; Resistors P and Q are connected to the
outside potential terminals of the four-terminal known or standard resistor S and the unknown
resistor R. The resistors S, R, P and Q are essentially a Wheatstone bridge. In this arrangement, the
parasitic resistance of the upper part of S and the lower part of R is outside of the potential
measuring part of the bridge and therefore are not included in the measurement. However, the link
‘r’ between S and R is included in the potential measurement part of the circuit and therefore can
affect the accuracy of the result. To overcome this, a second pair of resistors ‘p’ and ‘q’ form a
second pair of arms of the bridge (hence 'double bridge') and are connected to the inner potential
terminals of S and R. The detector D is connected between the junction of P and Q and the junction
of p and q.

The balance equation of this bridge is given by the equation

𝑷 𝒒𝒓 � 𝒑
𝑹 = 𝑺 𝒑 + 𝒒 + 𝒓 � − ( )]
+𝑸 𝒒
( )
[
𝑸

As per the design P/Q= p/q, the value of unknown resistance is,
𝑷
𝑹= 𝑺
𝑸

Above equation is the usual working equation for the Kelvin double bridge. It indicates that
the resistance of connecting lead ‘r’ has no effect on the measurement provided that the two
sets of ratio arms have equal ratios. The above equation is useful however as it shows the
error that is introduced in case the ratios are not exactly equal. It is indicated that it is
desirable to keep ‘r’ as small as possible in order to minimize the errors in case there is a
difference between ratios P / Q and p/q. In a typical Kelvin bridge, the range of resistance
calculated is 0.1Ω to 1.0 Ω.

Procedure:

1. Connections are made as per the connection diagram

2. Connect the unknown resistance at R terminals.
3. Switch ON the unit.
4. Select the range selection switch at the point where the meter reads least
possible value of voltage.
5. Vary the potentiometer (S) to obtain null balance.
6. Switch OFF the unit and find the resistance using multimeter at S.
7. Tabulate the readings and find the value of unknown resistance using the
above formula.
8. Repeat the above for different values of unknown resistors.
Tabulation:
Sl. No. P(Ω) Q(Ω) S(Ω) R(Ω)