UNIT II

PROCESSES OF VAPOR/STEAM
• Isobaric Process

A. Open System : Steam Generator

➢ Theoretical
P1 = Pa = P b= P2 = C
➢ Actual
P1 > Pa > P b> P2 ; P = 0
➢ Energy Balance
Ein = Eout ; E = 0
if:
PE = 0 ( Z 2= Z1 )
KE = 0 ( 2 = 1 )
Wsf = 0 (no piston/shaft movement)
or:
Thus: QA = QE + QB + Q S /
Q=0+0+ H+0
also:
Q= H
Where:
Q = H 2- H1
Q = mh 2 - mh1
Q = m s (h 2 - h1 ) = QA where:
Cp s = 0.4454 Cpw /
B. Closed System: Piston Cylinder w/ Spring.

where:

Q = U + WNF /
▪ Example 01:
2 Kgm of H2O at 2 Mpa and 200°C is heated at
constant pressure until it becomes saturated vapor.
Compute the following:
A. Q in KW
B. S in KW/W
C. V in bbl/day
D. WSF ; WNF
E. WSF and WNF if PE = -2KW and KE = 3 met. hp

Solution:

A. For Q:
Using Q = m(h 2 - h 1 )
where:
Checking condition at (1)
tsat > tact
∴ (1) is subcooled liquid
Thus: By interpolation:
Using Steam Table ; (T4 ; p. 104) 1 = 0.0015602
➢ since there’s no direct values for P = 2 MPa, U1 = 850.28
consider values ( , U, h, S ) at P = 0 MPa and h1 = 852.6
P = 2.5 MPa ; and interpolate. S1 = 2.3302
@ P = 0 ; t = 200°C Checking condition at (2)
h = 851.8 (2) is saturated vapor
= 0.0011581 where:
U = 851.8 x = 1 ; P = 2 MPa
S = 2.3334 Using Steam Table , (T2 ; p. 12)
@ P = 2.5 MPa ; t = 200°C For Saturated Vapor:
h = 852.8 X2 = 1
= 0.0011555 P 2 = 2 MPa
U = 849.9
S = 2.3294
Tabulating Datas:
hence: Q = 3885.41 KW = Q “/

A. For Q:
Q=m
Q = m (h 2 - h 1 ) % error = 0.215% /
B. For S:
S=m S
S = m (S2 - S1 )
Q = 3893.8 KW = Q ‘/

/ S = 8.0214 KW/K
C. For V
 E. For W SF = ? , if PE = -2 KW
KE = 3 met·hp

thus:
/ V = 107040.97 bbl/day /
/ KE = 2.208 KW /
D. For WSF :
from: ➢ For WSF :
from

/ WSF = 0 /
W = – (-2 KW) – 2.208 KW
➢ For W NF : / W SF = - 0.208 KW /
from
Q = U +W ➢ For WNF :
WNF = Q - U from
WNF = m (h 2 - h 1 ) – m (u 2 - u 1 )
WNF = m (h 2 - h 1 - u 2+ u 1 )

WNF = 393.76 KW – (-2 KW) – 2.208 KW

WNF = 393.76 KW / / W NF = 393.552 KW /
▪ Example 02:
Steam with specific enthalpy 2840 KJ/Kgm
undergoes a constant pressure at 0.9 MPa until the
specific enthalpy becomes 2050 KJ/Kgm. Compute
the following:
A. The change of temperature in K.
B. The heat transferred in KJ/Kgm
C. The work non-flow and work steady flow.
D. , S, U
• Isometric Process:
Constant Volume Process

➢ System: H2O in a rigid or fixed container.

▪ Example 03:
2 Kgm of water at 250°C and entropy of 2.7927 KJ/ (Kgm·K)
is heated at constant volume until it becomes saturated vapor.
Determine
A. The change of pressure, temperature and destiny of H2O.
B. The amount of heat needed during the conversion in KW·hr.
▪ Example 04:
A 0.5 m3 tank contains superheated
steam at 300 kPa and 10° superheat. Heat is
transferred until the pressure reaches to 100 kPa.
Determine the following:
A. t, p and S
B. WNF in BTU
C. Heat transferred in KJ

Solution:

Checking condition at 1
1 is Superheated vapor
where:
tact = t 1= tsat + °SH
t1 = 133.55 + 10
t1 = 143.55°C
and P1= 0.3 MPa
Using Steam Tables
At Table 3 ; t 1 = 143.55 and P1 = 0.3 MPa thus :
0.0010432 < 0.6229 < 1.694
2 is Wet-Vapor Mixture
consider x 2:
from:

By interpolation:
U1 = 2560.16
h1 = 2747.068
S1 = 7.0445 at P2 = 0.1 MPa:
1 = 0.6229 = 2

Also:
Checking condition at 2 = 0.367
at: P1 = 0.1 MPa ; = 36.7%
2 = 0.6229
from steam table T1:
= 0.0010432
= 1.694
for : t = 99.63 – 143.55
= / t = -43.92°C ; decrease in temp. /
= 417.32 + 0.367 (2088.7) For
= 1183.91
for : 0.1 – 0.3
= / P = -0.2 MPa ; decrease in pressure /
= 41746 + 0.367 (2253.0) For S:
= 1246.15 S
for : where:
=
= 1.3026 + 0.367 (6.0568)
= 3.525
Finally:
A. For
m = 0.803 kg
where: 143.55°C

99.63°C
thus:

. decrease in entropy
/ ’ /

B. For

but: V = C ; dV = 0

C. For Q:
Q=
Q=
Q=
Q=
Q=

/ Q = -1105.13 KJ ; heat is rejected /

• Isothermal Process
▪ Example 05:
There are 3 Kg/min of steam undergoing an
isothermal process from 28 bar and 320°C to 7 bar.
Determine the following:
A. Checking conditions at 1
B. WNF in hp P1 = 2.8 MPa
C. WNF if PE = 0 ; KE = 42 KJ/min; and t 1 = 320°C = tact 1
D. heat added in KW
from Steam Table (T1)
Solution: tsat = 230.1°C
Considering first all given data:
m = 3 Kg/min thus: tact > tsat
t 1 = t 2 = t = C = 320°C
320°C > 230.1°C
P1 = 28 bar
∴ 1 is superheated vapor
P2 = 7 bar
Converted: P1 = 2.8 MPa
P2 = 0.7 MPa
 For V:
V=
where:
At 1 : P1 = 2.8 MPa
t 1 = 320°C
from Steam Table (T3 ; p. 51)
U1 = 2792.4
h1 = 3048.7
S1 = 6.663
1 = 0.09154
At 2 : P2 = 0.7 MPa
t 2 = 320°C
at 2 P2 = 0.7 MPa from Steam Table (T3 ; p. 34)
t 2 = 320°C U2 = 2831.3
from Steam Table (T1) h2 = 3100.9
tsat2 = 164.97°C S2 = 7.3697
2 = 0.3852
A. For t:
t = t 2 - t1 ; t1 = t 2
/ t=0 /
thus: For :

/ V = 0.881 m 3/min /
For = 2.1 KJ/ (min·K)
P2 - P1 B. For WNF in hp:
0.7 – 2.8 WNF = Q - U
/ -2.1 MPa ; pressure drop / where:
For Q=T S

Q = 20.76 KW
and:
△U = m (u 2 - u 1 )
△U = m △u ; in KW
/ p = -8.328 Kgm/m3 ; decrease /
△U =

△U = 1.945 KW
thus:

WNF =

/ WNF = 25.22 hp /

C. For WSF if △PE = 0 ; △KE = 42 KJ/min:

Using:
WSF = Q - △PE - △KE - △H
where: △H = m (h 2 - h1 )
△H = (3)(3100.9 – 3048.7) KJ/min.
△H = 156.6 KJ/min.
∴ WSF = (20.76 x 60) – 0 – 42 – 156.6 ; KJ/min.
/ WSF = 1047 KJ/min. /
D. For Q in KW
As Solved in B:
∴/ Q = 20.76 KW /
▪ Example 06:
There are 2000 KJ/min of heat abstracted from 3
lbm/sec of saturated steam at 2 MPa at Isothermal process.
Determine:
A. The change of quality of the steam
B. The △t ; △P
C. The ratio of WNF to WSF :

Solution:
 • Isentropic Process

➢ Application: H2O in a system with perfect

insulator.

➢ System: Steam Turbine

By Energy Balance:
Ein = Eout

thus:
WSF = -△PE - △KE - △H
Also:
If △PE = 0 ; △KE = 0 ;
WSF = -△H
WSF = - m S (h 2 - h1 )
WSF = m S (h1 - h 2 )
where:
h1 > h 2 ; (+)
WT = Ideal work of the turbine WT ’= actual work of the turbine
W T = m S (h1 - h 2 ) = indicated work of the turbine

by energy balance:
Ein = Eout ; △E = 0
m S h1 = WT ’ + m S h 2’
WT = m S (h1 - h 2’)
➢ Turbine Expansion Efficiency ( e e ): ➢ Irreversibility:
/ irreversibility = S 2 ’ – S2 /
/ irreversibility = S2 ’ – S1 /

Also:
/ irreversibility = Q L /(always positive)

➢ Reheat:
/ reheat = t 2’ – t 2 /(reheat = 0 ; t 2’ = t 2 )
By Energy Balance
Ein and Eout ; △E = 0

thus:
WC = △PE + △KE + △H
Also:
If △PE = 0 ; △KE = 0
WC = △H
WC = m S (h 2 - h1 )
thus:
/ WC’ = m S (h 2’ – h 1) /
➢ Compression Efficiency (e c )

where:
h 2’ > h 2 > h 1
▪ Example 08:
Steam turbine receives 0.52 MPa of
steam at 300°C. Then expand in an irreversible
adiabatic process to a final pressure of 0.012
MPa. If the exhaust steam is dry and satirized,
calculate:
A. The work of an irreversible process.
B. The efficiency of the process
C. The irreversibility and
D. The reheat.

Solution:

A. For WT ’ = ?
Using: WT ’ = m(h1 - h 2’)
Where:
For h 1 ; @ P1 = 0.52 MPa ; t1 = 300 °C
h1 = 3063.7
S 1 = 7.4411 From T3 ; p. 31
For h 2’: @ P2 ’ = 0.012 MPa ; X 2’ = 100% for X 2:
S 2’ = S g2 ’ = 8.0863 S 2 = S f2 + x 2Sfg2
From T2 ; p. 8
h 2’ = hg2 ’= 2591.1
Then, at 2
S1 = S 2 = 7.4411
P 2 = 0.012 MPa
For h 2 : Sf2 = 0.6963
X2 = 0.973 = 91.3%
Sg2 = 8.0863 From T2 ; p. 8
Sfg2= 7.390 = 206.92 + 0.913(2384.1)

where: 0.6963 < 7.4411 < 8.0863 = 2383.6

S f2 < S2 < Sg2 Finally:
thus: 2 is Wet-Vapor Mixture
h 2 = h f2 + x 2h fg2
B. For ee:

/ ee = 69.49% /
C. For irreversibility:
irreversibility = S 2’ – S 2
irreversibility = 8.0867 – 7.4411
/ irreversibility = 0.6456 KJ/Kg·K /
D. For Reheat:
Reheat = t 2’ – t 2 ; t 2’ = t 2
Reheat = t 2’ – t 2’
/ Reheat = 0 /
▪ Example 07:
10 Kg/s of superheated steam at 4.0 MPa
and 280°C is expanded in a turbine at constant
entropy process until the quality is 90%.
Determine the following.
A. The final pressure in MPa
B. The ideal work of turbine in hp.
C. If the expansion efficiency is 85%, what will be
the actual final quality of the steam.
D. Reheat and irreversibility