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Lecture 6 - Stresses in Beams

The document discusses stresses in beams including bending stresses and flexural stresses. It covers the flexural formula and its assumptions. It also discusses shear stresses in beams and provides examples calculating bending and shear stresses.

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100 views57 pages

Lecture 6 - Stresses in Beams

The document discusses stresses in beams including bending stresses and flexural stresses. It covers the flexural formula and its assumptions. It also discusses shear stresses in beams and provides examples calculating bending and shear stresses.

Uploaded by

sounohoney2000
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CE-103

MECHANICS OF SOLIDS -I
Stresses in Beams
Dr. Junaid Ahmad
Assistant Professor NICE, SCEE, NUST
P

σ=P/A

M
• The stresses caused by the bending moment are known
as bending stresses, or flexure stresses. The relationship
between these stresses and the bending moment is
called the flexure formula. In deriving the flexure
formula, we make the following assumptions
The flexural Formula: Assumptions
1. The beam has an axial plane of symmetry, which we take to be the xy plane
2. The applied loads lie in the plane of symmetry and are perpendicular to the axis
of the beam (the x-axis).
3. The axis of the beam bends but does not stretch (the axis lies somewhere in the
plane of symmetry; its location will be determined later).
4. Plane sections of the beam remain plane (do not warp) and perpendicular to
the deformed axis of the beam.

5. Changes in the cross-sectional dimensions of the beam are negligible.


Bending Stresses
• The concept
• Figure shows a segment of the beam bounded by two cross sections that are
separated by the infinitesimal distance dx. Due to the bending moment M caused
by the applied loading, the cross sections rotate relative to each other by the
amount dy. Consider now the deformation of the longitudinal fiber ab that lies a
distance y above the neutral surface, as shown in Fig
• In the deformed state, the fiber forms the arc of radius , subtended by
the angle Therefore, its deformed length is

• The original length of this fiber is . The normal strain of the fiber is
found by dividing the change in length by the original length, yielding
Equilibrium
Resultant force equilibrium

• For this to be in equilibrium following must be zero


Moment equilibrium
• Moment about y axis must be zero

• Moment about neutral axis (z-axis) must be equal to M


• As
• Replacing this last equation in the developed equation before for the flexural
formula, we get
Summary
1 𝑀 ρ = radius of curvature
=
𝜌 𝐸𝐼
σ = bending stress at a point in cross-
section
𝑀𝑦
𝜎=− M = value of bending moment at specific
𝐼 point in the span σmax
•

𝑀 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑐 y = distance from neutral axis (in cross- • c σ


𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = section, upwards or downwards) y
𝐼 NA
σmax = max value of bending stress
𝑀
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑚𝑎𝑥 S = Section modulus
𝑆
I = moment of inertia about horizontal
𝐼 axis
𝑆=
𝑐 c = maximum distance from NA to the
extreme fiber
Procedure
Stress at a given point
1. Find the desired value of bending moment from BMD.
2. Determine the location of NA
3. Compute moment of inertia (from calculation or from standard shapes tables).
4. Determine the y coordinate of the given point. If its above NA, it’s positive, if below it is
negative.
5. Compute the bending stress from σ=My/I. if correct signs are used, the stresses will found as
tension=positive, compression=negative.
Max bending stress:
1. Find the max value of bending moment from BMD, disregard the sign.
2. Compute the moment of inertia as in step 3 above.
3. Calculate max bending stress from σmax=|M|maxc/I=|M|max/S, where c is the distance of NA to
the top or bottom
Example 1
The simply supported beam in Figure below has a rectangular cross section 120-mm-
wide and 200-mm-high.
(1) Compute the maximum bending stress in the beam.
(2) Sketch the bending stress distribution over the cross section on which the
maximum bending stress occurs.
(3) Compute the bending stress at a point on section B that is 25 mm below the top of
the beam.
• Part 1:

• Part 2:
• Part 3:
Example
The simply supported beam in Fig. has the T-shaped cross section shown.
Determine the values and locations of the maximum tensile and compressive
bending stresses.
Solution
• Reactions
SFD and BMD
Stresses at x = 4 ft
Stresses at x = 10 ft
Answer
Shear stress in beams
• If a beam composed of many layers
• The separate layers would slide past one another, and the total bending strength
of the beam would be the sum of the strengths of the individual layers
• The horizontal layers in a solid beam are prevented from sliding by shear stresses
that act between the layers.
Q
• Q is the first moment of the area above the concerned line
• For rectangular cross-section
Shear stress distribution in wide flange
beams
• In wide-flange sections (W-shapes), most of the bending moment is carried by the
flanges, whereas the web resists the bulk of the vertical shear force.
Example
• The simply supported wood beam in Fig. is fabricated by gluing together three
160-mm by 80-mm planks as shown. Calculate the maximum shear stress in
• (1) the glue; and
• (2) the wood.
Solution
Solution Part 1

• Maximum Shear stress in the glue which occur at


either support
Solution Part 2
Example
• The W12 x 40 section in Fig. is used as a beam. If the vertical shear force acting at a
certain section of the beam is 16 kips, determine the following at that section: (1)
the minimum shear stress in the web; (2) the maximum shear stress in the web;
and (3) the percentage of the shear force that is carried by the web.
dimensions
Part 1
Part 2
Part 3
Example for flexural stress
• A rectangular steel beam, 2 in wide by 3 in deep, is loaded as shown in Fig.
Determine the magnitude and the location of the maximum flexural stress.
Example
• Determine the minimum height h of the beam shown in Fig. if the flexural stress is
not to exceed 20 MPa
Quiz
• Determine the maximum tensile and compressive bending stresses developed in
the beam as shown in Fig.
Sol

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