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Eurocode 3 Design of Steel Structures

Part 17 – How to design Steel

Connections and Joints to Eurocode 3
- Lecture

Dr Jawed Qureshi
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Part 17 on Steel Structures

Introduction to Connections and Joints

• Introduction to
Connections and Joints
• Types of joint
• BS EN BS EN 1993-1-
8:2005
• Joint modelling

Note to students: Please click on blue triangle icons in this presentation to watch all videos.

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Introduction
• Sufficient information to design
a “non-composite” steel frame
for either simple or rigid frames
will be covered.

• Part 1-8 of Eurocode 3 (BS EN

1993-1-8:2005 Design of Joints)
is some 50% longer than the
general Part 1-1 for buildings.

• Parts 1-8 strays into topics more

traditionally associated with
supplementary design guides.

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Eurocode Terms
1.4.2* Connection - Location at which two or more elements meet

1.4.4 Joint - Zone where two or more members are interconnected

Single-sided joint configuration Double-sided joint configuration

1 – web panel in shear, 2 – connection, 3 – components

* From BS EN1993-1-8: 2005 (Page 10-11)
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Coverage of BS EN 1993-1-8:2005
Focused on five topics:

• Section 1 and 2: Design basis and introduction

• Section 3 and 4: Fasteners

• Section 5: Role of joints in overall frame design

• Section 6: Joints between H or I sections

• Section 7: Joints between structural hollow sections

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Design of Connections
• 50% of the cost of a frame is for
the connections.
• Standard connections are now
widely adopted.
• In Figure ST10-6 is the pictorial
index for simple connections for
simple framing.
• Fabricators design connection
details and require repeated
components.
Figure ST10-6

From: Simple Joints to Eurocode 3 Publication P358, BCSA and SCI, 2011.
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Design of Connections
Bolted end
plate
• Continuous framing having connections
rigid joints (Figure ST10-7)
avoids bracing but has
disadvantages:
(i) complex connections Wind-
moment
(ii) the need to complete connections
these connections as
erection progresses. Welded beam
to column
• Standard moment connections
connections for semi-
continuous framing provides Figure ST10-7 Splices
a good compromise.
Column base
connections
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Design of Joints – SCI Guides

Simple Joints to Eurocode 3 Publication P358, BCSA and SCI, 2011

Moment-resisting Joints to Eurocode 3 Publication P398, BCSA and SCI, 2013

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Methods of Connection
Because of various options for connections there is a need for
Standardised Connections. To summarise, the preferred elements
adopted have*:

• M20 grade 8.8 bolts with 22 mm dia punched or drilled holes.

• Fillet welds with 6 or 8 mm leg length.
• Fittings – material of grade S275 (standard flats and angles)

Table 3.1 comes from BS EN 1993-1-8 Design of joints

*From: Simple Joints to Eurocode 3 Publication P358, BCSA and SCI, 2011.
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Black versus high strength friction bolts

Force transferred by
bolt bearing
Force transferred
by friction

HSFG bolt (High-

Strength Friction-
‘black’ bolt Grip)

From: Publication P358, BCSA and SCI, 2011.

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Joints in a braced frame

(See next slide)

Idealisation for braced frame of simple construction (M = 0)

Simple (nominally pinned) joints

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Joints in a Frame with Shear Wall

Idealisation for frame

with shear wall

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Column-to-base Joints
Joints of type A in Slide ST10-11 for simple construction

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Beam-to-column Joints
Joints of type B
in Slide ST10-11 Double angle web cleats
for simple (no welding) Section 3*

construction

Fin plate (welding and

Fin plate bolting; one-sided)
welded to Section 5*
column

Flexible end plate

End plate (welding and bolting)
welded to Section 4*
beam
From: Publication P358, BCSA and SCI, 2011
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Beam-to-column Joints

Double angle web cleated joint Fin plate joint

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Bracing Joints

Joints of type C
in Slide ST10-
11 for simple
construction

Vertical bracing
Gusset plate

Horizontal bracing
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Simple Beam-to-beam Joints

Primary beam

Secondary beam
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Standardised Connections
Benefits of this approach are:

• A reduction in the number of connection types:

– leads to better understanding of their cost and
performance,
– encourages the development of design aids and
software.

• Use of a few standard flats or angles for fittings:

– improved availability,
– leads to a reduction in material costs,
– saves buying, storage, and handling time.

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Standardised Connections
Benefits of this approach are:

• Use of one grade and diameter of bolt in a limited

number of lengths:
– saves time changing drills or punches in fabrication
shop,
– leads to faster execution and fewer errors on site.

• Use of small, single pass fillet welds:

– avoids the need for any edge preparation,
– reduces the amount of non-destructive testing required.

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Resistance Tables - I

*Appendix G FIN PLATES – Dimensions given are for standard connections.

These joints will deform under a relatively low moment

* Pages T75-79 in Joints in Simple Joints to Eurocode 3 Publication P358, BCSA and SCI, 2011.
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Resistance Tables - II

When secondary beam is notched

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Resistance Tables - III

UKB

VRd (from beam factored

loading, using SS model For robustness and
shown in Slide ST10-10) Fin plate dimensions structural integrity
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Rigid Frames
Traditional design approaches do allow for the joints to be rigid,
having a rotational stiffness such that the joint rotation is small
when subjected to the rigid frame internal moment. (Curve III for M-f
characteristics in Figure ST10-26.)

Beam-to-column joints

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Rigid Frames

Beam-to-beam joints

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Rigid Frames

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Rigid Joints & Capacity Tables

For awareness only.

For application refer
to Joints in Steel
Construction: Moment
Connections, 207/95,
BCSA and SCI, 1st Ed.
1995.

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BS EN1993-1-1 & -1-8

Simple Semi-rigid Rigid

I II III

M
Rigid and full
strength

Moment resistant
Semi-rigid and joint
partial strength
Figure 7-24
Nominally pinned
f
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BS EN 1993-1-1 & -1-8

• EC 3 directly links the three types (simple, semi-

continuous, continuous) of framing construction to the
three methods of global analysis.

• It does this via the process of classification of joint

types in terms of their strength (moment resistance)
and their (rotational) stiffness (Slide ST10-26
summaries this process).

• There are clauses in Section 5 of Part 1-8 for

classification by stiffness and strength.

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Type of Joint Model in Frame Analysis

EN 1993-1-8:2005 Clause 5.1.1(2) and Table 5.1. Type of joint model.

Method of global Classification of joint

analysis
Elastic (1) & (2) Nominally pinned Rigid Semi-rigid

Rigid-plastic (3) Nominally pinned Full-strength Partial-strength

Elastic-plastic (4) Nominally pinned Rigid and full- Semi-rigid and partial
strength strength
Semi-rigid and full
strength
Rigid and partial strength
Type of joint model Simple Continuous Semi-continuous

Traditional joint approximations Modern to Eurocodes

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Design of simple bolted joints to EC3

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Design of simple bolted joints to EC3

d2
Area of bolt, As = 0.78 
4

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Design of simple bolted joints to EC3

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Design of simple bolted joints to EC3

Bolted Joints – Block tearing

For a symmetric bolt group subjected to

concentric loading the design block
tearing resistance, Veff,1,Rd is given by:

Veff ,1, Rd =
fu Ant
+
(1 3 ) f A
y nv

M2 M0

where
Ant is net area subjected to tension
Anv is net area subjected to shear

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Design of welded joints to EC3

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Design of welded joints to EC3

Design shear strength of weld , fvw,d is given by:

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End of Lecture ST10

Beam splice connections Heavy truss joint

Column splice connections

“Simple” flexible
Rigid frame end plate for
joints beam-to-beam
joint
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