Wireless communication

Introduction to Wireless Mobile

Communication
• Wireless communication is basically transmitting and receiving voice and data
using electromagnetic waves in open space
• The most common wireless technologies use radio waves.
Advantages of Wireless Communication
• Cost effectiveness
• Flexibility
• Convenience
• Speed
• Accessibility
• Constant connectivity
Disadvantages of Wireless Communication
• An unauthorized person can easily capture the wireless signals which spread
through the air.
• It is very important to secure the wireless network so that the information cannot
be misused by unauthorized users

3
Components of Communication System

4
 Spectrum

• The word spectrum refers to a collection of

various types of electromagnetic radiations of
different wavelengths
• The International Telecommunication Union
(ITU) allocates spectrum frequencies for the use
of various countries
• India’s National Frequency Allocation plan
allocate spectrum for India

5
 Family of wireless networks

• PAN – Personal Area Network (<10m)

• LAN- Local Area Network (<150m)
• MAN- Metropolitan Area Network (<5Km)
• WAN- Wide Area Network (<15Km)
• RAN- Regional Area Network (<100Km)

7
Family of wireless networks

8
 Different communication channel

• Simplex Channel
• Half Duplex Channel
• Full Duplex Channel

9
 Multiple Access Techniques

• Frequency division multiple-access (FDMA)

• Time division multiple-access (TDMA)
• Code division multiple-access (CDMA)

10
Multiple Access Techniques

11
 Introduction to Mobile
communication systems
 Frequency Division Duplex(FDD)
• Both the base station and the subscriber unit transmit and
receive signals simultaneously

• At the base station two separate transmit and receive

antennas are used

• At the subscriber unit only a single antenna is used both for

transmission and reception. A device called duplexer is used
to enable the same antenna for transmission and reception
simultaneously.
 Time Division Duplex(TDD)
• Uses the fact that it is possible to share a single radio channel in
time

• A portion of time is used to transmit from the BS to the MS and

the remaining time is used to transmit from the MS to the BS.

• Only possible with digital transmission formats and digital

modulation (very sensitive to timing)

• Used only for indoor or small area application where the

propagation delay are small.
Examples of mobile radio systems
• Paging Systems
• Cordless Telephone System
• Cellular Telephone System
– 1G
– 2G
– 3G
– 4G
– 5G

15
 1G (First Generation)
• 1G (First Generation) is the name given to the
first generation of mobile telephone networks.
• The First generation of wireless
telecommunication technology is known as 1G
was introduced in 1980

• FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access).

• Analog system.
• Basic mobility.
• Frequency typically 150MHz & above

16
 1G (First Generation)
• Advance Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)-United States
• Total Access Communication System (TACS) / Extended Total
Access Communication System (ETACS)-UK
• Nordic Mobile Telephone-450 (NMT-450) -Austria, Belgium
• Nordic Mobile Telephone-900 (NMT-900)-Cyprus, Denmark
• C-NETZ (C-NETZ in German refers to C Network which was the
first cellular wireless telephone network in Germany) -
Germany, Portugal and South Africa.
• Radiocom2000 was employed in France.
• Radio Telephone Mobile System (RTMS) was employed in
Italy
• Nippon Telephone and Telegraph (NTT) was first employed in
Japan and later NTACS (Narrowband Total Access
Communications System) and JTACS (Japanese Total Access
Communication System) were also employed.

17
 DRAWBACKS OF 1G

❑ Poor voice quality

❑ Poor battery life
❑ Large phone size
❑ No security
❑ Frequent call drops
❑ Limited capacity and poor handoff
reliability.
 2G (Second Generation)

• The second-generation (2G) systems, the successors of 1G systems, are digital

[i.e., they
convert speech into digital code (a series of pulses) which results in a clearer
signal]

• Digital data can be compressed and multiplexed much more effectively than
analog voice encodings.

• A 2G system is called personal communications services (PCS) in the

marketing literature.

• There are several 2G standards followed in various parts of the world. Some of
them are global system for mobile communications (GSM) in Europe, digital-
AMPS (DAMPS) in United States, and personal digital cellular (PDC) in Japan.

20
 Family of 2G Systems
• GSM
• CDMA
• GPRS
• EDGE

21
❑ An interim stage that is taken between 2G and
• 3G that is 2.5G

❑ Features includes:-
o Phone calls/ Fax
o Voice mail
o Send/Receive e-mail messages
o web browsing
o camera phones
o speed: 64-144 kb/sec
o Time to download a 3 min MP3 song: 6-9 min

22
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)

23
Enhanced Data for Global Evolution (EDGE)

• EDGE uses 8PSK as opposed to GMSK as a modulation

scheme. Essentially squeezing in more data in the
available bandwidth.
• Data rates closer to 3G. Intended to be used by
operators who don’t have a 3G license but wish to deliver
higher data rates.
• Requires all the radio cards in the existing GSM/GPRS
network to be replaced.
• Expensive solution to obtain similar data rates to the
lowest expected 3G performance.
• Raw data rate using one GSM carrier can go up to 547.2
kbps (practical 384 kbps)
24
 3G GENERATION
• Large capacity and broadband capabilities.
• Allows the transmission of 384kbps for mobile systems and up to 2Mbps.

•Increased spectrum efficiency –5MHz–

-A greater number of users that can be simultaneously supported by a radio frequency bandwidth.

• High data rates at lower incremental cost than 2G.

• Global roaming
❑ New radio spectrum to relieve overcrowding in existing systems.
❑ More bandwidth , security & reliability.
❑ Inter-portability between services providers.
❑ High data rates.
❑ Rich multimedia services.
❑ Always online devices.

25
 Family of 2G Systems
TECHNOLOGY DATA RATES
2G GSM 10Kbps
2G CDMA 10Kbps
2.5G GPRS 50Kbps
2.5G EDGE 200Kbps

GSM- Global System for Mobile Communication

CDMA- Code Division Multiple Access
GPRS- General Packet Radio Services
EDGE-Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution
 Family of 3G Systems
3G WCDMA/UMTS 384Kbps
3G CDMA 2000 384Kbps
3.5G HSDPA/HSUPA 5-30 Mbps
3.5G 1X EVDO 5-30 Mbps
RIV A,B,C

WCDMA- Wideband CDMA

UMTS- Universal Mobile Telecommunication standard
HSDPA- High Speed Downlink Packet Access
EVDO- Evolution Data Optimized

27
 Family of 4G Systems

4G LTE 100-200Mbps
4G Wi MAX 100-200Mbps

• LTE – Long Term Evolution

• WiMax- Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave
Access

28
 Applications
TECHNOLOGY DATA RATE APPLICATIONS
2G 10-100Kbps Voice+ Basic Data
2.5G
3G 300Kbps-30Mbps Voice, High speed Data
3.5G ,Video calling
4G >100Mbps Online Gaming
Video conferencing
HDTV
 Disadvantages of 3G
❑ Numerous differences in the licensing terms.
❑ It is a challenge to build the necessary
❑ infrastructure for 3G
❑ Expense of 3G phones .
❑ Lack of buy-in by 2G mobile users for the new
3G wireless services.

30
 Features of 4G:

•Faster and more reliable.

100 Mb/s (802.11g wireless = 54Mb/s, 3G = 2Mb/s)
•Lower cost than previous generations
•Multi-standard wireless system.
–Bluetooth, Wired, Wireless (802.11x)
•Ad Hoc Networking.
•IPv6 Core.
•OFDM used instead of CDMA.
•Potentially IEEE standard 802.11
Potentially IEEE standards 802.11

31
❑ For the customer
❑ Video streaming , TV broadcast
❑ Video calls , video clips- news , music , sports
❑ Enhanced gaming , chat , location services…
❑ For Business
❑ High speed Tele-working / VPN access
❑ Sales force automation
❑ Video conferencing
❑ Real-time financial information

32
3G VS 4G

33
• ADVANTAGES OF 4G
❑ High usability: anytime, anywhere and with any technology.

❑ Support for multimedia services at low transmission cost.

❑ Higher bandwidth , tight network security.

❑ DISADVANTAGES OF 4G

❑ The equipment required to implement a next generation network is still very expensive.

❑ Carriers and providers have to plan carefully to make sure that expenses are kept
realistic

34
 5G
• High Speed, High Capacity
• 5G technology providing large broadcasting of data
in 10 Gbps .
• Multi - Media Newspapers, watch T.V programs with
the clarity as to that of an HD Quality.
• Faster data transmission that of the previous
generations.
• Large Phone Memory, Dialing Speed, clarity in
Audio/Video.
• Support interactive multimedia , voice, streaming
video, Internet and other
• 5G is More Effective and More Attractive.

35
 Wireless LANs (WLANs)
• Wireless LANs (WLANs) are wireless computer
networks that use high-frequency radio waves (2.4
GHz)instead of cables for connecting the devices
within a limited area forming LAN (Local Area
Network).
• Users connected by wireless LANs can move
around within this limited area such as home,
school, campus, office building, railway platform,
etc.
• Most WLANs are based upon the standard IEEE
802.11 standard or WiFi.
• Typically using License free ISM Band at 2.4 GHz.
Advantages of WLANs
• They provide clutter-free homes, offices and other networked places.
• The LANs are scalable in nature, i.e. devices may be added or removed from the
network at greater ease than wired LANs.
• The system is portable within the network coverage. Access to the network is
not bounded by the length of the cables.
• Installation and setup are much easier than wired counterparts.
• The equipment and setup costs are reduced.
Disadvantages of WLANs
• Since radio waves are used for communications, the signals are noisier with
more interference from nearby systems.
• Greater care is needed for encrypting information. Also, they are more prone to
errors. So, they require greater bandwidth than the wired LANs.
• WLANs are slower than wired LANs.
 Components of WLANs
• The components of WLAN architecture as laid down in IEEE
802.11 are −
• Stations (STA) − Stations comprises of all devices and
equipment that are connected to the wireless LAN. Each
station has a wireless network interface controller.
A station can be of two types −
– Access Point (AP)
– Client
• Basic Service Set (BSS) − A basic service set is a group of
stations communicating at the physical layer level. BSS can
be of two categories −
– Infrastructure BSS
– Independent BSS
• Extended Service Set (ESS) − It is a set of all connected BSS.
• Distribution System (DS) − It connects access points in ESS.
 BLUETOOTH(IEEE 802.15)
• Bluetooth is a network technology that connects
mobile devices wirelessly over a short range to
form a personal area network (PAN).
• They use short-wavelength, ultra-high frequency
(UHF) radio waves in the ISM band within the
range 2.400 to 2.485 GHz.
• In the most widely used mode, transmission
power is limited to 2.5 mW, giving it a very short
range of up to 10 metres.
• A cable replacement technology
• 1 Mb/s symbol rate
 BLUETOOTH
• Frequency: 2.45 GHz(ISM Band)
• Developed by: Bluetooth Special Interest Group
• Introduced: 7 May 1998
• Physical range: Typically less than 10 m ,up to
100 m
There are two types of Bluetooth networks −
• Piconets
• Scatternets
 Piconets
• Piconets are small Bluetooth
networks, formed by at most
8 stations, one of which is the
master node and the rest
slave nodes (maximum of 7
slaves).
• Master node is the primary
station that manages the
small network.
• The slave stations are
secondary stations that are
synchronized with the
primary station.
• Besides the seven active
slaves, there can be up to 255
numbers of parked nodes.
 Piconet
• Communication can take
place between a master node
and a slave node in either
one-to-one or one-to-many
manner.
• However, no direct
communication takes place
between slaves.
• Each station, whether master
or slave, is associated with a
48-bit fixed device address.
• These are in a low power state for energy conservation.
• The only work that they can do is respond to a beacon frame
for activation from the master node.
• Collection of devices connected in an ad hoc fashion
• One unit acts as master and the others as slaves for the lifetime
of the piconet
• Master determines hopping pattern, slaves have to synchronize
• Each piconet has a unique hopping pattern

VOICE & DATA TRANSMISSION:

ACL – Asynchronous Connection Less
Used for all data communication and signalling.
A device may keep multiple ACL connections.

SCO – Synchrounous Connection Oriented

Used for synchrounous voice transmission (Point to Point).
 Forming a piconet
• All devices in a piconet hop together
– Master gives slaves its clock and device ID
• Hopping pattern: determined by device ID (48 bit, unique
worldwide)
• Phase in hopping pattern determined by clock
• Addressing
– Active Member Address (AMA, 3 bit)
– Parked Member Address (PMA, 8 bit)
🕔P 🕔
🕐S 🕑S S
B 🕔S
🕗S B
🕔M 🕔P
B 🕔S 🕙S
B B 🕑S 🕔S
🕑S 🕘S B
🕔P 🕛S
B
🕒S 🕛S B
B
B B
 Scatternet
• A scatternet is an
interconnected collection
of two or more piconets.
• They are formed when a
node in a piconet, whether
a master or a slave, acts as
a slave in another piconet.
• This node is called the
bridge between the two
piconets, which connects
the individual piconets to
form the scatternet.
 Wi Max(IEEE 802.16)
• Wi MAX stands for Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access.
• Wi MAX refers to broadband wireless networks that
are based on the IEEE 802.16 standard, which
ensures compatibility and interoperability between
broadband wireless access equipment.
• It is based on Wireless MAN technology.
• It is similar to Wi-Fi, though it provides higher data
rates up to 1 Gbps
• Range - 30-mile (50-km) radius from base station
• Speed - 70 megabits per second
• Frequency bands - 2 to 11 GHz and 10 to 66 GHz
(licensed and unlicensed bands).
 Features of WiMAX
• WiMAX is a coalition of wireless industry based
upon IEEE 802.16 standards.
• It aims for the advancement of broadband
wireless access (BWA) networks.
• The IEEE 802.16 lays down the standards for both
physical layer as well as a medium access control
(MAC) layer for WiMAX.
• WiMAX initially provided data rates of 30 – 40
Mbps. The updated version that came in 2011
provides up to 1 Gbps data rates for fixed
stations.
 Features of WiMAX
• WiMAX provides much higher data rates, is used for
outdoor networks, and uses IEEE 802.16 standards in
contrast to IEEE 802.11 standards of Wi-Fi.
• It operates in the frequency band of 2 GHz to 11 GHz. The
bandwidth is dynamically allocated as per user
requirements.
• WiMAX uses orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
(OFDM) with 256- channels.
• It uses convolutional codes, particularly Reed – Solomon
Codes for forward error correction (FEC) to deal with
damaged frames.
• The application of WiMAX is greatly in areas where
broadband cables are not accessible. WiMAX can also be
used for VoIP phone calls .
• WiMAX architecture consists of two types of
fixed (non mobile) stations:
• Subscriber Stations (SS): serves a building
(business or residence)
• Base station (BS) : connects to public network and
provide SS with first-mile access to public
networks the communication path between SS
and BS has two directions:
• Uplink (from SS to BS)
• Downlink (from BS to SS)
 WiMAX - Building Blocks
• A WiMAX system consists of two
major parts −
• 1) A WiMAX base station.
• 2) A WiMAX receiver.
 Wi MAX Base Station
• A WiMAX base station consists of indoor
electronics and a Wi MAX tower similar in
concept to a cell-phone tower.
• A WiMAX base station can provide coverage to
a very large area up to a radius of 6 miles.
• Any wireless device within the coverage area
would be able to access the Internet
• The WiMAX base stations would use the MAC
layer defined in the standard, a common
interface that makes the networks
interoperable and would allocate uplink and
downlink bandwidth to subscribers according
to their needs, on an essentially real-time
basis.
• Each base station provides wireless coverage
over an area called a cell. Theoretically, the
maximum radius of a cell is 50 km or 30 miles
however, practical considerations limit it to
about 10 km or 6 miles.
 WiMAX Receiver
• A WiMAX receiver may have a separate
antenna or could be a stand-alone box or a
PCMCIA card sitting in your laptop or computer
or any other device. This is also referred as
customer premise equipment (CPE).
• WiMAX base station is similar to accessing a
wireless access point in a WiFi network, but the
coverage is greater.
 Type of Services by Wi Max
• Wi MAX can provide two forms of wireless
services,
Non-line-of-sight Service :-
• This is a WiFi sort of service. Here a small
antenna on your computer connects to the
WiMAX tower.
• In this mode, WiMAX uses a lower frequency
range -- 2 GHz to 11 GHz (similar to WiFi).
• Line-of-sight Service:-
• In this, a fixed dish antenna points straight at
the WiMAX tower from a roof top or pole.
• • The line-of-sight connection is stronger and
more stable, so it's able to send a lot of data
with fewer errors.
• • Line-of-sight transmissions use higher
frequencies, with ranges reaching a possible
66 GHz.
 WiMAX - Security Functions
• Security is handled by a privacy sublayer
within the WiMAX MAC.
The key aspects of WiMAX security are as follow
−
1. Support for Privacy
2. Device/user Authentication
3. Flexible Key-management Protocol