Calc 10.11 Packet
Calc 10.11 Packet
Calc 10.11 Packet
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To start, we choose an 𝑥-value to center our polynomial
approximation. Let’s call that 𝑥 𝑐. Our approximation will have
the same 𝑦-value as the original function at 𝑥 𝑐.
𝑓 𝑐 𝑝 𝑐
𝑓 𝑥 𝑒
We know 𝑓 0 1. We need 𝑝 0 1.
𝒇 𝒄 𝒑 𝒄
Or rewritten:
𝑝 𝑥 𝑓 𝑐 𝑓 𝑐 𝑥 𝑐
𝑝 𝑥 𝑓 0 𝑓 0 𝑥 0
𝑝 𝑥 1 1 𝑥
𝒑 𝒙 𝟏 𝒙
This is called a first order approximation. It works for a small interval around our point of center.
We want 𝑓 𝑐 𝑝 𝑐 ,𝑓 𝑐 𝑝 𝑐 ,𝑓 𝑐 𝑝 𝑐 .
For our example this is 𝑓 0 𝑝 0 ,𝑓 0 𝑝 0 ,𝑓 0 𝑝 0
𝟏
Second-order approximation: 𝒑 𝒙 𝟏 𝒙 𝒙𝟐
𝟐
Write your questions If we are centered at 𝑥 0, then we have the following pattern:
and thoughts here!
1 1 1
𝑝 𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 ⋯ 𝑥
2 3! 𝑛!
Maclaurin Polynomial
A Maclaurin polynomial is a Taylor polynomial centered about 𝑥 0. It can be
modeled by
𝒇 𝟎 𝒙𝟐 𝒇 𝟎 𝒙𝟑 𝒇 𝒏 𝟎 𝒙𝒏
𝑝 𝑥 𝒇 𝟎 𝒇 𝟎 𝒙 ⋯
𝟐! 𝟑! 𝒏!
𝑓 𝑐
𝑛!
6. The function 𝑓 has derivatives of all orders for all real numbers with 𝑓 1 1, 𝑓 1 4, 𝑓 1 6, and
𝑓 1 12. Using the third-degree polynomial for 𝑓 about 𝑥 1, what is the approximation of 𝑓 1.1 ?
7. A function 𝑓 has a Maclaurin series given by 3 4𝑥 2𝑥 𝑥 ⋯, and the series converges to 𝑓 𝑥 for all
real numbers 𝑥. If 𝑔 is the function defined by 𝑔 𝑥 𝑒 , what is the coefficient of 𝑥 in the Maclaurin
series for 𝑔?
8. Let 𝑓 be a function with third derivative 𝑓 𝑥 7𝑥 2 . What is the coefficient of 𝑥 2 in the fourth-
degree Taylor Polynomial for 𝑓 about 𝑥 2?
10. Let 𝑃 be the second-degree Taylor Polynomial for 𝑓 𝑥 𝑒 about 𝑥 3. What is the slope of the line
tangent to the graph of 𝑃 at 𝑥 3?
13. The function 𝑓 has derivatives of all orders for all real numbers with 𝑓 0 4, 𝑓 0 3, 𝑓 0 3, and
𝑓 0 2. Let 𝑔 be the function given by 𝑔 𝑥 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡. Find the third-degree Taylor Polynomial for
𝑔 about 𝑥 0.
14.
𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥
4 1 2 4 2
14.
Selected values for 𝑓 𝑥 and its first three derivatives are shown in the table above. What is the
approximation for the value of 𝑓 3 about 𝑥 4 obtained using the third-degree Taylor Polynomial for 𝑓.
𝑡 (seconds) 0 4 10
𝑥′ 𝑡 meters per second 5.0 5.8 4.0
17. The position of a particle moving along a straight line is modeled by 𝑥 𝑡 . Selected values of 𝑥′ 𝑡 are shown
in the table above and the position of the particle at time 𝑡 10 is 𝑥 10 8.
a. Approximate 𝑥′′ 8 using the average rate of change of 𝑥′ 𝑡 over the interval 4 𝑡 10. Show
computations that lead to your answer.
b. Using correct units, explain the meaning of 𝑥′′ 8 in the context of the problem.
c. Use a right Riemann sum with two subintervals to approximate |𝑥′ 𝑡 | 𝑑𝑡.
d. Let 𝑠 be a function such that the third derivative of 𝑠 with respect to 𝑡 is 𝑡 3 . Write the fourth-degree
term of the fourth-degree Taylor Polynomial for 𝑠 about 𝑡 1.