Genetics 2
Genetics 2
Genetics 2
In the F1 generation, all offspring have red eyes since red is the dominant trait and
white is recessive. In the F2 generation, a 3:1 ratio of red-eyed to white-eyed
offspring is expected due to the segregation of the dominant and recessive alleles. The
F3 generation refers to the offspring resulting from the cross of two F2 individuals.
Define Over-Dominance?
Definition: Over dominance is a genetic phenomenon where the heterozygous
condition for a particular gene is more advantageous than either of the two
homozygous conditions. This can result in the maintenance of both alleles in a
population, even though they may have negative effects when present in a
homozygous state.
For example: Sickle cell anemia is an example of over dominance. Individuals who
are homozygous for the mutated allele have sickle cell disease and suffer from its
effects, while individuals who are homozygous for the normal allele do not have the
disease. However, individuals who are heterozygous for the sickle cell allele have
some resistance to malaria, which is advantageous in regions where malaria is
prevalent.
Masks the expression of the recessive Is only expressed when two copies are
allele present
Genotype Phenotype
Heterozygous Homozygous
Two different alleles for a trait. Two identical alleles for a trait.
Definition Example: Bb Example: BB or bb.
What is Rh factor?
The Rh factor is a protein found on the surface of red blood cells in some individuals,
which determines their Rh blood type. It was first discovered by Karl Landsteiner in
1940 from Rhesus monkeys.
When an Rh-negative person receives Rh-positive blood, their immune system can
react to the Rh factor as if it were a foreign invader, leading to the production of
antibodies against the Rh factor, when a Rh-negative mother carries a Rh-positive
fetus. The mother's immune system sees the fetus's Rh factor as foreign and produces
antibodies that can harm the fetus.
This lead to hemolytic disease to newborn. Therefore, Rh-negative mothers during
pregnancy often given Rh immune globulin for blocking the production of antibodies
against the Rh factor.
Sources of variations?
Sources of variations in organisms can be classified into two main categories:
1. Genetic variation: This refers to differences in DNA sequences among
individuals of a population. It can arise from several mechanisms, including
mutations, gene flow, genetic drift, and recombination during sexual reproduction.
2. Environmental variation: This refers to differences in the environment
experienced by individuals of a population, which can influence their phenotype.
Environmental variation can include factors such as temperature, humidity, light,
nutrients, and social interactions.