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Family and Consumer Life

Skills
Course Description
This course is specially intended for students to broaden their
knowledge and help develop their skills and general competencies
in various areas of the Technology and Livelihood Education. The
course prepares students to begin their journey toward becoming
independent, productive citizens. Particularly, this focused on
essential requirements on Family and Relationships, Life and
Careers, Art and Crafts, Interior Design, Food and Nutrition, Food
Service, Consumer Education.

Outcomes Course Objectives

At the end of the term, the students should be able to:
1. Explore and assess self, family, community relationships;
2. Appreciate the value of goal setting and planning;
3. Explain the basic concepts of home and family;
4. Explore career paths and clusters of FACLS;
5. Value food and food services;
6. Use various techniques in food preparation, safety and
security;
7. Display high level of leadership in educational management.

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Course Content

I. Introduction ◌ Principles of Arts

◌ Definition of Terms
IV. Interior Design
◌ Core Life Skill Strategies
and Techniques ◌ Fundamentals of Interior
Designs
II. Food and Nutrition
◌ Human Perception
◌ Food, diet and nutrition ◌ Interior Design Elements
◌ The importance of nutrients ◌ Interior Design Principles
- Food Nutrients
- Food Characteristics V. Food Service
- Components of Foods ◌ The Development of Food
- Energy Value of Food Service Industry
(Calorie) ◌ Early Day History of Food
- Mineral Requirements Service Organizations
- Vitamin Requirements ◌ Evolution Of the Present-Day
- Classes of Vitamins Food service
- Three Basic Food Groups ◌ Food Service Establishments
◌ Food Service System
◌ Food and nutrition: cultural
and religious taboos VI. Consumer
◌ Nutrition, health and Education
development
◌ Consumer Education
III. Arts and Crafts Philosophies:
◌ Traditional Arts and Crafts in ◌ The Relationship between
the Philippines Education and Consumption
◌ Contemporary Arts in the ◌ Educational Philosophies
Philippines Applied to Consumer
◌ Benefits and Importance of Education
Handicraft Industry Elements ◌ Philosophically Augmented
of Arts Typology of Consumer
Education

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Module I
INTRODUCTION TO FAMILY AND
CONSUMER
LIFE SKILLS
Definition of the Terms
A.Family
From a very young age, we were taught by our parents of the
concept of the word “family.” However, as we grow old, we begin to
understand that the word “family” is not as simple as it is and may
have different meaning based on some circumstances. In some
dictionaries, we can say that the common attribute used to refer to
families is that it is composed of a group of persons that are related
to each other biologically. This means that there is a parent and an
offspring. Others would also define family as a group consisting of
parents and children who are living together in a household.
However, these definitions are vague and do not represent a
significant portion of our population nowadays. There are couples
with no children but deem themselves as family. There are also
families that do not live together. There are also those who live
together as closely knitted friends who see themselves as family
members even though they are not related by blood. There are
those people who treat their pets as family too. So, what really is a
family? Even experts could not really define the term family. That is
why there is no absolute meaning of it. But basically, a family is a
group of people whose members distinguishes themselves as part of
it. Sociologically speaking, a family is the basic unit of the society.

B. Consumer

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 A consumer simply refers to a person who uses or consumes
economic services or commodities.

C. Life Skills
A life skill refers to the skills you need to make the most out of
life. Any skill that is useful in your life can be considered a life skill.

What are the Core Life Skill Strategies and

Techniques?
UNICEF, UNESCO and WHO list the ten core life skill strategies and
techniques as:
1. Problem Solving
2. Critical Thinking
3. Effective Communication Skills
4. Decision-Making
5. Creative Thinking
6. Interpersonal Relationship Skills
7. Self-Awareness Building Skills
8. Empathy
9. Coping With Stress And Emotions
Self-awareness, self-esteem and self-confidence are essential
tools for understanding one’s strengths and weaknesses.
Consequently, the individual is able to discern available
opportunities and prepare to face possible threats. This leads to the
development of a social awareness of the concerns of one’s family
and society. Subsequently, it is possible to identify problems that
arise within both the family and society. With life skills, one is able to
explore alternatives, weigh pros and cons and make rational
decisions in solving each problem or issue as it arises. It also entails
being able to establish productive interpersonal relationships with
others. Life skills enable effective communication, for example,
being able to differentiate between hearing and listening and
ensuring that messages are transmitted accurately to avoid
miscommunication and misinterpretations.

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Module II
FOOD AND NUTRITION
Food, Diet and Nutrition
What we eat and drink to help keep us alive and well, to help us
grow, develop, work and play is called food. Food is anything edible.
It includes all foods and drinks acceptable for that particular society,
culture or religion.
Food gives us a feeling of comfort and satisfaction. Eating
certain foods establishes our identity. What we eat and how we eat
makes up our food habit. Most of our food habits are learned in the
home from our parents. As we grow up, our experience and learning
help us to change some of these food habits. You are learning about
food and nutrition in order to be able to teach and help mothers to
change their food habits for the better.
Diet is the sequence and balance of meals in a day. It is
concerned with the eating patterns of individuals or a group. Some

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people may eat twice in a day (breakfast and dinner); others may
eat four times (breakfast, lunch, snack and dinner); still others may
seem to be chewing all day long.
Nutrition is the interaction between food and the body. It is about
the nutrients contained in food, and their action, interaction and
balance in relation to health and disease. It is the process by which
people can ingest, digest, absorb, transport, utilize and excrete food
substances. In addition, nutrition is concerned with social, cultural
and physiological implications of food and eating. In general, the
science of nutrition is the science of showing how food nourishes the
body.
A nutrient is an active chemical component in food that plays a
specific structural or functional role in the body’s activity. Sugars,
starches and fibre are often grouped together as they are all
carbohydrates. Vitamins and minerals are needed in very small
amounts and they are called micro-nutrients.
Almost all foods are a mixture of nutrients. They contain different
amounts of sugar, starch, fibre, fat, protein, minerals, vitamins and
water. Table 1.2 shows you the different nutrients, their food groups
and examples of food sources.
Think of some of the food types usually consumed in your
community. What nutrients do these foods have and what
nutrient do you think they might lack?
- Examples of food types you might have listed include ‘ teff’ or
maize, which mainly provide carbohydrates; peas and beans, which
provide protein; ‘gommen’ which is good source of vitamin A and
iron and oranges, which provide vitamins. These foods do not have
everything so they need to mix them to get all the nutrients we
need. The different types of nutrients that each person’s body needs
are shown in Table 1.2.

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How food keeps us healthy?
Food is needed for energy and nutrients to exist, it provides
energy for work, and warmth for the body. Everybody also needs
food to build, maintain and repair their body. It is also required for
control of body processes and for protection against disease and
infections. By performing these functions, food helps us to keep
healthy, warm, well-nourished, free of infections and alive.
By helping us to understand how food and nutrients work, the
science of nutrition plays a fundamental role in the promotion of
health, in the prevention of illness and in the restoration of health
following illness or injury. Your work as a Health Extension
Practitioner can be instrumental in preventing problems related to
nutrition.
What does food do for our body?
As you just read, food contains chemical substances called
nutrients and these are found in varying amounts and combinations
in different foods. Nutrients are the part of food which the body uses
to:
 build tissues
 produce energy
 keep healthy.
Enough food containing the necessary nutrients should be eaten
every day (such as carbohydrates, proteins, water, vitamins and
minerals). It is likely that you will get enough of the other nutrients
(for example dietary fibre) that your body needs by doing this. No
one food supplies all the nutrients the body needs. No one nutrient
is more important than the others. Each nutrient does specific jobs.
The nutrients work together to keep us healthy.

It is important to include fibre (roughage) in the diet because it

makes the bowels work properly and provides bulk to make us feel

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full. Fresh fruits and vegetables, peas and beans, whole wheat flour
and unrefined maize or sorghum flour give us fibre.
In the next two sections, you will learn why and how the body
uses nutrients to build the body and produce energy.

The Importance of Nutrients

The nutrients we get from the food we eat will affect the size and
shape of our body. The use of nutrients to build tissues and supply
energy at various stages of our life is explained here.
Using nutrients to build tissue
The human body consists of different types of nutrients. For
example, a person who weighs 50 kg consists of 31 kilograms of
water, 9 kg of protein, 7 kg of fat and 3 kg of minerals. Therefore,
besides water, the most important building nutrient is protein. Fat is
also important to build cells and energy stores. Some minerals are
important, for example calcium, which is necessary to build bones
and teeth, and iron which helps to build haemoglobin in the blood.

Table 1.3 shows the percentages of each of the nutrients in the

body.

How does the body use nutrients? Give examples of foods

for each type of nutrient based on your experience of your
community.
- The body uses nutrients to:
 build the body, produce fluids and repair tissues; for
example, proteins such as meat, eggs, fish, milk
 produce energy so that the body can keep alive and warm
and so it can move and grow; for example, carbohydrates
such as ‘teff’, bread, sugar and pasta
 protect the body from disease; for example, vitamins and
minerals such as ‘gommen’, oranges, carrots and bananas
 help chemical processes.
Using nutrients to build the body

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For growth: A child starts to grow as a single cell inside its mother.
The cell absorbs nutrients; it grows and divides into two cells. The
cell uses nutrients as building materials for the new cell and other
nutrients for energy to do the work of building. Each cell then
absorbs more nutrients to grow larger and divide again. The cells
continue to absorb nutrients and to grow and divide until there are
millions of cells which form different tissues such as skin, muscle
and bone. The child’s body also makes fluids such as blood, which
nourishes and protects the cells.
For pregnancy: During pregnancy, a woman needs body building
nutrients to:
 provide the baby and placenta with nutrients to grow
 increase the size of her uterus and breasts
 make more blood and stores of fat that can be mobilized
during lactation, and other nutrients.
To secrete fluids: The body has to keep making fluids such as saliva,
digestive juices, tears and breast milk because they are continually
used up.
To replace cells: Most cells live only a short time. The body must
build new cells to replace those that die. The need to replace cells
continues throughout life. Skin is a good example. The outside layer
of the skin is already dead. All the time new cells are growing under
the dead cells to replace them. When you wash and dry yourself,
you remove the dead cells.
If you wear shoes for a long time you get holes in the soles. But
if you walk without shoes, you do not get holes in your feet, because
new skin cells grow under the old cells to replace them.
To repair tissues: After injury or illness, the body makes new cells to
repair the damaged tissues.
How do nutrients help body building during pregnancy and
childhood?
 During pregnancy, nutrients:
- provide the baby and placenta with nutrients to grow
- increase the size of the mother’s uterus and breasts

- make more blood and stores of fat that can be mobilized

during lactation, and
other nutrients.
 During childhood, a child needs nutrients:

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 - to grow larger and form different tissues such as skin,
muscle, bone, and the
brain
- so their body is able to make fluids such as blood, which
nourishes and protects
the cells.
Using nutrients to produce energy
When you turn on the engine of a car, the petrol combines with
oxygen and ‘burns’ to make energy. The energy makes the car
move, and it also makes the engine warm. Similarly, the body
‘burns’ nutrients to make energy. Sometime people are surprised to
learn that nutrients are ‘burning’ inside their bodies. Nutrients do
really burn – but in a different way from a fire so that there is no fire
or smoke.
Starch, sugar and fat are made of the elements carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen. When they ‘burn’ in the cells, they combine
with oxygen from the air that we breathe in. They release energy,
and they change into carbon dioxide and water, which we breathe
out. Table 1.4 shows the different ways our body uses energy.

List some of the ways the body uses nutrients to produce energy.
Which population group in your community needs the most energy
and why?
 The body uses nutrients to produce energy to keep alive, build
and repair tissues, secrete fluids, keep warm, move and work.
The population group that needs a lot of energy is children
because they are very active (they run and play a lot) and their
energy needs, based on their body weight are high.

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Food and Nutrition: Cultural and Religions
Taboos
Within all communities there are often stories and a rich heritage of
beliefs and customs around the subject of food. Sometimes,
however, these cultural features become the cause of problems.
Within Ethiopian society some problems have been identified
including:
 Pregnancy — women do not receive enough care; the work
burden of the mothers is not alleviated.
 Breastfeeding — colostrum discarded; the newborn is forced to
swallow butter.
 Infancy/childhood — children eat last; the quality of their food is
poor.
 Women — gender bias; women eat last and only have the
leftovers.

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Nutrition, Health and Development

The health of your body depends on what you feed it on, just as
a healthy plant or anything else will grow better in rich soil and good
conditions. As you have learn in this study session, everybody needs
a variety of foods which contain enough different nutrients to keep
them alive and healthy. This means that nutrition is a foundation for
health and development. Better nutrition means stronger immune
systems, less illness and better health for people of all ages. Healthy
children learn better and grow better. Healthy people are stronger,
more productive, and better able to break cycles of poverty and
realize their full potential. The relationship between nutrition, health
and development is best described using the MDGs.
Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs)

Assess how well you have achieved its Learning Outcomes by answering the
questions below. Write and discuss your answers.

1. Mrs X tells you that her family expects her to carry on working hard, with
little food, even though she is seven months pregnant. She wants to
persuade her family to let her rest and eat more. What advice would you
give her?

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 2. How can improving the food people eat contribute to some of the
Millennium Development Goals?
3. Mrs Y’s children are underweight but she tells you that they are eating lots
of food. However you know that this is mainly carbohydrates. How can you
persuade her that the family needs to eat many different kinds of food?

Module III
ARTS AND CRAFTS
The island country of the Philippines located in the Malay
Archipelago has a diverse geography and the small islands are
house to many tribes. It is a beautiful country, no doubt with
beautiful beaches, lofty mountains, volcanoes, colorful corals and
the blessing of a lush green rainforest. The people here are friendly
and make their livelihood through various occupations among which
one deserves special mention. It is the one which involves the Arts
and Crafts in Philippines.

Every country has its own special Arts and Craft. So do Philippines
have. Every piece of art or craft produced bears the identity of the
country and makes a fine example of the artistic and creative
faculties of the people. The cultivation of art or craft requires years
of dedication and practice and is the outcome of hard work and,
more than that, love for the art on the part of the artisans.
Excellence in Arts and Crafts in a particular country comes from
within and requires some technical knowledge along with a sound
knowledge of the country’s history and culture as many a time the
replicas of famous events are portrayed through the medium of arts
and crafts.

The concept of Arts and Crafts is related to the making of objects

with the artist’s own hands, at times with the help of some
specialized instruments, skillfully blended with his or her sensitivity
and artistic sense. Many villages in Philippines are dedicated to Art
and Craft industries which not only earn tourist acclaim but are also
the sources of employment to many Filipinos. Traditional arts like
weaving, metal smith, pottery, woodcarving and gold smith are
famous all over the country and are valued both by the locals and
tourists. The valuable ornate carvings are a specialty in the southern
Philippine Islands.

There are wood carvers’ villages, metal smiths’ villages and many
others specializing in different arts and crafts. Some villagers make

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items out of shells, bamboo parts and rattan stems. The Abaca
leaves are used to make braided bowls and bins while buri is
extensively used for making hats and novelty items. Coconuts and
coconut leaves also find varied usage like making brooms, baskets
and some domestic utility products. Hand bags, jewellery made of
shells, small boxes; bamboo items and other odd things make great
souvenirs and are nice to be gifted too.

Arts

Like any other country in the world, the Philippine way of life and
the things surrounding them are in one way or another shaped by
art. And with the existence of art like music and paintings in the
Philippines, the door to yet another world has been opened to allow
visitors to enjoy a truly diversified experience of the country.

Music

It wasn't until recently that traditional Philippine music began

picking up in popularity after being restricted to ethnic minorities for
quite some time. With Western influence in their music, it is
definitely not surprising to find that many Filipino bands all over
Southeast Asia are well known for their ability to perform music
having their origin in the West. Nonetheless, more and more local
musicians are embarking on the journey of rediscovering their
cultural heritage in the field of music... With the return of the use of
traditional instruments such as bamboo flutes, wooden drums and
gongs, the Filipinos are slowly bringing old melodies back to life.
Apart from that, Philippine folk songs in the original Tagalog have
also made a comeback after Freddie Aguilar, the popular social
critic, sang Bayan KO (My Country). This song eventually became an
anthem of Marcos' rivals during the revolution of 1986.

Paintings

Visitors to the Philippines will be awed by the works of the country's

talented individuals in the art of painting. The country's two most
famous painters of the 19th century are Juan Luna and Felix Hidalgo.
The masterpiece 'Spolarium', which won a gold medal at the 1884
Madrid Exposition, is perhaps, one of Luna's best works. The mid-
20th century gave way to other internationally acclaimed artists like
Vicente Dizon, Fernando Amorsolo and Vicente Manansala.

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 Those interested in contemporary art should give the Ateneo Art
Gallery a visit. This art gallery showcases the permanent collection
of selective contemporary works by contemporary Filipino artists
and is located at Ateneo de Manila University, Loyola Heights,
Quezon City.

The Metropolitan Museum of the Philippines at Central Bank

Complex, Roxas Boulevard, Manila is a must see for those with great
interest in classical and contemporary paintings and prints from
America and Europe. Besides the exhibitions, visitors will also have
the chance to see slide shows and films almost daily at this art
gallery.

Crafts

Abaca (Musa textiles) is a tree-like herb resembling the banana

plant. Its fiber is more widely known in the export trade as Manila
hemp. It is durable and resistant and can be easily dyed in different
colors.

It is also used in the handicraft business as pulp material for

handmade paper, cordage or as fibers to be woven into ropes and
braids.

Bamboo (Bambusa spinosa) is mostly used for the furniture industry

because of its strength and durability. It is
also a valuable material for basket and hat making. It is a grass
species found throughout the
Philippines.Bamboo products that were developed by the CCAP's
designers fall under the indoor / outdoor
garden setting. Bamboos are often used in combination with sea
grass, a freshwater grass growing along rice
paddies.

Bui (Corypha elata) is the largest palm found in the Philippines. It is

one of the most important palms, next to the coconut, in terms of
economic and industrial importance. The buri leaf is the most
versatile material used in handicraft industry. It is used for making
hats, boxes and other novelty items. It can be easily dyed and
woven nto many shapes.

Buri split used in combination with Rattan poles and Tilob fibers is
another by-product of the diverse ways of processing the buri palm
into materials for the handicraft industry. It comes from the main
stalk of the palm where fronds of the buri are attached. These stalks

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 are stripped and split into 3mm thickness and bleached to a creamy
finish.

The application of lacquer further enhances the beauty of this

material. CCAP considers these products as classic, generating
regular orders for more than a decade since they were first
introduced.

Kalas is a derivative of the buri palm. Locally, the term "kalas"

means "to loosen" and refers to the loosened
strands of a buri rope. When woven, kalas creates an interesting,
rustic pattern with distinct characteristics from
its original material.

Caragumoy (Pandanus simplex) is a variety of screw pine

distributed mostly in the inlands of Luzon and the Visayas Island. It
is greenish grey in color as it dries and is used traditionally for
making mats, hats, bags and baskets.

Pandan-Dagat (Pandanus tectorius) is a variety of screwpine

which grows abundantly along seashores of the Philippines. It is
made into hats and mats and has evolved to be a favored material
for cushions and canisters.

Coconut (Cocos nucifera) probably is the most utilized palm in the

Philippines. The coconut leaf sticks are used primarily in the
handicraft industry as a material for coarse brooms (tingting) and
baskets. It can be dyed easily and formed into interesting products
in combination with other materials.

Rattan (Calamus maximus) is the most versatile material used in

the craft industry. It is the general name for all
climbing palms. It is used to make furniture and small accessories,
mostly baskets. Rattan stems can be split
and formed into various shapes and can be dyed, stained, bleached,
etc. CCAP's classic products include these baskets made of rattan
splits with stained finishing.

Sea grass (Rhynchospora corymbosa) is coarse sedge, about 1

meter in height. The stems are distinctly
triangular, and the leaves are broad and long. It abounds in the
marshlands and rice paddies of southern Luzon.
It grows well in irrigated lands, as when a rice paddy is left for
fallowing. CCAP developed this sea grass into
containers with lids, cushions for the floor and sofa, carry-all bags as
well as placements and bowls.

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Quezon products are mostly vines, barks and twigs representative
of rich resources that abound in this
province. Materials are cleverly woven, mixed and matched to
capture the "Rustic Look" of the handicraft
industry. CCAP maintains a host of suppliers from this province.

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Module IV
INTERIOR DESIGN
Interior designing is considered to be one the leading industry in
designing. The youth today are looking for a job that involves
creativity and skills that they possess. The passion to enhance their
skill pushes them towards the designing industry, one of which is
interior designing.
Interior designing is not just a creative course, people take it up for
their passion of beautifying spaces and make homes a better place
to live. Interior designers get more than just money for completing
their job. They get to smile seeing the happy faces of their clients.
When the interiors come out as the client had expected or even
better than what they wanted, the happiness on their face is a lot
more than just money which you get.
Interior Designing is a very complex industry to work in, which
requires a lot of skills and creativity. An interior designer must have
the experience to choose the right colour or fabric for decor as
required for the design. There are many fundamental skills required
to become an interior designer. And we have made a list of those
fundamentals to make it easy for you to decide.

Fundamentals of Interior Design

The fundamentals are the rules that an interior designer must follow
to create an effective and beautiful design for the clients. The rules
are given as the base ground or the foundation of interior designing.
This list of five fundamentals will provide you the base information
about interior design.

Human Perception
The basics of human perception – from visual perception to hearing,
tactility, temperature, and taste and smell – and how it influences
choices made by the interior designer to create interiors pleasing on
every level. A good interior environment is not just for visual
satisfaction. When we are in an interior environment, all senses are
at work. Many factors shape the perception process such as
psychology, socio-economic differences, memory, expectations,
learning, and attention. The focus of interior design is to use interior
elements, furniture, and other design tools to create a unique space
that meets the physical and psychological needs of those who will

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live there. Principles of design are often used to unify and assemble
the elements of design by applying five universally accepted
concepts.

Interior Design Elements

In the world of interior design, there are 7 elements of design that
guide experts and novices alike. They are SPACE, LINE, LIGHT,
COLOR, FORM, TEXTURE AND PATTERN.
1. Space
The first and most important element of interior design is space.
Space is what a blank canvas is to an artist. Without understanding
the basic dimensions and form of the canvas, an artist cannot
commence on a piece of artwork. This is why you will always find an
interior designer equipped with a measuring tape. A starting point in
interior design is to get a sense of the dimensions of a space. The
overall square footage, the height and width of the walls, the
placement of doors and windows and so on.
If you are just beginning to consider home décor ideas, there are
two important concepts of space you must familiarise yourself with –
POSTIVE SPACE and NEGATIVE SPACE.
 Postive space in interior design is all the space that is
occupied by objects – think, furniture, floor lamps, plants,
rugs and so on.
 Negative space in interior design is therefore the opposite –
it is all the space between these objects that is purposefully
left empty so you can comfortably get around a room.
An interior designer will always work on creating a balance between
the positive and negative spaces in a room.
An imbalance of the two can create a discord in the overall design of
a space. For example, leave too much negative space in a room and
it will feel sparse, empty, unfurnished and therefore a bit
impersonal. On the other hand, fill up a room with too much
furniture and too many objects and it will feel cluttered, messy and
overcrowded.

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 2. Line
The next building block in the elements of design is line. A line in
interior design speak is seen in both the actual structure of a room
as well as all of the room’s objects, such as a table. Lines can be
used strategically to draw the eyes in whichever direction they run.
Vertical lines can be employed to make the room feel taller whereas
horizontal lines will make a room feel wider.
The most significant vertical lines to consider in a room are that of
the doors and windows. Horizontal lines are also used to create a
sense of stability in a room – think of a dining table or a chest of
drawers as the guiding line in the room and then place all the other
objects in line with these anchoring objects in the room.
3. Light
There is a reason why the term “mood lighting” often creeps up in
conversations about interior design and it is because light is a
powerful tool that can influence our mood, our feelings and to an
extent, it even influences our physiology. When we look at light as
one of the elements of design, we consider both the natural light
and the artificial lighting of a space.

There are ways to manipulate and make the most of both these
sources of light in a room. Natural light plays a big part in making a
space feel warm, safe and happy but when it isn’t filtered properly it
can feel harsh and even make a room actually hotter. While we
cannot directly control the natural daylight coming into a space, we
can minimise or maximise it by the use of skylights, floor-to-ceiling
windows and even furnishings for windows like blinds and curtains.
Artificial lighting is more complex and is broadly characterised in the
following terms:
 Ambient lighting is all the light you actually want in a space,
it is the starting point of light in a room. All the big, main
lights that form the background light of a room will dictate all
the other sources of the light in the room after natural
sunlight.
 Accent lighting in home décor ideas is any light that is used
to accentuate a specific part of a room or bring focus to a
specific object such as a piece of art. An accent light can also
be a chandelier or a statement lamp itself.

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  Task lighting is designed keeping in mind a specific task at
hand, for instance a table lamp for a study desk or bright
lights required for cooking in a kitchen.
4. Color
Just like light, colour is another one of the most important elements
of design not only because it can set the mood and tone of a space
but also because it can make a room feel more spacious or more
snug depending on the end goal of your interior design.
When it comes to home décor ideas, choosing the right colour for a
space can be daunting but there are two most important things to
keep in mind before you start colour hunting. The first is the overall
size of the space you intend to work with – the smaller the space,
the brighter the room should be and as the space gets larger, there
is more scope to play with darker shades.
5. Form
Form when studied as one of the elements of design is shape by
another word. In interior design, form includes the actual shape of
the space as well as all the shapes of the furniture and objects used
to fill up the space.
When it comes to home décor ideas, you can see shapes as
geometric shapes or natural shapes. Largely, geometric shapes are
constructed, like furniture whereas natural shapes are more organic,
like plants.
6. Texture
The last two elements of design: texture and pattern are most
helpful for homeowners looking for home décor ideas. Think of them
as layers which can be used to decorate, accentuate and elevate
spaces.

Texture in interior design can come from the texture of a wall

(smooth, matte, glossy), the upholstery used (plush like velvet, soft
as satin) and even the flooring (marble or concrete). Wallpapers and
wall coverings are another way to infuse texture into a space, it can
also be used to create the illusion of depth where required.
7. Pattern
Patterns can be defined as a repetitive decorative element. They
can be geometric, abstract, floral and more. Patterns in interior
design are used to infuse energy and playfulness to a space. These

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days everything from wooden floors to wallpapers come in a
dizzying array of patterns. An easier, commitment-free way to
introduce patterns into a space is through a piece of art or an area
rug, perhaps even decorative items such as patterned cushion
covers.

Interior Design Principles

A combination of these key principles is present in all well-designed
interior spaces. If you incorporate each of the principles into your
home’s design scheme, you can create a beautiful interior that rivals
professionals.
1. Emphasis
When you are making a design for your client, the first thing you ask
yourself is what your client needs or what the client would like.
Weather, it is the colour you are going to put on the walls or the
placements of things in the room or the efficient cost-cutting you
can do in the process of designing. Make a proper outline of what is
more important in your designing criteria. This will make it easy to
design and save a lot of time. This process of making the outline or
a proper structure of what you need to know before starting the
design is the emphasis.
2. Balance
As we know balance is the even distribution of weight on both sides
so that everything does not fall apart. The same way, in interior
designing balance is the key to have a great designing experience.
Among all the principles of interior design, this is considered to be
the most important aspect. If we achieve the right balance in the
space of the room, for instance, if we divide the space into two
exact parts and then start to work on the design. This will give you
the right idea of what can be placed in that available space. There
are a few designers who prefer to divide the room into four parts as
they believe every corner of the house is different and needs to be
treated differently. So, they first divide the room into four and then
decide the design and things to put in the room.
3. Contrast
Contrast adds up to the looks of the room and helps in the visual
expansion of the room. If we put the right contrast of colors in the
room the size of the room automatically looks bigger than it really
is. This is because of the optical illusion created with the contrast in
the room. Contrast can be of many types, colour contrast, pattern
contrast, space contrast or even the decor create a contrasting
design in the room.

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 4. Rhythm
Everyone knows rhythm in the terms of music, where the beat
words and even stanzas are connected directly. If there is a
disturbance in even one part of the process the whole song will
sound bad. In the same way, even though we never notice in detail,
everything used in interior designing is interconnected to each
other. All the fundamentals of contrast, emphasis and even balance
are related to each other. Even if we miss one of the fundamentals
the whole process of designing goes down, as we can’t get the best
of the design.
So, rhythm is everything we work with, it is the next important
aspect of interior designing and must be taken care of while
designing.
5. Details
Interior designing is a creative industry, it needs a lot of creative
thinking to achieve the right design for the building. To achieve the
right design, the designer must put in maximum details to make the
room look unique and comfortable to live in. For this, the designer
must put a lot of brains in the designing process. If the details that
you put in the room, match the contrast of the room, then it will add
life to the space. This will make the area look bigger in size yet
beautifully placed with accessories.
6. Unity
Unity, continuity, and harmony are necessary to link all interior
spaces. Using various disparate styles throughout a home results in
visual interruptions as you travel from one area to another. Each of
your interior spaces should work together to create a unified whole.
Use similar design elements to unify your decorating scheme. For
instance, painting each room a different color can be jarring.
However, if you unify the spaces by using a limited palette of
complementary colors, you will create visual flow and harmony.
7. Scale and Proportion
Have you ever been in a large room where the furniture feels
dwarfed by the space or a small room where the furniture
overpowers the space? If so, you understand the importance of
scale. Scale relates to the size of objects within a space.
Proportion, on the other hand, refers to the size of one object to
another. For instance, you have a large, overstuffed chair, and next
to it, you place a diminutive side table. The proportions of the items
are all wrong. A dainty slipper chair with the side table makes much
more visual sense.

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Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs)
Answer and explain each of the following questions below.
1. Why is human perception (5 senses) necessary in design?
2. What are the design elements and principles of interior
design?
3. Are they (design elements and principles) a building block for
successful designs?

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Module V
FOOD SERVICES

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Module VI
CONSUMER EDUCATION
Consumer education is the process for gaining satisfaction through
the considered use of personal and environmental resources. It
promotes the development of a system for handling the continuous
flow of consumer information while building consumer skills,
principles, and understandings. At the same time, it assists the
individual in his translation of past experiences into generalizations
for future application. Its worth must be measured in terms of its
contributions to the improved well-being of present and future
generations.
Consumer Education aims to encourage individuals to analyse and
make valuebased decisions at a personal level in terms of needs
and wants. It can also help individuals to make decisions which may
be concerned with the wider community. It is the transferability of
skills conferred by consumer education that sets it apart from
consumer information – enabling people to use consumer
information, so that they ultimately make informed decisions.

Consumer Education Philosophies: The

Relationship Between Education and
Consumption
https://www.pedocs.de/volltexte/2014/9446/pdf/ZEP_2011_4_McGregor_Consumer
_Education_Philosophies.pdf

Educational Philosophies Applied to

Consumer Education
https://www.studypool.com/documents/5508213/consumer-
education-philosophies-the-relationship-between-education-and-
consumption

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References:
Technology & Livelihood Education for Sustainable Development By
Dr. Florida C. Leuterio Published by St. Augustine Publications, Inc.,
pp. 50 – 109
https://www.fnri.dost.gov.ph/index.php/24-publications/nutritional-
handbooks/68-nutritional-handbooks
http://www.fao.org/nutrition/education/food-dietary
guidelines/regions/countries/philippines/en/
https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/MajorCrops10-14.pdf
https://www.open.edu/openlearncreate/mod/oucontent/view.php?
id=314&printable=1
https://alaskaindigenous.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/human-
behavior-and-the-interior-environment2.pdf
https://www.beautifulhomes.com/magazine/home-decor-
advice/guides-and-how-to-s/the-7-elements-of-design-and-how-to-
use-them-in-your-home-interiors.html
https://www.hamstech.com/fundamentals-of-interior-designing
https://dengarden.com/interior-design/Seven-Principles-of-Interior-
Design
https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED095270.pdf

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