Understanding

Probability
Prepared by: Mr. Renz A. Tapinit and Mr. Renell M. Esquivel
 Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

• Recall probability;
• Define experiment, sample space, event; and,
• Solves real-life example involving probabilities.
What is Probability?
✓ is simply a numerical description of likely is something
to happen. Probability can range from 0 to 1, where 0
means the event to be an impossible one and 1
indicates a certain event.

Example:
In a lottery in which you pick 6 numbers from a possible pool of 49
numbers, your chances of winning the jackpot are 1 in 13,983,816.
 01
Probability Terms and Definition
Experiment
● is any activity performed wherein we
arrived at a desirable outcome.

● a series of actions where the

outcomes are always uncertain.
(trial)
Sample Space (S)
● is the set of all possible outcomes to
occur in any trial.

Example: Tossing a coin, the sample

space (S) = {H, T}
Event
● is a subset of a sample space.

● it is a single outcome of an
experiment.
Probability of a Simple Event
● A simple event is an event with a single
outcome.

𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒

𝑃 𝐸 =
𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒
 02
Illustrative Examples
Illustrative Examples
1. What is the probability of rolling a 3 on a die?

𝒏𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒂𝒗𝒐𝒓𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆 1

𝑷 𝑬 =
𝒏𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆
𝑃 3 =
6

2. Getting an even number?

3 1
𝑃 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 𝑜𝑟
6 2
3. Getting a zero?
0
𝑃 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 = 𝑜𝑟 0
6
2. What is the probability of drawing an ace from a
standard deck of cards?

4 1
𝑃 𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠 = 52 or 13
3. What is the probability of getting a head in tossing a
coin?

1
𝑃 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 = 𝑜𝑟 50%
2
Application of
Probability of
Simple Events
 Real-life examples involving Probability of
simple events
A survey was conducted to determine student’s favorite brand
of sneakers. Each students chose only one brand from the list of
brands A, B, C, D and E.
Brand A B C D E
Number of
12 15 24 26 13
Students

What is the probability that a students’ favorite sneakers is

brand B?
 Real-life examples involving Probability of
simple events
A survey was conducted to determine student’s favorite brand of sneakers. Each students chose
only one brand from the list of brands A, B, C, D and E. What is the probability that a students’
favorite sneakers is brand B?
Brand A B C D E
Number of
12 15 24 26 13
Students

𝒏𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒂𝒗𝒐𝒓𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆

15
𝑷 𝑬 = 𝑃 𝐺𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 =
𝒏𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆 12 + 15 + 24 + 26 + 13
15
𝑃 𝐺𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 =
90
𝟏
𝑷 𝑮𝒆𝒕𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩 = 𝒐𝒓 𝟏𝟔. 𝟔𝟕%
𝟔
 Real-life examples involving Probability of
simple events
A survey was conducted to determine student’s favorite brand of sneakers. Each students chose
only one brand from the list of brands A, B, C, D and E. What is the probability that a students’
favorite sneakers is brand D?
Brand A B C D E
Number of
12 15 24 26 13
Students
26
𝑃 𝐺𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 =
12 + 15 + 24 + 26 + 13
26
𝑃 𝐺𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 =
90
𝟏𝟑
𝑷 𝑮𝒆𝒕𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩 = 𝒐𝒓 𝟐𝟖. 𝟖𝟗%
𝟒𝟓
Exploring Random
Variable
Random Variable
A random variable is a numerical quantity that is assigned to
the outcome of an experiment. It is a variable that assumes
numerical values associated with the events of an
experiment.

We can use capital letters to represent a random variable.

Example 1: Values of Random Variable
Tossing a Coin

Suppose two coins are tossed and we are interested to

determine the number of heads that will come out. Let us
use H to represent the number of heads that will come out.
Determine the values of the random variable H.
Solution:
STEP 1: List the sample space of the experiment.
𝑆 = {𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝑇}
STEP 2: Count the number of heads in each outcome and assign
this number to this outcome.
Outcome Value of H
HH 2
HT 1
TH 1
TT 0

The values of random variable H in this experiment

are 0,1,2. In symbol, 𝑯 = {𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐}
 Example 2: Values of Random Variable
A basket contains 10 ripe and 4 unripe bananas. If three bananas are
taken from the basket one after the other, determine the possible
values of the random variable R representing the number of ripe
bananas.
Solution:
STEP 1: List the sample space of the experiment. Let R represent the ripe
bananas and let U represent the unripe bananas.

𝑺 = {𝑹𝑹𝑹, 𝑹𝑹𝑼, 𝑹𝑼𝑹, 𝑹𝑼𝑼, 𝑼𝑹𝑹, 𝑼𝑹𝑼, 𝑼𝑼𝑹, 𝑼𝑼𝑼}

Example 2: Values of Random Variable
Solution:
STEP 2: Count the number of ripe bananas (R) in each outcome and assign this
number to this outcome. Outcome Value of R
RRR 3
RRU 2
RUR 2
RUU 1
URR 2
URU 1
UUR 1
UUU 0

The values of random variable R in this experiment are 0,1,2,3.

In symbol 𝑹 = {𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑}
 Discrete and
Continuous
Random Variable
 Discrete Continuous
Random Variable Random Variable
A discrete random variable is A continuous random variable can
one that can assume only a assume infinite number of values
countable number of values. in one or more intervals. A
It is a random variable whose continuous random variable is
possible values form a finite generated from an experiment in
or countable set of numbers. which things are measurable.

COUNT MEASURE
 Discrete Continuous
Random Variable Random Variable
➢ Purchasing a ticket ➢ Time
➢ No. of students in the classroom ➢ Temperature
➢ Text messages sent ➢ Weight
➢ Book pages ➢ Distance
➢ Height

COUNT MEASURE
 Discrete Vs Continuous
Try this: Say if it is a discrete random variable or continuous random variable.

1. Voltage of radio batteries. CONTINUOUS

2. Number of soldiers in the troop. DISCRETE
3. Number of rotten tomatoes in the basket. DISCRETE
4. Number of defective flashlights. DISCRETE
5. Lifetime of lightbulbs in a minutes. CONTINUOUS
6. Length of wire ropes. CONTINUOUS
7. Number of pencils in a box. DISCRETE
 SEATWORK 1:
A. Determine the values of the random variable in each of the following situations.
1. Four coins are tossed. Let T be the number of tails that occurs. Determine
the values of the random variable T.
2. A meeting of consuls was attended by 4 Americans and 2 Germans. If three
consuls were selected at random one after the other, determine the values of
the random variable G representing the number of Germans.
B. Write ESOPHAGUS if it is discrete and write PANTOG if it is continuous.

1. Weight of a suitcase
2. Emergency calls in an hour
3. Time taken to extinguish a fire
4. Number of your campus crush
5. Amount of antibiotics in the vial.
 PERFORMANCE TASK:
DATA ANALYSIS PROJECT: (30 pts.)
Following the template below, supply the data information by interviewing/asking 20 of your
classmates/neighbors of different age. Write your output on a short bond paper (printed). The
performance task is graded using the rubrics below. This activity is by pair.

No. of
No. of Height Weight Body No. of
Name Sex Age siblings
hours. Signature
(cm) (kg) Temp. pets
(sleeping)
1.

20.
 PERFORMANCE TASK:
Identify the variables as Discrete or Continuous.
1. Sex
2. Age
3. No. of Siblings
4. Height
5. Weight
6. Body Temperature
7. No. of Pets
8. No. of hours sleeping
 PERFORMANCE TASK:
Rubrics:
Needs
Unsatisfactorily Satisfactorily Exemplary
Improvement
( 0 point) (7 points) (10 points)
(5 points)

Survey Surveyed 0-5 Surveyed 6-12 Surveyed 13-19 100% survey

Completeness people only people only people only completed

0-25% data 26-50% data 51-75% data 76-100% data

Data Accuracy
accuracy accuracy accuracy accuracy

0-25% data 26-50% data 51-75% data 76-100% data

Neatness
neatness neatness neatness neatness
Thank you
for listening!
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