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Moles

The document discusses stoichiometry and moles, including chemical formulae, molecular formulae, structural formulae, deducing formulae by valency, empirical formulae, ionic chemical equations, and balancing chemical equations. It provides examples of different types of chemical formulae and explains how to deduce and balance chemical equations.

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Arhum Kidwai
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17 views35 pages

Moles

The document discusses stoichiometry and moles, including chemical formulae, molecular formulae, structural formulae, deducing formulae by valency, empirical formulae, ionic chemical equations, and balancing chemical equations. It provides examples of different types of chemical formulae and explains how to deduce and balance chemical equations.

Uploaded by

Arhum Kidwai
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Stoichiometry and Moles

FORMULAE
Element symbols:
• Each element is represented by its own unique
symbol as seen on the Periodic Table
• E.g. H is hydrogen
• Where a symbol contains two letters, the first one
is always in capital letters and the other is small
• E.g. sodium is Na, not NA
• Atoms combine together in fixed ratios that will
give them full outer shells of electrons
Chemical formulae
The chemical formula tells you the ratio of
atoms
E.g. H2O is a compound containing 2 hydrogen
atoms which combine with 1 oxygen atom
The chemical formula can be deduced from the
relative number of atoms present
E.g. If a molecule contains 3 atoms of hydrogen
and 1 atom of nitrogen then the formula would
be NH3
• Diagrams or models can also be used to
represent the chemical formula
Molecular formula
• The molecular formula tells you the actual
number of atoms of each element in one
molecule of the compound or element
• E.g. H2 has 2 hydrogen atoms, HCl has 1
hydrogen atom and 1 chlorine atom
Structural Formulae
• The structural formula tells you the way in which
the atoms in a particular molecule are bonded
• This can be done by either a diagram (displayed
formula) or written (simplified structural formula)
Deducing formulae by valency

• The concept of valency is used to deduce the formulae of compounds (either


molecular compounds or ionic compounds)
• Valency or combining power tells you how many bonds an atom can make with
another atom or how many electrons its atoms lose, gain or share, to form a
compound
• E.g. carbon is in Group IV so a single carbon atom can make 4 single bonds or 2
double bonds
• The following valencies apply to elements in each group:
What is the formula of aluminium
sulfide?
Empirical formula
• The empirical formula of a compound is the
simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each
element in the compound. It is determined
using data from experiments and therefore
empirical.
Ionic Chemical Equations
• An ionic equation shows the ions that take part in a reaction.. Example
• An example of an ionic chemical equation is provided below.

• Comparing the reactants and the products of the ionic equation and the chemical equation, it can
be observed that the Ca2+ (calcium ion) and the NO3– (nitrate) ions are present on both sides of
the ionic equation. These ions are referred to as spectator ions because they do not participate in
the chemical reaction.

• The net ionic equation for the example above can be written by removing the spectator ions and
writing only the reaction between the participating ions, as shown below.

• 2Cl– + 2Ag+ → 2AgCl↓

• This ionic chemical equation can be interpreted as follows – two chloride ions originating from
calcium chloride react with two silver cations originating from silver nitrate, forming a precipitate
of silver chloride as the product.
Why is it crucial to balance a chemical
equation?
It is important to balance chemical
equations to fulfil the law of
conservation of mass.
It states that mass can neither be
created nor destroyed.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RPYYmmwH9dc
Practice Questions
• Write down balanced chemical equations
with state symbols
Zinc+oxygen Zinc oxide
Potassium+water Potassium hydroxide+Hydrogen
Calcium carbonate Calcium oxide+Carbondioxide

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