TITLE OF THE PROJECT REPORT TO BE

SUBMITTED BY THE CANDIDATE

A Seminar Report submitted to
Dr. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, LONERE

of

F. Y. B. TECH
in
Electrical And Computer Engineering
by

Patil sourabh Gajanan

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Mrs.S.S.Patil

PADMABHOOSHAN VASANTRAODADA PATIL

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BUDHGAON

2023-24

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 PADMABHOOSHAN VASANTRAODADA PATIL INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGY, BUDHGAON

Department of Electrical And Computer Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the seminar report entitled

Hydroelectric Power Generation Plant

submitted by
Patil sourabh Gajanan (1532)

of F. Y. B.Tech Electrical And Computer Engineering to Dr.

BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY,
LONERE, is a seminar
work carried out by him.

MRS. S .S. Patil Prof. Dr.Anushka .A. Patil Prof. Dr.B.S. Patil

Guide Head of Department Principal

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

During the selection of topic “Hydro Electric Power Plant”.

The helps we received from our professr,family , and friends
is invalueable and we are forever indebate to them.

We would first like to express our gratitude to

our“Principle Prof.Dr.B.S.patil”our”HOD Dr.A.A.Patil”
and our”Seminar Guide” Mrs.S.S.Patil” for their immense
support, suggestion,encouragement and interest in our micro
project work without their invalueable suggestion our project
selection would be incomplete.

Roll no: 1532

NAME- Patil sourabh Gajanan

PRN- 23062691926022

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 ABSTRACT


In the generation of hydroelectric
power, water is collected or stored at a
higher elevation and led downward through
large pipes or tunnels (penstocks) to a lower
elevation; the difference in these two
elevations is known as the head. At the end
of its passage down the pipes, the falling
water causes turbines to rotate.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

DESCRIPTION

 ABSTRACT

 TABLE OF CONTENTS
 LIST OF FIGURES
 INTRODUCTION

 SITE SELECTION OF HYDRO POWER PLANT

 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF HYDRO ELECTRIC
POWER PLANT
 GENERAL LAYOUT OF HYDRO ELECTRIC
POWER PLANT
 MAIN EQUIPMENT HYDRO ELECTRIC
POWER PLANT
 INTRODUCTION
 ADVANTAGES
 DISADVANTAGE
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES

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 LIST OF FIGURES

SR.NO TITLE PAGE NUMBER

1.1 Hydro Electric Power Plant 12

1.2 Surge Tank 13

1.3 Reservoir 14

1.4 Dam 15
1.5 Penstock 17
1.6 Turbine 18

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 REPORT

HYDROELECTRIC POWER GENERATION PLANT

PRESENTED BY
- Patil sourabh Gajanan

8|Page
INTRODUCTION

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  SITE SELECTION OF HYDRO POWER PLANT

 WATER AVAILABILITY

The dam stores lots of water behind it in the reservoir. Near the bottom of
the dam wall there is the water intake. Gravity causes it to fall through the
penstock inside the dam. At the end of the penstock there is a turbine
propeller, which is turned by the moving water.

 WATER STORAGE

A pumped storage plant is a hydropower plant with two reservoirs

separated in height. To store energy, water is pumped from the
lower reservoir into the upper. This energy can be released again by
allowing it to fall through a turbine and back into the lower
reservoir

 DISTANCE FROM LOAD RESISTANCE

Due to negative and positive water hammer during sudden changes in

water flow, it is essential to attend to these plant & equipment very
carefully. It is very important to regularly test operation of conduit
isolation system/equipment i.e. intake gates, butterfly valves, excess
flow device, surge equipment etc.

 GEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

The most commonly selected characteristics were that hydropower is a

renewable energy source (66.5%), that it can provide multiple water
services (55.2%) and that it is a sustainable energy source (39.2%).
12 Feb 2016

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  WATER HEAD OF ASSESBILITY

Head is the height difference between where the water enters the hydro
system and where it leaves it. What is head? Head is the height
difference between where the water enters into the hydro system and
where it leaves it, measured in metres.

 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF HYDRO ELECTRIC

POWER PLANT

In a large amount of water is available or you can say a river. The

water is being stored in the reservoir which is in the form of potential
energy. With the use of the control gate, the water is being released
and water starts flowing into the penstock. Here two components
are attached 1. Surge tank, Valve, and Nozzle.

[Potential Energy to Kinetic Energy to Mechanical Energy to

Electrical Energy]

Initially, the valve is closed. But when the water reaches up to the
max level that can create high pressure then we on the valves. The
water with high pressure starts flowing and strikes to the turbine
blades through the nozzle.

rotating. So till now, we observed the water which is having PE is

now converting into KE. The turbine blades start

In the turbine blade, an electric motor is attached to the turbine

shafts. So rotation of turbine blades also rotates the turbine shafts,
which also rotates the electric motor. Hence Kinematic energy into
mechanical energy and then further it is converted into electric
energy.

The energy generated is sent to the powerhouse, Transformer, and

Transmission line.
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The water which is rotating the turbine blades is now sent to the
river via a tailrace.

The hydropower plant is constructed to store the water in a large

amount. When the water reaches up to the max level then it is being
released which also causes the flood in some area (due to sudden
release of water).

 GENERAL LAYOUT OF HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER

PLANT

fig 1.1]Hydro electric power plant

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Surge tanks are typically constructed as large, reinforced concrete
structures located near the powerhouse or at strategic points along the
penstock. They may feature control valves or other mechanisms to regulate
the flow of water in and out of the tank. By dampening pressure surges and
water hammer effects, surge tanks help ensure the reliable and efficient
operation of hydro power plants.

RESERVOIR

Fig[ 1.3] Reservoir

reservoir, in the context of a hydro power plant, is a large artificial lake

or pond created by constructing a dam across a river or stream. It
serves as a storage facility for water that is used to generate
electricity. Reservoirs are essential components of hydroelectric
systems as they allow for the regulation and control of water flow,
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 ensuring a steady supply of water to the turbines, especially during
periods of peak electricity demand. Additionally, reservoirs can
provide other benefits such as flood control, irrigation, and
recreational activities like boating and fishing. However, the
construction of reservoirs can also have environmental impacts,
including changes to local ecosystems and displacement of
communitie

DAM

Fig [1.4] dam

The dam of a hydro power plant is a critical component of the facility,

serving multiple functions essential for electricity generation. Here's an
overview:

1. Reservoir Formation: The primary purpose of the dam is to create a

reservoir by impounding water in the river or stream. This reservoir serves
as a large storage area for water that will be used to generate electricity.
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2. Water Regulation: The dam controls the flow of water, allowing
operators to regulate the volume and timing of water released downstream.
This regulation is crucial for maintaining a consistent supply of water to
the turbines, optimizing electricity generation.

3. Pressure Generation: By creating a height difference between the water

level behind the dam and the turbines below, the dam generates hydraulic
pressure. This pressure is utilized to drive the turbines, converting the
energy of flowing water into mechanical energy.

4. Flood Control: In addition to power generation, dams also provide flood

control benefits by regulating the flow of water during periods of heavy
rainfall or snowmelt. By storing excess water in the reservoir and releasing
it in a controlled manner, dams help mitigate the risk of downstream
flooding.

5. Stability and Safety: Dams are engineered to withstand the forces

exerted by the impounded water and the surrounding environment. They
are designed with features such as spillways, outlets, and monitoring
systems to ensure stability and safety.

Overall, the dam plays a crucial role in the operation and functionality of a
hydr sustainable generatie Ludema lant, enabling efficient and ity from
renewable

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 PENSTOCK

Fig [1.5] penstock

Penstocks are pipes ar lang channels that carry water dewn from the
hydroelectric reservel to the turbines Inside the actual power statlen.
Generally, they are made of steel and water under high pressure flows
through the penstack. They are a vital cempanent of a hydroelectric facility
that allaws water to move to the turbine, Grates or Filters can be attached
to the ends of penstacks to trap large debris such as branches. This ensures
that debris connet enter the channel and black it.

The amount of water that is allowed to flew through the penstock can be
controlled with a sluice, which is simply a gate that can be ralsed and
swered to Increase er decrease the amount of water allowed to flaw
through. When the slulce is fully open, water flows freely down through
the penstack. Hawever, when it is closed slightly there is a limitation ta
how much water can flow, and thus less water enters the pensteck.

It is Impertant to be able to control the amount of water that can enter the
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penstack fer a number of reasons, mainly because it allews people to
regulate the amount of water that exits the penstecks at the other end.
During dry seasons, penstacks are generally alleved to be wide open to
allow water through, while they are clesed partially during wet se asens to
prevent fløeding. Cantainment pends are generally bullt before the entrance
to the pensteck ta held water that isn't being let through the penstack. If
these were net constructed, the water bulld-up would put additional
pressure on the sluice. As well, the ability to close off the penstacks
ensures that they can be regularly Inspected, serviced, and repaired. The
penstacks generally require regular cleanings to remove debris. During
these cleanings, holes, cracks, and ether problems can be discovered and
fixed. This helps prevent catastrophic dam fallures

TURBINE

Fig [ 1.6] Turbine

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Hydro turbines are devices used in hydroelectric generation plants that
transfer the energy from moving water te a rotating shaft te generate
electricity. These turbines rotate er spin as a respense te water being
introduced to their blades. These turbines are essential In the area of
hydropower the process of generating pewer from water.

Generally, the constructian of turbines is the same. A row of blades is fitted

to some ratating shaft er plate. Water is then passed through the turbine
over the blades, causing the Inner shaft ta ratate. This rotational metlan is
then transferred to a generater where electricity is generated. There are a
variety of different types of turbines that are best used in different
situatians. Each type of turbine is created te previde maximum output for
the situatien it is used in.

The type of turbine selected før any given hydrspøver project is based on
the height and speed of the Incoming water-known as the hydraulic head
and the volume of water that flows known as the hydroelectric discharge.
Efficiency and cost are alse factors to be considered.

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 ADVANTAGES
 Running charges are very small as because water is freely
available.
 Low maintenance cost.
 Construction is simple.
 It has a longer life time.
 It doesn't need longer starting time. It start instantly.
 Sustainable
 Fuel is not Required

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 Disadvantages

 High capital cost.

 At the time of installation highly skill worker is required.
 Require huge amount of water all the time.
 Transmission cost is high.
 Workers are required .

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 Conclusion
In conclusion, hydroelectric power plants do not require fuel because they
generate electricity by harnessing the energy of flowing water. This makes
them a clean and sustainable energy source, as they rely on the natural
movement of water rather than consuming finite resources like fossil fuels.
Additionally, once the infrastructure is in place, operating costs are
relatively low, making hydroelectric power a cost-effective and
environmentally friendly option for electricity generation.
 REFERENCES

[1]https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/.

[2] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360839120_A_review_on_hydro_power_plants_and_turbines

[3] https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/698_2020_635

[4] https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10158597

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