0% found this document useful (0 votes)
51 views26 pages

Chapter 4 Application of Derivative II

Uploaded by

priyabunma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
51 views26 pages

Chapter 4 Application of Derivative II

Uploaded by

priyabunma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 26

XBCS1013 CALCULUS

Chapter 4:
Application of Derivative
Part 2

Hemavathi Ramulu
Department of Computing
School of Computing & Creative Media
KDU University College
Outline
 Optimization problems
 Linear approximation and differentials
Optimization
To find the maximum (or minimum) value of a function:

1. Understand the Problem.


2. Develop a Mathematical Model.
3. Graph the Function.
4. Identify Critical Points and Endpoints.
5. Solve the Mathematical Model.
6. Interpret the Solution.
Optimization : Example 1
What dimensions for a one liter cylindrical can will use
the least amount of material?

We can minimize the material by minimizing the area.


1000
We need another 1000   r h
2 A  2 r  2 r  2
2

equation that relates r


r and h: 1000
h
V   r 2h r 2
2000
A  2 r 2  2 rh A  2 r 
2

1 L  1000 cm  3 r
2000
area of
ends
lateral
area
A  4 r  2
r
Optimization
A  2 r 2  2 rh 2000
V r h
2
area of lateral 2
 4 r
1 L  1000 cm3
 ends area
1000
r
2000  4 r 3
A  2 r  2 r  2
2
1000   r 2 h r 500
1000  r3
h A  2 r 
2000
2 
r 2
r
1000 500
h 2000 r 3
  5.42  A  4 r  2 
2

r
h  10.83 cm 2000
0  4 r  2 r  5.42 cm
r
Optimization : Example 2
Find the radius and height of
the right-circular cylinder of
largest volume that can be 10 in
inscribed in a right-circular r
cone with radius 6 in. and
h
height 10 in.

6 in
Optimization
The formula for the volume of
the cylinder is V   r 2 h

To eliminate one variable, we 10 in


need to find a relationship r
between r and h.
h
10  h 10
10-h 
r
r 6
10
5
h h  10  r
6
3
6 in
Optimization

V  r h 2

 5  5 3
V   r 10  r   10 r   r
2 2 10 in

 3  3 r

dV
 20 r  5 r 2 h

dr
0  5 r (4  r )
r  0, r  4 6 in
Optimization

Check critical points and endpoints.


• r = 0, V = 0 10 in
• r = 4 V = 160/3 r
• r=6 V=0
h
The cylinder will have a
maximum volume when
r = 4 in. and h = 10/3 in.
6 in
Optimization : Example 3
Determine the point on the
curve y = x2 that is closest to
the point (18, 0).

d  ( x  18)2  y 2
Substitute for x

d  ( x  18)2  x 4 d  ( x 2  36 x  324)  x 4
1
ds 1 4 
 ( x  x  36 x  324) 2 (4 x3  2 x  36)
2

dx 2
Optimization
Determine the point on the
curve y = x2 that is closest to
the point (18, 0).

1
ds 1 4 
 ( x  x  36 x  324) 2 (4 x3  2 x  36)
2

dx 2
ds
set  0 0  4 x  2 x  36 0  2 x3  x  18
3

dx
x2 y4
Optimization
Determine the point on the
curve y = x2 that is closest to
the point (18, 0).

0  2 x3  x  18

0  ( x  2)(2 x 2  4 x  9)
- 0 +

x2 y4
Optimization
Notes:

If the function that you want to optimize has more


than one variable, use substitution to rewrite the
function.
If you are not sure that the extreme you’ve found is a
maximum or a minimum, you have to check.

If the end points could be the maximum or


minimum, you have to check.
Linear Approximation
For any function f (x), the tangent is a
y close approximation of the function for
some small distance from the tangent
point.

f  x  f a
We call the equation of the
tangent the linearization of
the function.

x
0 xa
Linear Approximation
Start with the point/slope equation:
y  y1  m  x  x1  x1  a y1  f  a  m  f   a 

y  f  a   f   a  x  a  y  f  a   f   a  x  a 

L  x   f  a   f   a  x  a  linearization of f at a

f  x   L  x  is the standard linear approximation of f at a.


The linearization is the equation of the tangent line.
Linear Approximation
Find the linearization of f(x) = x4 + 2x at x = 3

L  x   f  a   f   a  x  a  f’(x) = 4x3 + 2

L (x) = f(3) + f’(3)(x - 3)

L (x) = 87 + 110(x - 3)

L (x) = 110x - 243


Linear Approximation : Example

Estimate 37 using local linearization.

f ( x)  x L  x   f  a   f   a  x  a 
1
1 2
f ' ( x)  x L(37)  f (36)  f ' (36)(37  36)
2
1
L(37)  6  (1)
12
L(37)  6.0833
Linear Approximation : Example

Estimate sin 31º using local linearization.

f ( x)  sin x
L  x   f  a   f   a  x  a 
f ' ( x)  cos x   
L(31)  f (30)  f ' (30) 
 180 
1 3  
L(31)    
2 2  180  Need to
180  3 be in radians
L(31) 
360
Differentials
Differentials:

When we first started to talk about derivatives, we said


y
that becomes dy when the change in x and
x dx
change in y become very small.

dy can be considered a very small change in y.


dx can be considered a very small change in x.
Differentials

Let y = f(x) be a differentiable function.


The differential dx is an independent
variable.
The differential dy is: dy = f ’(x)dx
Differentials : Example
Example: Consider a circle of radius 10. If the radius increases by
0.1, approximately how much will the area change?

A r dA dr
 2 r
2

dA  2 r dr dx dx
very small change in r
very small change in A

dA  2   10   0.1
dA  2 (approximate change in area)
Differentials
Compare to actual change:
 10.1  102.01
2
New area:

 10   100.00
2
Old area:

A  2.01 dA

2
 2%
Absolute A 100 percent
dA  2 error
A 2.01
error
  2.01%
A 100
Differentials
True Estimated
Absolute Change f  f (a  dx)  f (a) df  f ' (a)dx

Relative Change f df
f (a ) f (a )
Percent Change f df
x 100% x 100%
f (a) f (a)
Differentials : Example
First, a review problem:

Consider a sphere of radius 10 cm.


If the radius changes 0.1 cm (a very small amount)
how much does the volume change?
4 3
V  r dV  4 r 2 dr
3
dV  4 10cm   0.1cm dV  40 cm3
2

The volume would change by approximately 40 cm3


Differentials
Now, suppose that the radius is
changing at an instantaneous rate
of 0.1 cm/sec.
4 3 dV 2 dr
V  r  4 r
3 dt dt
dV 2  cm  dV cm3
 4 10cm    0.1   40
dt  sec  dt sec
The sphere is growing at a rate of 40 cm3/sec .
Differentials : Example
Water is draining from a cylindrical tank (We need a formula to
at 3 liters/second. How fast is the surface relate V and h. )
dropping?
3
dV L cm
 3  3000
dt sec sec
dh
Find V   r 2h
dt
dV 2 dh
(r is a constant.)
r 3
dt dt cm
3 3000
cm 2 dh dh sec
3000 r 
sec dt dt  r 2

You might also like