Numerical Relay PPT 1
Numerical Relay PPT 1
Sweta Shah
Introduction
In utility and industrial electric power
transmission and distribution systems, a digital
protective relay is a computer-based system with
software-based protection algorithms for the detection
of electrical faults.
They are functional replacements for electro-
mechanical protective relays and may include many
protection functions in one unit, as well as providing
metering, communication, and self-test functions.
Advantages of Numerical Relay
Numerical relay consists of many functions in one relay thus replace many
traditional relays with one.
One relay can be used in many ways. Users can configure relay according to
their system requirement.
Consists of no mechanical moving parts hence accurate operation.
No maintenance is needed like electromechanical relays.
Relays are compact in size and appearance is good.
Many complicated functions can be achieved with developed logics using
various Gates.
Gives entire details of fault record including with the graphs.
Some relays have different Setting groups. The advantage of setting groups is
that user can change the entire settings of the relay by simply changing Group
setting. Frequent configuration is not needed.
The main advantage of Numerical relays is communication between relays and
other equipment in the network is possible for doing automation of the system.
Numerical Relay
Input processing
Low voltage and low current signals (i.e., at the secondary of
a voltage transformers and current transformers) are brought
into a low pass filter that removes frequency content above about
1/3 of the sampling frequency
The AC signal is then sampled by the relay's analog-to-digital
converter
As a minimum, magnitude of the incoming quantity, commonly
using Fourier transform would be used in a simple relay
function.
More advanced analysis can be used to determine phase
angles, power, reactive power, impedance, waveform distortion,
and other complex quantities.
Logic processing
The relay analyzes the resultant A/D converter outputs
to determine if action is required under its protection
algorithm(s).
Protection algorithms are a set of logic equations in
part designed by the protection engineer, and in part
designed by the relay manufacturer. The relay is
capable of applying advanced logic.
If a fault condition is detected, output contacts operate
to trip the associated circuit breaker(s).
Parameter setting
The logic is user-configurable and can vary from simply
changing front panel switches or moving of circuit
board jumpers to accessing the relay's internal parameter
setting webpage via communications link on another
computer hundreds of kilometers away.
The relay may have an extensive collection of settings,
beyond what can be entered via front panel knobs and
dials, and these settings are transferred to the relay via an
interface with a PC (personal computer), and this same PC
interface may be used to collect event reports from the
relay.
Event recording
In some relays, a short history of the entire sampled
data is kept for oscillographic records. The event
recording would include some means for the user to
see the timing of key logic decisions, relay I/O
(input/output) changes, and see, in
an oscillographic fashion, at least the fundamental
component of the incoming analogue parameters.
Data Display
Digital/numerical relays provide a front panel display,
or display on a terminal through a communication
interface. This is used to display relay settings and real-
time current/voltage values, etc.
More complex digital relays will have metering and
communication protocol ports, allowing the relay to
become an element in a SCADA system.
Communication ports may
include RS232/RS485 or Ethernet (copper or fibre-
optic). Communication languages may
include Modbus, DNP3 or IEC61850 protocols.
Numerical Relay front side
Front side
LED Configuration Menu
LCD Display
Numerical Key pad
Led Reset Button
Menu Button
Control Button
Breaker ON/OFF buttons
Esc button
Run LED
Error LED
Numerical Relay Back Side:
Relay back side usually consist of different Terminal Blocks
[TB] for giving the Digital and Analog inputs, outputs .