COMPUTER-AIDED

DRAFTING
LABORATORY
A Laboratory Manual
on FreeCAD 0.19

Compiled by:
Kresil Joy P. Jimenez
MSU-IIT
LABORATORY 1
INTRODUCTION TO FREECAD

We will cover in this tutorial in particular:

• Using Part Design workbench, tracing the sketch.

• Using Pad and Pocket features.
• Changing color and transparency.
• Moving the part manually.
• Displaying reference dimensions in the sketch.
• Editing one or more dimensions.
• Using external geometry feature and using a reference plane to centre a hole.

I. Using Part Design workbench, tracing the sketch

Create a new document and switch to the using either
the workbench selector or by going to the View → Workbench menu. FreeCAD will start
with toolbars at the top, the combo view to the left and the 3D view at the right.

Create body:

Press Create body. (Note: do not confuse the Body, which icon is blue, with the Part
container which icon is yellow.)
In the Model tab under the Combo View sidebar, a new object labelled "Body" appears
under the document label, which is currently "Unnamed" since we haven't saved our
document yet. The Body is a container in which Part Design features are sequentially
arranged to form a single solid. It contains its own reference axes and planes. It will be
highlighted in light blue in the Model tree, which means that it is active, that is to say that
we can edit the elements it contains as well as add new elements to it. If it's not
highlighted, double-click it or right-click and select Toggle active body in the contextual
menu. In front of the Body label, there is a blue icon identical to the one above, and an
arrow or a plus sign, depending on your operating system. Clicking on the arrow or plus
sign in front of Body expands its content. At this point, it only contains an element
labelled Origin. In front of this Origin is also an arrow or plus sign. Click on it to expand
its content. It reveals the aforementioned reference axes and planes as shown in the
image below:
The newly created active Body with its content expanded.
The Origin is greyed out, which indicates that its content is not visible in the 3D view. You
can make Origin's content visible in the 3D view by selecting Origin and pressing the
spacebar on your keyboard. Origin will now show black in the tree. Press the spacebar
again to hide its content in the 3D view. Click again on the arrow or plus sign in front
of Origin to collapse its content in the Model tree.
Before we continue, let's take the opportunity to rename the Body.

Rename body:
In the Model tree, click on the Body with the right mouse button. Select Rename and type
a name, for example "Body part1" and press Enter to validate.

Create sketch:
We will now trace the sketch which defines the general shape of the part. A sketch is a
diagram describing a profile to be applied to a feature in order to produce a shape. It can
be either "positive" or "additive", like a pad for example; or "negative" or "subtractive", like
a pocket.
Here, since the part's general shape is regular along the Y axis, we will create the Pad
along this axis.

Press New sketch. The Combo View now switches to the Tasks tab and displays
the Select feature dialog. This dialog expects the selection of a plane to which to attach
our sketch, and lists the available planes. Select XZ_Plane (Base plane) and press OK.
The interface now changes, the Sketcher now takes over and its toolbars appear above
the 3D view. We find ourselves on the XZ plane of the body to trace the sketch.
To aid with sketching, set the following options in "Edit controls" in the Tasks panel to the
left:

• Show grid: checked

• Grid size: 10 mm
• Auto constraints: checked
We will trace the following sketch:

Let's start with the first segments:

Select the Line tool. Click on the origin point, first making sure that a small red dot
appears besides and to the right of the mouse pointer. Click next on the X axis about 10
squares to the right or at about 100 mm. If the segment is not exactly 100 mm at this
point, it does not matter, we will later give it a fixed dimension that will constrain this
length.
Do the same for the other segments, try to aim at the points that you have created which
must light up in yellow. Which means that these points will be coincident. You should get
pretty much this:

Note the small red lines above and beside the segments you have drawn: these are
horizontal and vertical constraints. Your lines are forced to stay either horizontal or
vertical. Note also the symbol in the form of a small arc on the left: it means that the point
is fixed to the Z axis.
Now pick different line segments with the left mouse button and while keeping the left
button pressed, drag the mouse to try to move them: some are free, others not.

Applying constraints:
At the top of the combo box, in the Tasks panel, you can read the number of degrees of
freedom of the already sketched elements: it must be about 6, the objective of the
constraints is to reduce the number of degrees of freedom to 0.
The slanted line should be free to rotate at this time: we will give it an angle constraint to
fix it.
Click on the slanted line, then the bottom line; once selected these lines will turn dark
green; then click the Constrain internal angle icon.
Enter a value of 30°. Both lines have a fixed angle now. The constraint was created to
the left of the sketch; with the mouse, move it inside the profile.
We will now constrain the bottom line with a dimension: select it then click
on Constrain horizontal distance.
Enter a value of 100 mm. The vertical line on the right now aligns exactly with the grid's
10th square to the right of the origin.
Let's set the overall height to the profile by selecting the highest point on the left then the
origin point. Click on constrain vertical distance, enter a value of 50 mm.
Do the same for the horizontal length of the sloped line with another 50 mm horizontal
distance constraint.
Move the dimensions away from the profile for better visibility. You should now have
something like this:
Notice that the number of degrees of freedom reduced to 2. These are the ends still open.

Tracing the arc

Click on Arc, position the center at approximately x = 80 y = 30; then click to define
the first starting point of the arc on the upper horizontal line's right end point; then click to
define the end of the arc to the right vertical line's upper end point (make sure the points
are highlighted in yellow before clicking).

Give the radius a radius constraint: select the arc, then click on Constrain radius then
enter a value of 20 mm.
Now let's make the arc tangent to the lines it's connected to: select the arc, then the top
line, then click on Constrain tangent. A Constraint substitution message appears,
click OK. Do the same for the tangent constraint on the other side of the arc.
We proceeded in two stages to create the sketch, but we could also have traced the
profile completely before constraining it fully.
Fully constrained sketch:
If you worked well, you should get this:

The sketch has become green, which means that it is fully constrained. There is no longer
any ambiguity, everything is perfectly defined. This is confirmed by the solver message
at the top left. Also note that the center of the arc has moved slightly, indeed giving these
last three constraints, FreeCAD has calculated the true position of the center.
If your sketch is not yet green, one or more points are not coincident (2 points can be
superimposed yet not be coincident). Make a small window (capture window) around a
point to select, and create a Coincident constraint. Note: don't mistake the Coincident
constraint for the Sketcher Point; while their icons are very similar, the latter has a larger
icon; it adds a lone point in the sketch.
Proceed in the same way with all the points.
If your sketch is still not green, verify that all lines (but the slanted one) have either
a Horizontal or Vertical constraint, and add if necessary.
 II. Using Pad and Pocket features
Click on Close in the Tasks tab, at the top left corner. We automatically exit the Sketcher
workbench, and the Part Design workbench is activated again. The Combo View switches
back to the Model tab. If you left your Body part1 expanded, you will see a
new Sketch element below Origin, and nested under the Body.
At this point, let's save our document. Give it a name (for example "tutorial1", or any name
that you find relevant). It is good practice to save your document often, for example after
completing a sketch or a feature.

Click on Isometric view then Fit all, which gives a centered 3D isometric view.

Click on Pad, enter a length of 30 mm. Click OK, the shape is completed. In the
Model tree, a Pad object (that we call feature) appears instead of the Sketch. In fact, it
has claimed Sketch, since it is based on it; clicking on the arrow or plus sign in front
of Pad to expand it will reveal the Sketch underneath, which was automatically made
hidden (its label is grayed out).
Note that the shape created forms a solid.
Creating the hole

Click on the top (square) side of the part and click the icon to create a new sketch.
FreeCAD creates a new sketch attached to this face. So we are on a plane parallel to the
absolute plane XY, but offset in height from the height of the piece, i.e. 50 mm.

You can switch the 3D window to an isometric view or stay in top view . At any
time, you can return to Sketch view (the view is oriented to face the sketch plane) using
the Sketcher ViewSketch icon.
Note that the origin of this new sketch is that of the body. They may be different, but here
are confounded with the absolute origin.

With the Circle tool, click roughly in the center of the face and make a circle of any
radius.

Select the circle then create a Radius constraint, enter a value of 5 mm.

Select the center of the circle then create a Lock constraint; double-click on the
horizontal dimension and enter -65 mm (here we indicate a position relative to the origin
of the sketch). Do the same for the vertical dimension (-15 mm). The circle takes its
correct position and the sketch becomes green, indicating it is fully constrained:
Close the sketch; in the Model tree, a new Sketch001 object has appeared below Pad.
While Sketch001 is still selected, click on Pocket.
Pocket is a feature called "subtractive", it removes material from our part, here in the form
of a cylinder since the sketch is a circle. Set "Through all" to completely cut the part.
Press OK to complete. In the Model tree, a new element labelled Pocket appears at the
bottom of the Body part1, and claims Sketch001.

III. Changing color and transparency

It is possible to change the color of the part, it is often useful to distinguish a part among
others. The transparency of the piece can also be modified, which is useful for visualizing
its internals.

Select the Body part1 body; make sure that the Model tab of the Combo View is selected
and go to the lower part of the Combo View, then click on the View tab; locate the Shape
Color property; you may need to use the vertical scroll bar to the right to find it. You can
also widen the Property column: hover your mouse pointer over the separating line
between the Property and Value headers; when the pointer turns into a double-sided
arrow, press and hold your left mouse button and drag sideways, then release.
In the right column, click on the gray square, which opens the Select Color dialog. Pick
another color then click OK. Next, again in the View tab, change the value of
Transparency, for example to 50 and press Enter to complete (0 = totally opaque, 100 =
totally transparent).
The hole is now visible inside the part. This is often useful for seeing the hidden or internal
faces of the model.
You can also vary "Line Color" and "Line Width" to change the line thickness and the color
of the part outline.

IV. Manually move the part

Go to the View menu and select Toggle axis cross. These are the absolute axes. You
should see in the 3D view, the 3 axes X, Y, Z in red, green and blue. This landmark will
help us to orient ourselves in space. This landmark is fixed and immutable, it is either the
view that rotates or the object that rotates in this space.
Select the Body; at the bottom of the Combo View on the left, you can see this
(the Data tab needs to be on the foreground, you may need to click on the Data tab to
make it visible):
Click on the three small dots, i.e., the ellipsis (if they don't appear, click on the Value
section of the Placement field); this opens a new dialog in the Tasks panel. Using the
arrows you can vary the position and angles of the part. It is actually the position of the
body (so its origin) that moves in space, the orientation of the 3D view does not change.
Another method: in the Combo View, select the Body and click on the right button of the
mouse, then select Transform. A view like this appears:

Hold and drag the cones along the axes or the spheres to move the body in all directions.
Validate. Then reset angles and coordinates to 0.
 V. Displaying reference dimensions in the sketch
It may be useful to know the dimensions of some parts of the sketch, from the internal
calculation of FreeCAD. It can be used just for reference, or use them later to set other
dimensions for example.
In the Model tree, if necessary expand Body part1 then Pad to show the first Sketch.
Double-click on it (or right-click and select Edit sketch in the contextual menu) then click
on Toggle Constraint. (Note: depending on your computer display resolution, this
icon may not be visible. At the right end of the Constraints toolbar, you may find
a » button. Click on it to expand and access collapsed icons.) From now on, we can
create reference dimensions rather than dimensional constraints: they will be blue and
will have no influence on the shapes of the sketch from which they come, they are
calculated automatically.
You can display these dimensions for example:

We can see for example that the arc has a length of 20 since it's tangent with the edges.
We can also see that FreeCAD calculates the left face (50-50xTAN 30 °), as well as the
distance dimension of the axis of the arc with the origin.
VI. Editing one or more dimensions
During modeling, you can vary the dimensions of the model. It's very simple: for the
thickness of the piece, double-click Pad, then enter a new value, 40mm for example. In
the lower part of the combo view, you can change this value as well. Validate, the shape
of the object has changed.
Do the same for the total length of the piece: double-click on Sketch, then double-click on
the 100 mm dimensional constraint, change it to 110 mm then validate.
We can see that the piece was enlarged, but the hole is no longer centered in the middle
of the top face. That's because it has been constrained to the sketch origin. Which does
not necessarily correspond to what one would like, the hole should remain in the center,
whatever the size of the face.

VII. Center the hole

First method using external geometry.
Edit again the sketch of the hole and erase its horizontal and vertical distance constraints.

Then click on External Geometry.

We will now create two lines in the sketch, but extracted from a shape (or feature) external
to this one and previously defined: that of the Pad.
Click on a vertical edge at the top of the part. For example, the edge slope side.
A new magenta line will appear above the edge. Repeat for the other edge, on the
rounded side.
We can now use these lines (and especially their end points) to centre the circle, however
we must add two construction lines: for example the diagonals.

Click on Construction Mode, we switch to construction mode: the lines will be blue
and will be discarded outside of the sketch editing mode. They will allow to fix the center
of the circle. Create the diagonals in the same way that you drew the first lines. Make
sure all points are coincident.

Then select the center of the circle, then the two blue diagonal lines and click on Point
on object, the circle must be centred at the intersection of the diagonals, that is at the
center of the face. The sketch must be green, completely constrained (it is essential).
Note that besides the radius of the circle, it is no longer necessary to create dimensional
constraints.
Please note that in addition to switching the the toolbar to construction mode,

the Construction Mode button can also switch individual Sketcher elements to
construction mode if they have been selected. If you accidentally switch an element to
construction mode, you may get an error when you exit the sketch.
Leave the sketch, we see that the circle is well centred. (The pocket feature was not
deleted, but modified). If you change the dimensions of the part again, the thickness or
the length, the circle will remain centered on the face.

Avoid construction lines:

It is often possible to avoid creating construction lines. You can edit the sketch again,
erase the construction lines and use a Symmetric constraint between the two
opposite vertices of the external geometry lines and the centre of the circle (select points
in this order):
We get exactly the same result for the position of the hole. In fact, thanks to the constraints
available in the Sketcher workbench, there are many possible methods. This example
shows that it is often better to choose the simplest method, thus limiting the number of
objects created as well as the errors that might result.

Second method using a datum plane.

Here is another, faster method that is possible since version 0.17: the use of a datum
plane and its attachment.
Start by erasing the "Pocket" function as well as the sketch of the hole. Select the top
face and click Datum point: create a datum point in the active body. The attachment
mode chosen must be "Center of mass".
As the face is rectangular, its center of mass corresponds to the center of its diagonals.
Validate, and a datum point is created.
Select the top face again and while holding down the CTRL key, select the point you just
created in the Model tree, release CTRL and click Datum plane. A reference plane is
created with the origin of the point. Click OK.
It is now very easy to center the circle! Select from the Model tree or in the 3D view the
plane you created, and click on Create a sketch, a sketch is created with as origin,
the origin of the plane. Then just trace the 5 mm radius circle on this origin, then validate
(the sketch must be green imperatively).
You get with "Pocket", as created previously, the hole and it will always be centered.

This tutorial is completed, save this file, you can have fun exploring various features.
Change other dimensions, make other shapes, put other holes on other faces, it is when
making mistakes that we progress!