PART ONE: LITERATURE REVIEW

INTRODUCTION

A gas cooker is a range with gas rings and a cook top for cooking with gas. The gas ring is a
burner consisting of a circular metal pipe with several small holes through which gas can escape
to be burned. The gas cooker also contains a heating element that transforms fuel or electricity
into heat. It is a cooking appliance available in several forms: the single face burner, the multi-
face burner, the manually ignited cooker and the self-ignited cooker. The self-ignited cooker can
also be of a single faced burner or of a multi-faced burner. Either type though, works with a self-
ignition device. The gas used is natural gas, propane, butane, liquefied petroleum gas or
other flammable gas as a fuel source. The essence of using a self-ignited gas cooker during
cooking is the comfort it gives, safety, ease of use and because of the high rate of heat it
generates. The gas stoves tend to great economy, as they are not lit till the moment wanted, then
only the quality required, and may be put out the moment it is done with”. James patented a gas
cooker in Northampton, England in the year 1826 and opened a gas cooker factory in 1836. His
invention was marketed by the firm Smith & Philips from 1828 (Utoft and Thompson, 2006).

The gas cooker is considered as an effective cooking appliance due to the above
importance. Over the years, several cooking appliances have been invented and used for
cooking. All of these cooking appliances require heat and as such derive heat through various
means. The most common and ancient cooking appliance is the use of firewood. A bunch of dry
wood is put together and a means of igniting the wood with fire is required. However, in a self-
ignited gas cooker, firewood is not needed neither is there the need for a manual ignition. A
major improvement in fuel technology came with the advent of gas. The first gas cooker was
developed as early as the 1820s, but these remained isolated experiments. An important figure in
the early acceptance of this new technology was Alexis Soyer, the renowned chef atthe Reform
Club in London. From 1841, he converted his kitchen to consume piped gas, arguing that
gas was cheaper overall because the supply could be turned off when the cooker was not in
use. James Sharp patented a gas cooker in Northampton, England in 1826 and opened a gas
cooker factory in 1836. His invention was marketed by the firm Smith & Philips from
1828, (Snodgrass, 2004). In this project, the twin auto-ignition cooker is used as a key study.
The development of simple gas burner started in the eighteen countries when people began to use
coal gas for burning. The application was fast put into practice by William Mulock who designed
the simple gas cooker to be used in his office, home and workplace.

Fuel burning devices are devices that produce heat (thermal energy), derived from burning fuel
and required for technological processes especially in the industry [Kittle, 2000]. There are so
many types of burners with different fuel types. Examples of such fuel are the biodiesel, ethanol,
vegetable oil etc. Burning devices that make use of this fuel are classified as the oil burners,
liquid fuel burners, and the combined gas liquid fuel burners. Apart from its classification by the
type of fuel used, a burner can also be designed based on factors like the combustion chamber
geometry, type of oxidizer and also heat transfer requirements which include flame temperature
and heat distribution etc. Typical examples of burners which are developed based on the type of
oxidizer are the oxy-fuel burner and air fuel burner [Baukal, 2014].

The first experimental gas cooker was made and in use in 1850. The improvement of this has
multiplied greatly and is up to date widely used in homes, restaurants and large catering
establishments. The different types of gas cookers available in the in the market are based on
skills and techniques of the designer or producer.
Based on the nature of energy supply, some gas cookers are made up of combustion devices of
an electric heating element. The well-constructed ones are properly adapted and form an integral
combustion of which they generate and utilize heat. It is often quite different to draw a line
where heat generation stops and where heat utilization starts in a fuel forced cooker. That is the
fuel fired cooker being on the pack in the market these days.
The releasing of heart starts with mixture of air and fuel gas in the nozzle and combustion of the
mixture to release heart takes place at the burner.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

In an effort to develop an economical means of cooking, different people and institutions have
come up with different designs and innovations of cooking gadgets. Nevertheless, each design
comes up with its peculiar limitation especially with reference to the environment in which it is
being used. A look at the different types of burners available helped us to understand the
importance of this particular work. Many burners currently in the market are single faced. With
this, cooking slows down since one thing must be,.l cooked before the other is started. This
causes wastage of time and resources. The stand of the want bought from the market is not
durable.
Although there are already developed two face burners in the market, most of them do not
utilize the principle of minimal gas combustion. Since they are two faced, they waste more fuel
than required. This study tends to curb the current problem by designing a two face gas burner
capable to generate minimal heat and minimize fuel usage.

AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main aim of this study is to construct a two face gas burner. To achieve the stated aim, the
following specific objectives were laid out:
i. Construct a burner that does not pose health risk to the user and is environment friendly, i.e.
applies complete combustion of gas.
ii. The burner should be safe, simple and easy to operate and maintain
iii. The burner should be able to produce enough useful heat with minimum energy loss.
iv. to produce a suitable stand than can last longer

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This work will be of great importance to those in cooking industry as it will help improve
combustion process. Specifically,
1. It would fasten the cooking process as the two face burners can be used alongside each other.
2. It can be used for commercial purposes (restaurants and Hotels)
since the gas cylinder is designed to contain large quantity of
kerosene which can burn for a longer period of time.
3. It does not form soot on the utensil used on it since the atomization
and vaporization of the gas helps it to burn properly in the
presence of oxygen.

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

This paper presents the redesign of a two face burner that uses High Static Gas burner (HSG)
product to mix the gas and air mixture before it is ignited. This burner operates in firing range of
60,000-400,000 Btu/hr. The objective of redesigning the burner is to improve the overall
performance of the burner. This design project deals with the port of a powered gas burner
utilizing both natural and propane gases. The port function in a powered gas burner is to initiate
the fuel gas into an air stream. The redesigned burner port increases combustion efficiency by
3% compared to the original burner. This new burner operates within a wider range of excess air
of 5% on both the lean and rich side while still igniting reliably and keeping the CO levels under
400 ppm. The redesigned burner design meets all the criteria of the American National Standards
Institute ANSI Z21.17 standard for domestic gas conversion burners. The redesigned burner was
machined out of 304 stainless steel which makes the burner head have corrosion resistant
properties this includes using corrosion resistant fasteners.
 CHAPTER ONE: EVOLUTION, CRITICS

1.1 INTRODUCTION

In a small kitchen needed the furnishings that could accommodate but do not to make kitchen
became visible narrow especially for cooking. For example, gas stove stand and extractor hood
rack. I have design a gas stove stand together with place to put the extractor hood. This invention
is a two-in one use. Here’s the example gas stove stand. It’s a gas stove stand which design
together with extractor hood. As we know, gas stoves are often moving ang slipping when used
on the table. It also often leaves stains such as oil and other substances. In order to solve
the problems, the stand that I design is considering all the current weakenss.

1.2 EXTRACTOR HOOD RIVIEW

An extractor hood consists of three main components that is a skirt or capture panel to contain
the raising gases, one or more grease filters, and a fan tangential blower for force
ventilation. There are two major configurations of extractor hoods, ducted (or vented)
application, and ductless (or recirculating) application. In a ducted application, the output
collar of the extractor hood's blower motor is attached to a duct system, which terminates outside
the building. In a ductless application, a filter, often containing activated charcoal, removes
odor and smoke particles from the air before releasing the cleaned air back into the kitchen.
A ducted system allows for removal of all forms of airborne contamination, while a ductless one
recirculates heat and moisture into the kitchen. In addition, a ducted application eliminates the
need for regular replacement of the filters, and avoids the airflow restriction (and
resultant loss of power) caused by them.

However, ducted application can be impractical, due to lack of space or ability to install a
duct system, make-up air requirements, or the additional cost of heating/cooling the make-up
air. Some range hood designs allow for both types of applications. Exhaust hoods almost
always include built-in lighting (incandescent, fluorescent, or halogen) to illuminate the
cooking surface. In addition, some manufacturers offer matching accessories, such as
backsplash panels, pot racks, shelf units, or dish racks. Extractor hoods controls are typically
electronic, though some low-end models use electromechanically controls. Extractor hoods
with electronic controls can offer remote control, motorized height adjustment, thermal
sensor, overheat protection, boost mode, delayed shut-off, filter cleaning reminder, active
noise cancellation, temperature display, user presets (memory), and so on.

1.3 GAS STOVE

1.3.1 PORTABLE STOVE

A portable stove is a cooking stove specially designed to be portable and lightweight, as

in camping, picnicking, backpacking, or other use in remote locations where an easily
transportable means of cooking or heating is needed. Portable stove can be used in diverse
situations, such as for outdoor food service or catering and also in field hospitals. Since the
invention of the portable stove in the 19th century, a wide variety of designs and models
have seen use in a number of different applications. Portable stoves can be broken down into
several broad categories based on the type of fuel used and stove design: unpressurized
stoves that use solid or liquid fuel placed in the burner before ignition, stoves that use a
volatile liquid fuel in a pressurized burner, bottled gas stoves, and gravity-fed “spirit” stoves.

1.4 TYPE OF STOVE

A kitchen stove, usually called a stove , range, or cooker, or oven is a kitchen appliance
designed for the purpose of cooking food. Kitchen stoves rely on the application of direct
heat for the cooking process and may also contain an oven, used for baking. Modern kitchen
stoves have burner on the top. A cooktop can refer to the top of a stove or burners built into
acountertop. many cooktops are made from glass ceramic. A drop-in range has both burners on
the top and an oven and hangs from a cutout in the countertop(that is , it cannot be installed free-
standing on its own). Most modern stoves come in together with built-in extractor hoods.

1.4.1 CHARCOAL STOVES

Stove continued to evolve and charcoal began to replace wood as the burning material in stoves.
These stoves had flat tops and the heat was concentrated on one side of the stoves top so that
cooks could cook things at different temperatures based on where the pot or pan was located.
 Figure 1.1: Charcoal stoves stand

Advantage of electric cooker

 Saver time

 The heat is instantaneously

 Transmits heat more evenly

 Easy to clean

Disadvantage of gas cooker

 It take a longer for the electric coil to cold down.

 When using gas burners to boil any liquids, the liquid spills can off or destroy the t gas
burner.

 The gas stand easily gets destroy.

 It is more costly than the gas cooker.

  The consumption range is high.

 The heat distributed slowly and the intensity of the heat is harder to control.

 Easily destroy the environment if not properly managed.

1.4.2 ELECTRIC STOVES

Once electric power was widely and economically available, electric stoves became a popular
alternative to fuel-burning appliances. The first electric stoves use heating elements made of
high-resistance metal to produce heat. The cooktop (range) surface had one or more circular
heating elements, insulated with compressed magnesia and sheathed in a spiral metal tube.
Heating elements for the oven are of similar construction but an elongated loop to distribute heat.
Elements were made as plug-in consumer-replaceable parts and could also be easily
removed for cleaning. Temperature of cooking elements was regulated by adjusting a
bimetal thermostat control switch, which switched power on and off to control the average
heating effect of the elements.
 Figure 1.2: Electric stoves stand

Advantage of electric cooker

 Saver time

 The heat is instantaneously

 Transmits heat more evenly

 Easy to clean

Disadvantage of gas cooker

 It take a longer for the electric coil to cold down.

 When using gas burners to boil any liquids, the liquid spills can off or destroy the t gas
burner.

 The gas stand easily gets destroy.

 It is more costly than the gas cooker.

 The consumption range is high.

 The heat distributed slowly and the intensity of the heat is harder to control.

 Easily destroy the environment if not properly managed.

1.4.3 LIQUID PETROLEUM GAS

Gas range cookers are a traditional choice in the homes of many. Both amateur and professional
cooks appreciate a gas cooker due to their quick response and precision, with an immediate
effect on the flame and heat when using the controls. When it comes to having a grill, gas is
perfect for cooking things like burgers as it heats up very quickly, giving instant results.
Similarly, gas ovens heat up quickly but due to the fact they are conventional rather than fan the
heat distribution is less accurate, meaning more thought needs to be put into where to place your
food on the shelves within.

There are two gas fuel types available - natural gas and LPG. LPG (Liquid Petroleum Gas) is
bottled in cylinders, making it a good choice if you want the benefits of a gas cooker but aren't
within reach of a gas mains. Although your range cooker will usually arrive configured for mains
gas, almost all dual fuel range cookers will convert for use with LPG using a conversion kit. Gas
cookers are also generally cheaper with lower running costs.

Figure 1.3: Electric stoves stand

The Stoves Richmond is a great natural gas range cooker. Ideal for both modern and traditional kitchens,
this impressive range cooker has two good sized conventional gas ovens, plus a smaller gas oven with
variable electric grill. Seven gas burners are surrounded by pan-glide cast iron supports within a single-
pressing enamelled hotplate, alongside a powerful wok burner to give you brilliant wok cooking
capability.

Advantage of gas cooker

 Saver time

 Optimum control

 Moist and even heat distribution

 Easy to clean

Disadvantage of gas cooker

  When using gas burners to boil any liquids, the liquid spills can off or destroy the gas
burner

 The gas stand easily get destroy

 It is very costly

 The consumption range is high

 Easily destroy the environment if not properly managed

1.5 RIVIEW OF GAS STOVE STAND

The stand of gas stove are design based on the dimensional size of the stove.

Portable stove stand make the user become more easier to handle when want to replace it
in room kitchen. Safety factor are analyses during the testing with the stove. To make it more
safe to be put on the table top, rubber liner are put on each stand to avoid it easily to slip on table
top. It alsocome in together with built -in extractor hoods rack. Stainless steel is suitable material
made a stand. With a high stand from stainless, it can make the stand more long-lasting.
Figure 1.4: 2 burner gas stoves stand