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Topic 2 The Variable Problem ME 416

The document discusses the variable load problem in power systems. It describes different types of loads including ideal and realized loads. It also defines key terms used to describe loads and power plants such as load curve, base load power, peak load power, reserve capacity, average load, load factor, power factor, demand factor, diversity factor, plant capacity factor, plant use factor, plant factor, and utilization factor. Sample problems are also provided to show calculations related to determining feeder loads and plant capacity.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
73 views7 pages

Topic 2 The Variable Problem ME 416

The document discusses the variable load problem in power systems. It describes different types of loads including ideal and realized loads. It also defines key terms used to describe loads and power plants such as load curve, base load power, peak load power, reserve capacity, average load, load factor, power factor, demand factor, diversity factor, plant capacity factor, plant use factor, plant factor, and utilization factor. Sample problems are also provided to show calculations related to determining feeder loads and plant capacity.

Uploaded by

ILEENVIRUS
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 7

THE VARIABLE LOAD PROBLEM

THE VARIABLE LOAD PROBLEM

Variable load Problem Load changes from time to time.


Types of load
a.) Ideal load From standpoint of equipment needed and operating routine, would be one of
constant magnitude and steady duration.
100 kW

75 kW

50 kW

25 kW

12 MN 12 MN

b.) Realized load :


100 kW

75 kW

50 kW

25 kW

NOON
12 MN 12 MN

 Load Curve refers to the graph used to represent the relationship between the demanded load and
time sequence.

Monthly load curve is the average of the daily load curves over a one-month period that is used in
establishing rates.

Annual load curve is the average of the daily load curves over a period of one year tha is used in
determining the annual load factor. ( 8760 hrs/yr )

 Terms as applied to base-load and peak-load power plants

 Base load power plants include steam, hydroelectric power and geothermal power plants.
 Peak load power plants include diesel-electric and gas turbine power plants.

ME83: Power Plant Design Page 1


THE VARIABLE LOAD PROBLEM

 Reserve over peak or reserve capacity over and above the peak load is the plant capacity less the
peak load.
 Average load is the ratio of the kilowatt-hours of energy to the peak load.
Area in kW-hrs
A.L. =
24 hrs
 Load factor is the ratio of the average load to the maximum load in a given period.
Average load
L.F. =
Peak load
Peak load – is the maximum load
a. instantaneous peak load
b. 30 min peak load
c. 1 hr peak load
 Power factor is the ratio of the actual power to the apparent power.
 Demand factor is the ratio of the actual maximum demand to the connected load.
▪ Connected load – the sum of the continuous ratings of all the equipment and outlets on the
customer’s circuits.
 Diversity factor is the ratio of the sum of the individual maximum demands to the maximum
simultaneous demand; the value to be obtained is always greater than one.
 Plant capacity factor the actual energy production divided by the maximum possible energy that
might have been produced during the period.
Annual energy production
Pant annual capacity factor = Maximum energy that can be produced

Area bounded by the curve


= kW Cap. x 8760 hrs.
 Plant use factor is the ratio of the actual energy production to the maximum possible energy that
might have been produced in the same period.
Annual energy produced
Plant annual use factor =
Energy produced when plant is in operation

Area bounded by the curve


= kW Cap. x no. of hrs. plant in operation

 Plant factor is the ratio of the average load to the equipment rating supplying the load.
 Utilization factor is the ratio of the maximum system demand to the rated system capacity.
 Operation factor is the ratio of duration of actual service to the total expected load.

 Elements of an Electric Power System


The manner in which the energy output of an electric power system or power plant is subdivided and sent
thousands of individual customers is as follows:
1. Power plant or central station
2. Substations
3. Feeders
4. Distribution transformers
5. Customers: domestic, industrial, and residential.

ME83: Power Plant Design Page 2


THE VARIABLE LOAD PROBLEM

SAMPLE PROBLEMS

1. A central station is supplying energy to a community through two substations. One substation
feeds four distributing circuits; the other, six. The maximum daily recorded demands are:

Power Station: 12,000 kw

Substation A: 6,000 kw Substation B: 9,000 kw


Feeder 1: 1,700 kw Feeder 1: 620 kw
Feeder 2: 1,800 kw Feeder 2: 1,500 kw
Feeder 3: 2,800 kw Feeder 3: 1,000 kw
Feeder 4: 600 kw Feeder 4: 2,900 kw
Feeder 5: 2,200 kw
Feeder 6: 3,000 kw

ME83: Power Plant Design Page 3


THE VARIABLE LOAD PROBLEM

Calculate the diversity factor between (a) substations, (b) feeders on substation A, (c)
feeders on substation B.

SOLUTION:

a. Diversity factors between substations:

b. Diversity factors between feeders on substation A

c. Diversity factors between feeders on substation B

2. An electrical feeder line serves four distribution transformers which have the following
connected loads:
No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4
Residence 10 kw Residence 20 kw Commercial 15 kw Power 32 kw
Residence 20 kw Residence 25 kw Commercial 5 kw Residence 24 kw
Residence 25 kw Residence 28 kw Power 4 kw Residence 35 kw
Commercial 35 kw Commercial 15 kw Residence 18 kw
Commercial 25 kw
Using the tabulated factors, find peak load on the feeder.

SOLUTION:

Maximum demand on transformer 1:


= 10 kw (0.50) +20 kw (0.50) +25 kw (0.50) ; 0.50 – demand factor for residential lightings
= 27.5 kw

Maximum demand on transformer 2 (Residence):


= 20 kw (0.50) +25 kw (0.50) +28 kw (0.50) ; 0.50 – demand factor for residential lightings
= 36.5 kw

ME83: Power Plant Design Page 4


THE VARIABLE LOAD PROBLEM

Maximum demand on transformer 2 (commercial):


= 35 kw (0.60); 0.60 – demand factor for small industries
= 21 kw

Maximum demand on transformer 3 (commercial):


= 15 kw (0.70) +5 kw (0.70) + 15 kw (0.70) + 25 kw (0.70); 0.70 – demand factor for stores and
offices
= 42 kw

Maximum demand on transformer 3 (power):


= (4/0.72) kw (0.75); 0.75 – demand factor general power services of less than 7.5 kw ; 0.72 – motor
efficiency
= 4.17 kw

Maximum demand on transformer 4 (power):


= (32/0.72) kw (0.55); 0.55 – demand factor general power services of 15-75 kw; 0.72 – motor
efficiency
= 24.44 kw

Maximum demand on transformer 4 (residential):


= 24 kw (0.50) +35 kw (0.50) +18 kw (0.50); 0.50 – demand factor for residential lightings
= 38.51 kw

Peak load in transformer 1:


= (27.5 kw/3.5) ; 3.5- diversity factors of residence lighting between consumers
= 7.85 kw
Peak load in transformer 2:
= (36.5 kw/3.5) + (21 kw/1.5);
3.5- diversity factors of residence lighting between consumers; 1.5- diversity factors of
commercial lighting between consumers
= 24.43 kw
Peak load in transformer 3:
= (42 kw/1.5) + (4.17 kw/1.5);
1.5- diversity factors of commercial lighting between consumers; 1.5- diversity factors of
general power services between consumers
= 30.78 kw
Peak load in transformer 4:
= (24.44 kw/1.5) + (38.5 kw/3.5);
1.5- diversity factors of general power services between consumers; 3.5- diversity factors of
residential lighting between consumers
= 27.29 kw
The total transformer load = 7.71 kw +24.43 kw +30.78 kw +27.29 kw
= 90.35 kw

Maximum feeder load = (90.35 kw/1.3); 1.3 – diversity factors between


transformers
= 69.5 kw

Maximum substation load = (69.5 kw/1.2); 1.2 – diversity factors between feeders
= 57.92 kw

ME83: Power Plant Design Page 5


THE VARIABLE LOAD PROBLEM

Plant capacity = (57.92 kw/1.1); 1.1 – diversity factors between


substations
= 52.65 kw

3. A central station has annual factors as follows: Load: 58.5%, capacity 40.9%, use 45.2%.
The reserve carried over and above the peak load is 8900 kw. Find (a) installed capacity,
(b) annual energy production, (c) hr per year not in service.

SOLUTION:

RESERVE LOAD

INSTALLED
CAPACITY
PEAK LOAD

Load factor =
Average load = (peak load) (load factor)

Plant capacity factor =


=
Plant capacity factor =
Installed capacity = (peak load) (load factor/plant capacity factor) eq. 1
Installed capacity = peak load + reserve load eq. 2

Equate (eq 1) and (eq. 2) to solve the peak load:

(peak load) (load factor/plant capacity factor) = peak load + reserve load
(peak load) (0.585/0.409) = peak load + 8,900 kw
Peak load = 20,682.89 kw

a. Installed capacity = peak load + reserve load


= 20,682.89 kw + 8,900 kw
= 29, 582.39 kw

b. Annual energy production =


= (20,682.89 kw) (0.585) (8760 hrs)
= 105,988,957.2 kw-hr
c. # of hrs not in service:

Plant use factor =


0.452 =

ME83: Power Plant Design Page 6


THE VARIABLE LOAD PROBLEM

So, the # of hrs not in service:


= 8760- 7926.7 hrs
= 833.3 hrs.

ME83: Power Plant Design Page 7

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