Topic 2 The Variable Problem ME 416
Topic 2 The Variable Problem ME 416
75 kW
50 kW
25 kW
12 MN 12 MN
75 kW
50 kW
25 kW
NOON
12 MN 12 MN
Load Curve refers to the graph used to represent the relationship between the demanded load and
time sequence.
Monthly load curve is the average of the daily load curves over a one-month period that is used in
establishing rates.
Annual load curve is the average of the daily load curves over a period of one year tha is used in
determining the annual load factor. ( 8760 hrs/yr )
Base load power plants include steam, hydroelectric power and geothermal power plants.
Peak load power plants include diesel-electric and gas turbine power plants.
Reserve over peak or reserve capacity over and above the peak load is the plant capacity less the
peak load.
Average load is the ratio of the kilowatt-hours of energy to the peak load.
Area in kW-hrs
A.L. =
24 hrs
Load factor is the ratio of the average load to the maximum load in a given period.
Average load
L.F. =
Peak load
Peak load – is the maximum load
a. instantaneous peak load
b. 30 min peak load
c. 1 hr peak load
Power factor is the ratio of the actual power to the apparent power.
Demand factor is the ratio of the actual maximum demand to the connected load.
▪ Connected load – the sum of the continuous ratings of all the equipment and outlets on the
customer’s circuits.
Diversity factor is the ratio of the sum of the individual maximum demands to the maximum
simultaneous demand; the value to be obtained is always greater than one.
Plant capacity factor the actual energy production divided by the maximum possible energy that
might have been produced during the period.
Annual energy production
Pant annual capacity factor = Maximum energy that can be produced
Plant factor is the ratio of the average load to the equipment rating supplying the load.
Utilization factor is the ratio of the maximum system demand to the rated system capacity.
Operation factor is the ratio of duration of actual service to the total expected load.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. A central station is supplying energy to a community through two substations. One substation
feeds four distributing circuits; the other, six. The maximum daily recorded demands are:
Calculate the diversity factor between (a) substations, (b) feeders on substation A, (c)
feeders on substation B.
SOLUTION:
2. An electrical feeder line serves four distribution transformers which have the following
connected loads:
No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4
Residence 10 kw Residence 20 kw Commercial 15 kw Power 32 kw
Residence 20 kw Residence 25 kw Commercial 5 kw Residence 24 kw
Residence 25 kw Residence 28 kw Power 4 kw Residence 35 kw
Commercial 35 kw Commercial 15 kw Residence 18 kw
Commercial 25 kw
Using the tabulated factors, find peak load on the feeder.
SOLUTION:
Maximum substation load = (69.5 kw/1.2); 1.2 – diversity factors between feeders
= 57.92 kw
3. A central station has annual factors as follows: Load: 58.5%, capacity 40.9%, use 45.2%.
The reserve carried over and above the peak load is 8900 kw. Find (a) installed capacity,
(b) annual energy production, (c) hr per year not in service.
SOLUTION:
RESERVE LOAD
INSTALLED
CAPACITY
PEAK LOAD
Load factor =
Average load = (peak load) (load factor)
(peak load) (load factor/plant capacity factor) = peak load + reserve load
(peak load) (0.585/0.409) = peak load + 8,900 kw
Peak load = 20,682.89 kw