GENERAL

MATHEMATICS
Ms. Alona Altares Cabatit
 Functions and
Relations

What does
it make a good
leader?
Business
Logic
Mathematics
This is a helpful additional
material that can be
consulted depending on the
topic on functions. Maximize
its use.
 REVIEW
Operations on Integers/Polynomials
Laws of Exponents
Factoring
Plotting of Points
Slope and Equations of a Line
Geometric Formulas
Integers
An integer a set of whole numbers, including zero,
and their opposites.
… − 4, −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 …

Every counting number from 1 up to positive infinity,

−𝟒 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟒 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐛𝐨𝐭𝐡 𝟒 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐰𝐚𝐲 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐳𝐞𝐫𝐨

https://www.onlinemathlearning.com/subtracting-integers-3.html
Operations on Polynomials
Similar terms can be
2 2 2 added or subtracted
3𝑥 + 2𝑥 = 5𝑥 Similar terms have the
same literal coefficients
2
3𝑚 𝑛 − 2
2𝑚 𝑛 = 2
𝑚 𝑛 same letter/s or
variable/s used and
same degree/exponent
 Operations on Polynomials
Dissimilar Terms
3𝑎 + 2𝑏 = 3𝑎 + 2𝑏 𝐢𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭
2 2
3𝑥 + 2𝑚
2 3𝑎 + 2𝑏 = 5𝑎𝑏 𝐢𝐬 𝐰𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐠
3𝑚𝑛 − 2𝑚 𝑛
Operations on Polynomials
We cancel terms
common to both the
2
2
−2𝑎 𝑏
numerator and the −2𝑎 + 𝑏
denominator, in
𝑏 multiplication and/or 𝑏
in division.
2
= −2𝑎 2 Why can’t this be done in = −2𝑎
addition/subtraction
 Operations on Polynomials
Since this is wrong, then there should be a correct one!

2 2 2
−2𝑎 + 𝑏 −2𝑎 +𝑏 −2𝑎 𝑏
= +
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
−2𝑎 2
2
= −2𝑎 = +1
𝑏
 Laws of Exponents
Product Law
𝒂𝒎 ∗ 𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝒎+𝒏 22 ∗ 23 = 25
same base, add the exponents 2 2 2 3 2 5
∗ =
3 3 3
Power of Product Law 𝒎 𝒎 𝒎 4 4 4
𝒂𝒃 =𝒂 𝒃 3𝑥 =3 𝑥
Power of a Power Law 𝒂 𝒎 𝒏
=𝒂 𝒎𝒏 53 4
= 53∗4 = 512
𝒎 𝒎 𝟑
Power of a Fraction 𝒂 𝒂 𝟐 𝟐𝟑
= 𝒎 = 𝟑
𝒃 𝒃 𝟕 𝟕
 Laws of Exponents
𝒎 𝒎 𝟑
Power of a Fraction 𝒂 𝒂 𝟐 𝟐𝟑
= 𝒎 = 𝟑
𝒃 𝒃 𝟕 𝟕
Common Mistake is 𝟑
the cancellation of the 𝟐 𝟐𝟑 𝟐
exponents.
= 𝟑=
𝟕 𝟕 𝟕
Take Note! 𝟑
𝟐 𝟐∗𝟐∗𝟐
=
𝟕 𝟕∗𝟕∗𝟕
 Laws of Exponents
Quotient Law 𝒂𝒎 𝒎−𝒏 same base, subtract the exponents
= 𝒂
𝒂𝒏
35 35 3 ∙ 3 ∙ 3 ∙ 3 ∙ 3
If m > n, then… 2 = 35−3 = 33 32
=
3∙3
3
32 −3
1 32 3∙3
If m < n, then… 5 = 3 = 3 5
=
3 3 3 3∙3∙3∙3∙3
4 - Any number/quantity
3 34 3 ∙ 3 ∙ 3 ∙ 3
0 (except 0) raised to a zero = =1
If m = n, then… 4 = 3 (0) exponent is qual to 1. 3 4 3∙3∙3∙3
3 - Dividing a number by itself
equals 1
 Factoring
Multiply: Polynomials2
3𝑚 2𝑚 + 6𝑚 − 5 = 6𝑚 3
+ 18𝑚2 − 15𝑚

Factor by Getting the Greatest Common Monomial Factor:

6𝑚3 + 18𝑚2 − 15𝑚 = 𝟑𝒎 2𝑚2 + 6𝑚 − 5

6𝑚3 18𝑚2 −15𝑚

𝑎+5 𝑎−7 =
 Factoring Polynomials
Multiply: 𝟐𝒎 + 𝟑 𝒎 − 𝟓 = 𝟐𝒎𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎𝒎 + 𝟑𝒎 − 𝟏𝟓
𝐅𝐎𝐈𝐋 𝐌𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐝 = 𝟐𝒎𝟐 − 𝟕𝒎 − 𝟏𝟓
Factor the Quadratic Trinomial:
𝟐𝒎𝟐 − 𝟕𝒎 − 𝟏𝟓 = 𝟐𝒎 + 𝟑 𝒎 − 𝟓

3𝑚 − 10𝑚 𝟑𝒎
−10𝑚 + 3𝑚 −𝟏𝟎𝒎
 Factoring Polynomials
Multiply: 𝟑𝒂 + 𝟐 𝟐 = 𝟑𝒂 + 𝟐 𝟑𝒂 + 𝟐 𝐅𝐎𝐈𝐋 𝐌𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐝

or… = 𝟗𝒂𝟐 + 𝟔𝒂 + 𝟔𝒂 + 𝟒
-Square the 1st term
= 𝟗𝒂𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝒂 + 𝟒
-Multiply the product
of the two 2 terms by 2 𝟐 𝟐
-Square the 2nd term 𝟑𝒂 𝟐
𝟐 𝟑𝒂 (𝟐)
Factoring Polynomials
Factor the Perfect Square Trinomial:

𝟗𝒂𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝒂 + 𝟒 = 𝟑𝒂 + 𝟐 𝟑𝒂 + 𝟐 = 𝟑𝒂 + 𝟐 𝟐

𝟐 𝟐
𝟑𝒂 𝟐

𝟐 𝟑𝒂 (𝟐)
Plotting of Points
(x, y) ordered pair
Plotting of Points
A(2, 3) or A:(2, 3) but NOT A = (2, 3)
A - read as, point A with coordinates 2 and 3
- A, point A or point (2, 3)
B(3, 2) - (2, 3) is an ordered pair.
- Order is very important, such that the coordinate
of x comes before the coordinate of y.
- the coordinate of x is 2, while the coordinate of y
is 3.
- This couldn’t be written as A(3, 2) because the
point is in another area. Thus, it should be named
using another letter… B(3, 2)
Plotting of Points
Plot the following points:
A(-3, 5) P A(-3, 5) C:(5, 3)
B(5, -3) D:(0, 2) y – intercept (0, b)
S
Give the coordinates of the
Q following points:
P R S
Q (-4, 0) x – intercept (a, 0)
R
Intercepts are points along
the x – axis and the y – axis.
Slope of a Line (m)
Slope of a Line (m)
6−3 𝟑
𝑚= = m is
2−0 𝟐
3 units positive

2 units It could also be…

3−0 𝟑
𝑚= =
0 − (−2) 𝟐
Slope of a Line (m)
6−3 𝟑
𝑚= =− m is
−2 − 0 𝟐
3 units negative

2 units It could also be…

0−3 𝟑
𝑚= =−
2−0 𝟐
 3−3 𝟎
𝑚= = =𝟎 m is 0
0 − 5 −𝟓

−1 − 3 −𝟒
𝑚= =
−3 − (−3) 𝟎
𝐢𝐭 𝐢𝐬 undefined

m is
undefined
Equations of a
Line
 6−3 𝟑
Find the equation of this line. 𝑚= =
2−0 𝟐

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
I’m choosing (0, 3)…but you may choose any point.
𝟑 Standard Form
𝑦 − 3 = (𝑥 − 0)
𝟐 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 = −𝟔
𝟑
𝑦−3= 𝑥
𝟐
𝟑 Slope – Intercept Form
𝟐𝑦 − (𝟐)3 = (𝟐) 𝑥 𝟑
𝟐 𝒚= 𝑥+𝟑
𝟐
𝟐𝑦 − 6 = 𝟑𝑥
Formulas

Rectangle 𝑉 = 𝑙𝑤ℎ