1EE801: Electrical Science

Unit-6: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

➢ Introduction to number systems, binary to decimal and vice versa
➢ Number system and its arithmetic, binary codes
➢ Boolean-algebra & simplification of Boolean expression
➢ Logic gates, concept of universal logic
➢ Implementation of Boolean expressions using logic gates
➢ Application of digital circuits; adder, subtractor
➢ Basics of multiplexer, de-multiplexer
➢ Overview of analog to digital converter
➢ Overview of digital to analog converter

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Introduction
❖ A continuously varying signal is called analog,
e.g. Sinusoidal signal
❖ A signal which can have only two discrete values
is called a digital signal.
❖ The electronic circuit that handles only digital
signals is known as Digital circuit, that operates
at two stages:
➢ HIGH or LOW
➢ ON or OFF
➢ 1 or 0
❖ As the output response of the system is expressed
in two digits 0 or 1, hence the system is known as
Digital System.
❖ The numbering concept that uses only the two
digits (0 & 1) is known as Binary number system.

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Introduction to number systems, binary to
decimal and vice versa
➢ The common method to express a number is in terms of Radix:
➢ A decimal number,
➢ A binary number,
➢ Conversion of Decimal to Binary :

➢ Conversion of Binary to Decimal:

➢ ~

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 ➢ Hexadecimal<->Octal
Number system:
❖ Octal number system:
➢ Decimal<->Octal:

➢ Binary<->Octal:

❖ Hexadecimal number system:

➢ Decimal<->Hexadecimal

➢ Binary<->Hexadecimal

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Negative Numbers: Sign-Magnitude representation
➢ Sign-Magnitude representation
➢ “+” sign before a number indicates it as a positive number
➢ “-” sign before a number indicates it as a negative number
➢ Not very convenient on computers
➢ The most significant bit (MSD) represents the sign bit;
➢ If MSD is a ”0”: The number is positive,
Remaining (n-1) bits directly indicate the magnitude
➢ If the MSD is “1”:The number is negative,
Complement of all the remaining (n-1) bits gives the magnitude
➢ Replace “+” sign by “0” and “-” by “1”
➢ (+1100101)2 → (01100101)2
➢ (+101.001)2 → (0101.001)2
➢ (-10010)2 → (110010)2
➢ (-110.101)2 → (1110.101)2

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Complement of numbers
❖ One’s complement of a number : Complement all the digits
➢ If A is an integer in one’s complement form, then one’s complement of A = -A
➢ This applies to fractions as well: A = 0.101 (+0.625)10
➢ One’s complement of A = 1.010 (-0.625)10
➢ Mixed number: B = 010011.0101 (+19.3125)10
➢ One’s complement of B = 101100.1010 (- 19.3125)10

❖ Two’s Complement Representation: Complement all the digits and add “1” to the LSB
➢ If A is an integer in one’s complement form, then two’s complement of A = -A
This applies to fractions as well: A = 0.101 (+0.625)10
➢ Two’s complement of A = 1.011→ (-0.625)10
➢ Mixed number: B = 010011.0101 (+19.3125)10
➢ Two’s complement of B = 101100.1011→ (- 9.3125)10
➢ Two’s complement numbers:
0111111 →+ 63
0000110 → + 6 ❖ Procedure to estimate 2’s complement:
0000000 → + 0 ➢ If MSD is a “0”: The number is positive & Remaining (n-1) bits
1111010 → - 6 directly indicate the magnitude.
➢ If the MSD is “1”: The number is negative & Magnitude is obtained
1000001 → - 63
by complementing all the remaining (n-1) bits and adding a 1.
1000000 → - 64

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 Grey code:
Binary Codes ❖ The bits of Gray code words are numbered
from right to left, from 0 to n-1.
❖ Coding is the process of altering the characteristics of
➢ Bit ‘i’ is 0, if bits i and i+1 of the corresponding
information to make it more suitable for intended application
binary code word are the same, else bit ‘i’ is 1.
❖ Coding schemes depend on
➢ When i+1 = n, bit n of the binary code word is
➢ Security requirements
considered to be 0.
➢ Complexity of the medium of transmission
❖ Example: Consider the decimal number 68.
➢ Levels of error tolerated
(68)10 = (1000100)2
➢ Need for standardization
Binary code : 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
BCD : Binary coded decimal Number Gray code : 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
➢ Convert decimal number inputs into binary
form
➢ Manipulate these binary numbers
➢ Convert resultant binary numbers back into
decimal numbers
➢ (16.85)10 = (0001 0110 . 1000 0101)
1 6 8 5

Xs3 code:
Excess 3 code=
Binary digit + 3 (011)

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ASCII Codes

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Logic gates:

Basic Logic gates: NOT, AND, OR

NOT Gate:

Pin Diagram of NOT Gate (7404)

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AND Gate:

Pin Diagram of AND Gate (7408)

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OR Gate:

Pin Diagram of OR Gate (7432)

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XOR Gate:

Pin Diagram of Ex-OR Gate (7486)

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Concept of universal logic & UNIVERSAL GATE
❖ A universal gate is a gate which can implement any Boolean function without need to use any other
gate type. The NAND and NOR gates are universal gates.
❖ In practice, this is advantageous since NAND and NOR gates are economical and easier to fabricate and
are the basic gates used in all IC digital logic families.

Pin Diagram of NAND Gate (7400)

Pin Diagram of NOR Gate (7402)

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NAND gate as universal gate

Truth Table

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NOR gate as universal gate

Using NOR gate only Truth Table

A Y=(A+A)’ A’
0 1 1
1 0 0

A B A’ B’ Y=((A’+B)’)’ A.B
0 0 1 1 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 1 1

A B (A+B)’ Y= A+B
((A+B)’+(A+B)’)’
0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 1
1 1 0 1 1

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 Boolean-algebra & simplification of
Boolean expression
❖ Some basic theorems of Boolean algebra are:

❖ The operator precedence in Boolean algebra are: Parenthesis, NOT, AND, OR

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Implementation of Boolean expressions
❖ A Boolean expression is an expression which consists of
variables, constants (0-false and 1-true) and logical
operators which results in true or false.
❖ A Boolean function is an algebraic form of Boolean
expression. A Boolean function of n-variables is
represented by f(x1, x2, x3….xn).
❖ By using Boolean laws and theorems, we can simplify the
Boolean functions of digital circuits. A brief note of different
ways of representing a Boolean function is shown below.
➢ Sum-of-Products (SOP) form: SOP is a method of describing a
Boolean expression using a set of min-terms or product terms. e.g.,
F= A’BC + AB’C + ABC ‘ + ABC
➢ Product-of-sums (POS) form: POS is a method of describing a
Boolean expression using a set of max- terms or sum terms. e.g.,
F= (A’+B+C)(A+B+C)(A+B+C ‘)(A+B’+C)
➢ Canonical forms:
✓ Sum-of-min terms or
Canonical SOP
e.g., F (x, y, z) = Σ (3, 5, 6, 7)
✓ Product-of-max terms or
Canonical POS
e.g., F (x, y, z) = Π (0, 1, 2, 4)

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Examples:
Implementation of Boolean expressions

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Examples: Implementation of Boolean expressions

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Examples: Implementation of Boolean expressions

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Examples:

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Examples: Implementation of Boolean expressions
using logic gates
Example: Implement logic circuit for the expression: Y=A’B+B’

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Examples: Implementation of Boolean expressions

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Examples: Boolean expressions from Logic circuits

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Application of digital circuits: Adder

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Application of digital circuits: Substractor
2’s complement method of substraction.
➢ Here, first binary number (from which another binary number to be substracted) is kept as it is.
➢ Then each bit of second binary numbers (which to be substracted) is complemented.
➢ Then 1 is added to LSB of complemented second binary number.
➢ This results 2’s complement of second binary number.
➢ Now finally we add first binary number with 2’s complement of the second binary number and we get final result of
substraction.
➢ Example: First binary number was 110011 and second binary number was 100101.
➢ Complement or 1’s complement of 100101 is 011010.
➢ Now by adding 1 with LSB of this 1’s complement number
➢ Now by adding first number, 110011 and 2’s complement of second number i.e. 11011. We get

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Application of digital circuits: Substractor
❖ Half-substractor :

❖ Full-substractor :

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Self Study
Application of digital circuits: Flip-flop

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Basics of multiplexer:
➢ A multiplexer is a circuit used to select and route any one of the several input signals to a single output.
➢ Multiplexers can handle two type of data i.e., analog and digital.
➢ For analog application, multiplexer are built using relays and transistor switches.
➢ For digital application, they are built from standard logic gates.
➢ The multiplexer used for digital applications, also called digital
multiplexer, is a circuit with many input but only one output.
➢ By applying control signals (also known as Select Signals), we can steer
any input to the output.
➢ of the common types of multiplexer are 2-to-1, 4-to-1, 8-to-1, 16-to-1
multiplexer.

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Basics of multiplexer, de-multiplexer
➢ A demultiplexer is a circuit with one input and many outputs. By
applying control signal, we can steer any input to the output. Few
types of demultiplexer are 1-to 2, 1-to-4, 1-to-8 and 1-to 16
demultiplexer.
➢ The 1-to-4 demultiplexer has 1 input bit, 2 control or select bits, and
4 output bits.
➢ An example of 1-to-4 demultiplexer is IC 74155

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Basics of multiplexer, de-multiplexer
➢ One 1:16 demux could be implemented by a 1:2 and two 1:8 demux:

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 Overview of analog to digital converter
➢ an analog-to-digital converter (ADC, A/D, or A-to-D) is a system that converts an analog signal, such as a sound picked up by
a microphone or light entering a digital camera, into a digital signal.
➢ An ADC converts a continuous-time and continuous-amplitude analog signal to a discrete-time and discrete-amplitude digital signal.
The conversion involves quantization of the input, so it necessarily introduces a small amount of error or noise.
➢ Furthermore, instead of continuously performing the conversion, an ADC does the conversion periodically, sampling the input,
limiting the allowable bandwidth of the input signal.

➢ Application of ADC:
✓ Used together with
the transducer.
✓ Used in computer to convert the
analog signal to digital signal.
✓ Used in cell phones.
✓ Used in microcontrollers.
✓ Used in digital signal processing.
✓ Used in digital storage
oscilloscopes.
✓ Used in scientific instruments.
✓ Used in music reproduction
technology etc.

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Overview of digital to analog converter
➢ Digital-to-analog converter (DAC, D/A, D2A, or D-to-A) is a system that converts a digital signal into an analog signal. An analog-
to-digital converter (ADC) performs the reverse function
➢ DACs are commonly used in music players to convert digital data streams into analog audio signals. They are also used
in televisions and mobile phones to convert digital video data into analog video signals
➢ A Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) converts a digital input signal into an analog output signal. The digital signal is represented
with a binary code, which is a combination of bits 0 and 1.

➢ There are two types of DACs:

(i) Weighted Resistor DAC (ii) R-2R Ladder DAC

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Overview of ADC & DAC

881036251404105

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 Links for video lectures

https://ia600607.us.archive.org/3/items/DigitalLogicAndComputerDesignByM.MorrisMano2ndEdition/Digital%20Lo
content/uploads/2020/04/principles-of-electronics-s-chand-v-k-mehta-rohit-

gic%20And%20Computer%20Design%20By%20M.%20Morris%20Mano%20%282nd%20Edition%29.pdf
Special Purpose Diode (AAN) : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0E5drXB5OSU&feature=youtu.be
Link for Book by VK Mehta: https://rnsinstituteoftechnology.org/wp-

Oscillators (AAN) : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WN9ntTO4YgQ&feature=youtu.be

Self-study
Multivibrators (AAN) : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7tic3NVqF20&feature=youtu.be

Clipper and Clamper (AAN) : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cpORaVCqsn8&feature=youtu.be

Transistor Connections(TKT) : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIlOdJTDfqo

Digital Electronics Part I (PAK) : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iiKCahoqCi8&feature=youtu.be

Digital Electronics Part II (PAK) : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iREsuY5uNAE&feature=youtu.be

M. Morris Mano, Digital logic and computer Design:

Clipper Part 1 (ABR) : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e0QhgJMFf-4&feature=youtu.be

Clipper Part II (ABR) : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MIDmPEn0rAY&feature=youtu.be

Clamper (ABR) : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v94790cjYtY&feature=youtu.be

Three Phase Circuits 1 (AAN) : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OorTfFhjjZo&feature=youtu.be

mehta.pdf

Three Phase Circuits 2 (AAN) : https://www.youtube.com/watch?reload=9&v=2DV2hlGpmbE&feature=youtu.be

Three Phase Circuits 3 (AAN) : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mkv8IpFloHs&feature=youtu.be

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 M. Morris Mano, Digital logic and computer Design:
https://ia600607.us.archive.org/3/items/DigitalLogicAndComputerDesignByM.MorrisMano2ndEdition/Digital%20Lo
gic%20And%20Computer%20Design%20By%20M.%20Morris%20Mano%20%282nd%20Edition%29.pdf

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Electrical Science
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