APFSG1A – AUGUST 2011

VAAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF APPLIED AND COMPUTER SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
& NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING

NATIONAL DIPLOMA:
NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
BIOMEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
BIOTECHNOLOGY
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

SUBJECT : Physics 1A
SUBJECT CODE : APFSG1A
DATE : August 2011 TEST 1
TIME : 2 Hours
EXAMINER : Mr. G.S. NKOSI
MODERATOR : Dr. W.J. BEKKER

INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Answer ALL questions

2. Questions may be answered in any sequence; but take note that a question must be answered
together and numbered very clearly.
3. A non-programmable pocket calculator may be used.
4. Total Marks : 107
5. Full Marks : 100

PAPER CONSISTS OF 5 TYPED PAGES, PLUS AN INFORMATION SHEET

DO NOT TURN THE PAGE BEFORE PERMISSION IS GRANTED

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 APFSG1A – AUGUST 2011

Question 1 – Multiple Choice [10x3 = 30]

Choose the most correct answer.

1.1 A periodic wave is produced on a stretched string. Which one of the following properties is not
related to the speed of the wave?
A. Frequency.
B. Period.
C. Tension in the string.
D. Amplitude.

1.2 A bell is ringing inside of a sealed glass jar that is connected to a vacuum pump. Initially, the jar is
filled with air. What does one hear as the air is slowly removed from the jar by the pump?
A. The speed of the sound from the bell gradually increases.
B. The frequency of the sound from the bell gradually increases.
C. The frequency of the sound from the bell gradually decrease.
D. The sound intensity from the bell gradually decreases.

1.3 Sound waves are emitted from two speakers. Which one of the following statements about sound
wave interference is false?
A. Constructive interference occurs when two waves are exactly in phase when they meet.
B. Interference redistributes the energy carried by the individual waves.
C. Sound waves undergo diffraction as they exit each speaker.
D. In a region where both destructive and constructive interference occur, energy is not conserved.

1.4 Which one of the following superpositions will result in beats?

A. The superposition of waves that are identical except for slightly different frequencies.
B. The superposition of waves that are identical except for slightly different amplitudes.
C. The superposition of identical waves that travel in the same direction.
D. The superposition of waves that travel with different speeds.

1.5 Which one of the following statements is true concerning the points on a string that sustain a
standing wave pattern?
A. All points vibrate with different amplitudes.
B. All points undergo motion that is purely longitudinal.
C. All points vibrate with different frequencies.
D. All points vibrate with the same energy.

1.6 The most convincing evidence that electromagnetic waves are transverse waves is that
A. They can be polarized.
B. They carry energy through space.
C. They can travel through a material substance.
D. They do not require a physical medium for propagation.

1.7 Complete the following sentence: The term coherence relates to

A. The polarization state of two waves.
B. The phase relationship between two waves.
C. The diffraction of two waves.
D. The frequency of two waves.
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 APFSG1A – AUGUST 2011
1.8 Which one of the following statements is not a characteristic of a plane mirror?
A. The magnification is +1.
B. The image is real.
C. The image is always upright.
D. The image is reversed right to left.

1.9 Which one of the following statements concerning a virtual image produced by a mirror is true?
A. A virtual image is always larger than the object.
B. A virtual image is always upright relative to the object.
C. A virtual image is always inverted relative to the object.
D. A virtual image is always smaller than the object.

1.10 Which one of the following concerning the image formed by a concave spherical mirror is true?
A. When the object distance is less than the focal length, the image is virtual.
B. When the object distance is larger than the focal length, the image is virtual.
C. When the object is at the center of curvature, the image is formed at infinity.
D. When the object distance is less than the focal length, the image is inverted relative to the object.

Question 2 [3]
Convert the following measurements as requested.

2.1 4 g/cm3 to kg/m3

2.2 7000 cm3 to liters
2.3 259200 s to days

Question 3 [9]
Define, state or explain each of the following from first principle.

3.1 Beat frequency (in words) (3)

3.2 Rayleigh criterion for resolution (3)
3.3 Total internal reflection (3)

Question 4 [17]
4.1 A wave travelling in the + x direction has an amplitude of 0.35 m, a speed of 5.2 m/s, and a frequency
of 14 Hz. Find

a) The wavelength (3)

b) The Period (2)
c) Write the equation of the wave (3)

4.2 Two people relaxing on a deck listen to a songbird sing. One person only 1.00 m from the bird
hears the sound with intensity of 2.8 x 10-6 W/m. What intensity is heard by the second person,
who is 4.25 m from the bird? (3)

4.3 At a distance of 5.0 m from a point sound source, the sound intensity level is 110 dB. At what
distance is the intensity level 95 dB? (6)
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 APFSG1A – AUGUST 2011
Question 5 [15]
5.1 The two speakers in the drawing are vibrating out of phase, and a listener is standing at point P as
shown below. Does constructive or destructive interference occur at P when the speakers produce
sound waves whose frequency is 1466 Hz? Take the speed of sound to be 343 m/s, and prove
your answer with appropriate calculations. (6)

5.2 A 1500-Hz sound emerges from a loudspeaker through a circular opening that has a diameter of
0.3 m. Find the diffraction angle for the sound. (3)

5.4 A wire 130 cm long vibrates with four nodes, two of them at the two ends. Find the speed of the
wave in the wire if the wire is being vibrated at 500 Hz. In which overtone is the wire? (6)

Question 6 [20]
6.1 In a Young’s double slit experiment, the separation between the slits is 3.0 x 10-5 m; and the
screen is located 1.2 m from the slits. The second-order bright fringe (m = 2) is 4.5 x 10-2 m from
the centre line.

a) Find the wavelength of the light used in this experiment (5)

b) Calculate the distance between the first order bright fringe (m = 1) and the second order
bright fringe (m = 2) (6)

6.2 A diffraction pattern forms when light passes through a single slit. The wavelength of the light is
675 nm. Determine the angle that locates the first dark fringe when the width of the slit is 1.8 x 10-4
m (4)

6.4 A diffraction grating is 1.50 cm wide and contains 2400 lines. When used with light of a certain
wavelength, a third-order maximum is formed at an angle of 18.0°. What is the wavelength (in
nm)? (5)

Question 7 [13]
7.1 A 4.0 cm high object is placed 14.20 cm from a concave mirror whose radius of curvature is 20.40
cm. Find
a) The image distance (3)
b) The image size (2)
c) Properties of the Image based on the findings in (a) and (b) (3)

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 APFSG1A – AUGUST 2011

7.2 A light ray is traveling in a diamond (n = 2.419).

(a) If the ray approaches the diamond-air interface, determine the critical angle for this situation.
Take the index of refraction of air to be 1.000. (3)
(b) What happens in this situation when the incident angle becomes larger than the critical angle
calculated in (a)? (2)

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 APFSG1A – AUGUST 2011
INFORMATION SHEET

Acceleration due to gravity ; g = 9, 8 m.s-2

Universal Gravitational constant : G = 6.672 x 10-11 N.m2/kg2
Density of water : ρWater = 1, 00 x 103 kg.m-3.
Universal gas constant : R = 8.314 J.mol-1.K-1
Weakest audible sound : Io=1 x 10-12W/m2
Proportionality constant : k = 8.99 x 109 N.m2.C-2
Stefan-Boltzmann constant : σ = 5, 67 x 10-8 W. (m2.K4)-1.
Speed of sound : v = 343 m.s-1
Speed of light : c = 3 x 108 m.s-1
Permittivity of free space : ε0 = 8, 85 x 10-12 C2.N-1.m-2
Permeability of free space : µ0 = 4π x 10-7 T.m.A-1
Universal gas constant : R = 8.314 J.mol-1.K-1
Avogadro’s number : NA = 6.022x1023
Mass of Hydrogen atom : 11H = 1,007825 u
Mass of neutron : 10n = 1,008665 u
Conversion factor : 1 u = 931, 5 MeV
Area of circle : πr2
Area of sphere : 4πr2
Volume of a sphere : V = 43 πr 3
2πx kq
y = A sin( 2πft ± ) E=
λ r2
λ kq
sin θ = m V=
W r
1 λ ∆L = αL0 ∆T
sin θ = (m + )
2 W Q = mc∆T ;
λ Q = mL....
sin θ = 1.22
D 1 1
P1 + ρ1v12 + ρ1gh1 = P2 + ρ 2v22 + ρ 2 gh2
 v  2 2
f n = n ; n = 1,2,3,... 1 1 1
 2L  = + + ......;
R p R1 R2
 v 
f n = n ; n = 1,3,5,... Rs = R1 + R2 + ..........
 4L 
n1 sinθ1 = n2 sinθ2 1 1 1
= +
f o i
f =±1R
2 i
GMm m=−
F= o
r2 n
P = ρgh d'= d( 2 )
n1
T = 273 + t
N = N 0 e −λt
m
n= ln 2
M t1 =
Q=Av λ
2

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 APFSG1A – AUGUST 2011
Question 1[30]
1.1 D 1.2 D 1.3 D 1.4 A 1.5 A 1.6 A 1.7 B 1.8 B 1.9 B 1.10 A

Question 2 [3]

2.1 4 x 103 kg/m3

2.2 7 liters
2.3 3 days

Question 3 [9]

3.1 Beat is the periodic variation in amplitude that arises from the linear superposition of waves that have slightly
different frequencies. (3)
3.2. Raleigh criterion: Two point objects are just resolved when the first dark fringe in the diffraction pattern of
one falls directly on the central bright fringe of the diffraction pattern of the other. (3)
3.3. Total internal reflection: When the angle of incidence is larger than the critical angle, light is reflected back
into the medium. (3)

Question 4 [21]

v = fλ
5 .2
4.1 a. λ =
14
λ = 0.37 m
1 1
b. T= = = 0.071s
f 14
c. y = 0.35 sin(87.9t − 16.9 x )

4.2 I2/ I1= (r1/r2)2

I2= (r1/r2)2 I1= (1.00/4.25)2(2.8 x 10-6 W/m) = 1.55 x 10-7 W/m (3)

4.3
 I1 
β 1 = 10 log 
 I0 
 I1 
110dB = 10dB log −12 
 1 × 10 
I 1 = 1.0 × 10 −1W / m 2
 I2 
β 2 = 10 log  (6)
 I0 
 I2 
95dB = 10dB log −12 
 1 × 10 
I 2 = 3.0 × 10 −3 W / m 2
1.0 × 10 −1 r2
2 2
I 1 r2
= 2 ⇒ = ⇒ r2 = 28.87 m
I 2 r1 3.0 × 10 −3 5 2
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 APFSG1A – AUGUST 2011

Question 5 [13]

5.1 l1 = ( 2.200 m )2 + (1.813 m )2 = 2.851 m

l2 = ( 2.200 m )2 + (1.187 m )2 = 2.500 m

Therefore, l1 − l 2 = 0.351 m.
v 343 m/s
λ= = = 0.234 m
f 1466 Hz
l1 − l 2 0.351 m
Number of wavelengths = = = 1.5
λ 0.233 m
Since the number of wavelengths is a half-integer, and speakers are vibrating out of phase, then Constructive
interference [6]

5.2
λ
sin θ = 1.22
D
 v   343m / s 
θ = sin −1 1.22  = sin −1 1.22  (3)
 fD   (1500 Hz )(0.30m) 
= 680

2
λ = * 1.3 = 0.866m
5.3 3 (6)
v = fλ = 500 × 0.866 = 433m / s
2nd overtone

Question 6 [20]
λ
sin θ = m ×
d
y 
But θ 2 = tan −1  2 
 L
 4.5 × 10 − 2 m 
= tan −1  
 1 .2 m 
∴ θ 2 = 2.2°
λ
6.1 (a) Then sin θ 2 = 2 × (5)
d
∴ λ = 3.0 × 10 −5 m × sin( 2.2°) /2
= 5.7 × 10 −7 m
= 570nm

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 APFSG1A – AUGUST 2011

 5.7 × 10 −7 m 
θ1 = sin −1 1× 
 3.0 ×10 −5 m 
= 1.1°
Then y1 = L tan θ1
(b) = 1.2m × tan(1.1°) (6)
= 0.023m
distance between y1 and y 2 becomes
d = y 2 − y1 = 0.022m

FG
θ = sin −1 m
λIJ = sin LM (1) 675 × 10
−1
–9
m OP
6.2
H WK N 1.8 × 10 –4
m
= 0.21°
Q (4)

 1.50 × 10−2 m 
d sin θ   sin18.0°
6.3. λ = = 2400  = 6.44 ×10−7 m = 644 nm (5)
m 3

Question 7 [13]

1 1 1
= −
di f do
1 1
7.1 (a) = − (3)
10.10 14.20
= 0.029 -1 cm
∴ d i = 34.48cm

d   34.48 
(b) hi = − i ho = − 2.0cm = −4.9cm (2)
 do   14.20 
(c) Real, inverted and larger than the object. These must correspond with the findings in (a) and (b).
(3)
n2  1.000 
7.2 (a) sin θ c = ⇒ θ c = sin −1   = 24.4° (3)
n1  2.419 

(b) Total internal reflection would occur. (2)