INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING

Instructor:

Ma’am Tehmina

OPERATING SYSTEM

Assignment 01

Submitted By:

Samiha Amir 4228-FBAS/BSSE/F21-B

Submission Date:
March 13, 2024
Question #01:
Define an operating system and explain its role in computer systems?

Answer:
An Operating System (OS) is a fully integrated set of specialized programs that handle all the
operations of a computer. It acts as an interface between software and different parts of the computer
hardware. The OS manages resources, such as memory and CPU time, allocates them among various
programs, and ensures fair distribution. Additionally, it oversees process management, memory
optimization, security, job accounting, file organization, and device communication. In essence, the
OS provides a platform for executing programs efficiently and conveniently, making applications
user-friendly.
Examples:
Examples of operating systems include Windows, Linux, and Mac OS.

Question #02:
Discuss the goals of an operating system and how it achieves them.

Answer:
An Operating System (OS) serves as a crucial bridge between users and computer hardware. Its
primary goal is to provide a user-friendly and convenient environment for executing programs.
Without an OS, users would struggle with complex tasks like process scheduling and converting user
code into machine code. By efficiently managing processes, memory, files, and devices, operating
systems create an environment where software programs can run smoothly. They ensure system
efficiency, reliability, security, and user-friendliness, making them a critical component of any
computer system.
The secondary goal of an OS is efficiency. It achieves this by managing resources in a way that fully
utilizes them, ensuring no resource remains idle when there's a request for it. In summary, an OS acts
as an intermediary, simplifying interactions between users and hardware while optimizing system
performance.

Question #03:
Explain the difference between kernel mode and user mode.

Answer:
Kernel Mode User Mode

Access to Resources In kernel mode, the program In user mode, application

has direct and unrestricted programs do not have direct
access to system resources like access to system resources.
memory, I/O devices, and They must make system calls
hardware components.. to access kernel mode
resources.
Interruptions If an interrupt occurs in kernel In user mode, if an interrupt
mode, it can potentially affect occurs, only the affected
the entire operating system, process fails, not the entire
leading to system instability. system.
Modes Also known as master mode, Also known as unprivileged
privileged mode, or system mode, restricted mode, or
mode, it is the most privileged slave mode, it is a non-
state.. privileged state.
Virtual Address Space All processes share a single Each process gets its separate
virtual address space. virtual address space.

Restrictions No restrictions; it can access Needs to access kernel

both user and kernel programs programs via system calls
directly. since it cannot directly access
them.
Mode Bit Value Mode bit is 0. Mode bit is 1.

Memory References Can reference both memory Can only reference memory
areas. allocated for user mode.

Question #04:
Discuss the evolution of operating systems from simple batch systems to modern
multiprogrammed systems.

Answer:
The evolution of operating systems from simple batch systems to modern multiprogrammed systems
is:
1. First Generation (1940s):
In the early days, computers lacked operating systems. Users directly controlled the hardware,
writing programs in machine language for specific tasks.
Operating systems were unnecessary for basic mathematical computations.
2. Second Generation (1950s):
The first operating system, GMOSIS, emerged in the 1950s. General Motors developed it for IBM
computers.
These systems used batch processing, grouping similar jobs together and executing them sequentially
using punch cards.
3. Third Generation (1960s):
Mainframes replaced early computers. Operating systems now managed multiple jobs.
Multiprogramming allowed simultaneous execution of tasks within a single program. The DEC PDP-
1 (1961) marked a new phase in minicomputer development.
4. Fourth Generation (1980s – Present):
Personal computers evolved, influenced by third-generation minicomputers.
Modern operating systems like Windows, Linux, and Mac OS emerged. These systems offer user-
friendly interfaces, multitasking, and efficient resource management.

Question #05:
Describe the challenges and opportunities presented by modern operating systems.

Answer:
Challenges:
 Security and Privacy: Operating systems face threats like viruses and hackers. Keeping user
data safe is tough.
 Complexity: Modern systems are intricate, leading to bugs and crashes.
 Resource Management: Balancing memory, CPU, and storage efficiently is a challenge.
 Scalability: Handling more users and devices as systems grow can be difficult.
 User Experience: Making systems user-friendly is a constant challenge.

Opportunities:
 Dependability: Research can improve system reliability and error recovery.
 Security Enhancements: Innovations can protect against attacks.
 Configuration Flexibility: Customizable settings benefit users.
 Multi-Processor Programming: Optimizing for multi-core processors is exciting.
 System Extension: Creating flexible, extensible systems is an opportunity for improvement .

Question #06:
Discuss the various operating system structures, including monolithic systems, layered systems,
microkernel-based systems, and modular systems

Answer:
1. Monolithic Systems:
In monolithic systems, the entire operating system is a single large program. All services like
memory management, file systems, and device drivers are tightly integrated.
 Advantages: Simple design, efficient communication between components.
 Disadvantages: Difficult to maintain and extend due to its size and lack of modularity.
2. Layered Systems:
Layered systems divide the OS into distinct layers, each responsible for specific tasks. Layers
communicate only with adjacent layers, making debugging and maintenance easier.
  Advantages: Clear separation of concerns, easier troubleshooting.
 Disadvantages: Adding new functionality may require changes in multiple layers.
3. Microkernel-Based Systems:
Microkernels provide only essential services (like memory management and process
scheduling) in the kernel. Other services (like device drivers) run as user-level processes
communicating via message passing.
 Advantages: More secure, stable, and modular.
 Disadvantages: Slower message passing, potential complexity.
4. Modular Systems:
Modular systems emphasize building blocks that can be added, removed, or replaced
independently. Each module handles a specific function (e.g., file system, networking).
 Advantages: Customizable, flexible, and easier to maintain.
 Disadvantages: Coordination between modules can be challenging.

Question #07:
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of each operating system structure.

Answer:
1. Simple/Monolithic Structure:
Advantages:
 Better Application Performance: Due to fewer interfaces between application programs and
hardware.
 Ease of Development: Kernel developers find it easier to create such an operating system.
Disadvantages:
 Complexity: Lack of clear boundaries between modules makes the structure intricate.
 Data Hiding: It doesn't enforce data hiding in the operating system.
- An example of this structure is MS-DOS.
2. Micro-Kernel Structure:
Advantages:
 Modularity: Non-essential components are removed from the kernel and implemented as
system and user programs.
 Flexibility: New services can be added to user space without modifying the kernel.
Disadvantages:
 Overhead: Data modification and passing between layers add overhead.
 Layer Dependencies: Layers can only use lower-level layers.
 UNIX: follows this structure.

Question #08:
Discuss the concept of system calls and their role in interacting with the operating system.

Answer:
1.What Are System Calls?
Consider computer as a bustling city, and the operating system (OS) is like the city government. The
OS manages everything: from traffic lights to garbage collection.
Now, when a program (like a game or a word processor) wants something from the OS—like reading
a file or creating a new process; it doesn't just barge in. Instead, it politely makes a request.
This request is called a system call. It's like raising your hand in class to ask the teacher something.
2. How Do System Calls Work?
When a program needs the OS's help, it uses a system call.
For example, if it wants to read a file, it says, "Hey, OS, can you fetch this file for me?" The OS
listens, nods, and switches into a special mode called kernel mode (like the teacher paying attention to
your question).In kernel mode, the OS performs the requested task; like fetching the file or creating a
new process. Once done, the OS switches back to normal mode (like the teacher going back to
teaching), and the program gets its answer.
3. Why Are System Calls Important?
System calls are like the bridges between programs and the OS. They provide a standardized way for
programs to access the OS's services. Without system calls, each program would have to invent its
own way to talk to the OS. Chaos, right?
These calls cover various services:
 Process management: Creating, ending, or managing programs
 File access: Reading, writing, or deleting files.
 Memory allocation: Getting space for your program.
 Device handling: Talking to hardware like printers or keyboards.
 Protection: Ensuring only authorized programs access sensitive stuff.
4. How Do Programs Make System Calls?
Programs use a special interface called the **Application Program Interface (API)** to make system
calls. Think of it as a menu: the program picks what it wants (like "I'd like some memory, please!"),
and the OS serves it up. These calls can be written in different languages (like C or assembly), but
they all lead to the same result: the OS helping out.

Question #09:
Describe the components of a typical operating system, including the kernel, shell, and file
system.

Answer:
1. Kernel: OS is the brain of your computer. The kernel is its core; the smart part that manages
everything. It talks directly to the hardware, like a conductor leading an orchestra. When programs
need resources (like memory or CPU time), they ask the kernel politely (via system calls). It's like
raising your hand in class to ask the teacher something.
2. Shell: Think of the shell as the OS's friendly face. It provides a way for you to talk to the OS using
commands. Imagine you're at a restaurant, and the shell is the menu. You order by typing commands
(like "open this file" or "create a folder"). The shell understands you and tells the kernel what to do. In
UNIX, the shell is like a helpful waiter taking your orders.
3. File System: This is where your files live; the OS's filing cabinet. Imagine your computer's storage
as a big room with drawers. Each drawer holds files (documents, photos, songs). The file system
organizes them neatly, so you can find what you need. It also protects files (like a security guard) and
lets you create, read, and delete them.

Question #10:
Explain the concept of system programs and their significance in the operating system
environment.

Answer:
System programs are like the helpful assistants in the backstage of your computer show. Here's what
they do:
1. File Management: System programs handle files; those digital documents, photos, and songs.
They create, modify, and delete files. It's like having a neat and organized drawer system.
2. Command Line Interface (CLI): The CLI lets you talk directly to the operating system using text
commands. You can say things like "open this file" or "configure settings." It's like having a special
menu for tech-savvy folks.
3. Device Drivers: These are the translators between your computer and its gadgets (like printers or
USB drives). Device drivers help them understand each other's language. It's like having a friendly
interpreter at an international conference.
4. Status Information: Ever wondered about the time, available memory, or disk space? System
programs provide answers. They format and display this info on your screen. It's like having a digital
dashboard for your computer.
5. File Modification: When you want to change the content of a file, system programs come to the
rescue. They let you edit files, search through them, and transform their contents. It's like having
magical editing tools.
6. Programming-Language Support: If you're a programmer, these programs are your best buddies.
They provide compilers, assemblers, debuggers, and interpreters. Basically, they help you write and
run code. It's like having a coding playground.
7. Program Loading and Execution: When your program is ready, it needs a cozy spot in your
computer's memory to run. System programs handle this loading process. It's like finding a seat for
your favorite movie in a crowded theater.
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