Real time system-

Real-time System is a system that is put through real time which means response
is obtained within a specified timing constraint or system meets the specified
deadline. Real time system is of two types – Hard and Soft. Both are used in
different cases. Hard real time systems are used where even the delay of some
nano or micro seconds are not allowed. Soft real time systems provide some
relaxation in time expression.
Characteristics of Real-time System:
Following are the some of the characteristics of Real-time System:
1. Time Constraints: Time constraints related with real-time systems
simply means that time interval allotted for the response of the ongoing
program. This deadline means that the task should be completed within
this time interval. Real-time system is responsible for the completion of
all tasks within their time intervals.
2. Correctness: Correctness is one of the prominent part of real-time
systems. Real-time systems produce correct result within the given time
interval. If the result is not obtained within the given time interval then
also result is not considered correct. In real-time systems, correctness of
result is to obtain correct result in time constraint.
3. Embedded: All the real-time systems are embedded now-a-days.
Embedded system means that combination of hardware and software
designed for a specific purpose. Real-time systems collect the data from
the environment and passes to other components of the system for
processing.
4. Safety: Safety is necessary for any system but real-time systems
provide critical safety. Real-time systems also can perform for a long
time without failures. It also recovers very soon when failure occurs in
the system and it does not cause any harm to the data and information.
5. Concurrency: Real-time systems are concurrent that means it can
respond to a several number of processes at a time. There are several
different tasks going on within the system and it responds accordingly
to every task in short intervals. This makes the real-time systems
concurrent systems.
6. Distributed: In various real-time systems, all the components of the
systems are connected in a distributed way. The real-time systems are
connected in such a way that different components are at different
geographical locations. Thus all the operations of real-time systems are
operated in distributed ways.
7. Stability: Even when the load is very heavy, real-time systems respond
in the time constraint i.e. real-time systems does not delay the result of
tasks even when there are several task going on a same time. This
brings the stability in real-time systems.
8. Fault tolerance: Real-time systems must be designed to tolerate and
recover from faults or errors. The system should be able to detect errors
and recover from them without affecting the system’s performance or
output.
 9. Determinism: Real-time systems must exhibit deterministic behavior,
which means that the system’s behavior must be predictable and
repeatable for a given input. The system must always produce the same
output for a given input, regardless of the load or other factors.
10.Real-time communication: Real-time systems often require real-time
communication between different components or devices. The system
must ensure that communication is reliable, fast, and secure.
11.Resource management: Real-time systems must manage their
resources efficiently, including processing power, memory, and
input/output devices. The system must ensure that resources are used
optimally to meet the time constraints and produce correct results.
12.Heterogeneous environment: Real-time systems may operate in a
heterogeneous environment, where different components or devices
have different characteristics or capabilities. The system must be
designed to handle these differences and ensure that all components
work together seamlessly.
13.Scalability: Real-time systems must be scalable, which means that the
system must be able to handle varying workloads and increase or
decrease its resources as needed.
14.Security: Real-time systems may handle sensitive data or operate in
critical environments, which makes security a crucial aspect. The
system must ensure that data is protected and access is restricted to
authorized users only.

Practical Applications of Real-Time Embedded

Systems
The ubiquitous penetration of real-time embedded solutions into all industries and spheres of
life can be explained by the enormous benefits they provide.
Let’s look at the most popular and beneficial applications of real-time embedded systems
across industries.
Healthcare
Medical use cases of embedded systems are widespread globally. Real-time devices have
taken root in healthcare for they are beneficial to both doctors and patients: they help control
health conditions, improve diagnosis and treatment, and facilitate telemedicine.
Biomedical sensors are incorporated into wearables and implantable devices, diagnostic tools
and equipment (MRI and CT scanners, ultrasound scans), laboratory analytical applications
and much more.

Transportation
Transport telematics based on embedded solutions has become extremely important for the
transportation industry. Modern vehicles (cars, trucks, ships, trains, planes) are equipped with
numerous sensors, GPS trackers and control systems that ensure safe driving and help prevent
accidents.
In addition, they ensure online monitoring so that drivers, dispatchers and managers are
continuously aware of all processes. This results in better decision-making, improved
business efficiency and significant time and money savings.
Spacecraft are literally stuffed with real-time embedded devices because they can’t operate
without ongoing monitoring and management.

Manufacturing
Real-time embedded development is also the driving force behind industrial automation. In
modern plants and factories, robotics, AI systems and IoT devices perform many processes,
but they require continuous online supervision by human employees.
Monitoring sensors control assembly-line operation, and particularly machinery working
conditions such as temperature, humidity, pressure, vibration and other variables, predicting
possible failures. This practice is called predictive maintenance.

Smart homes and cities

The concepts of smart home and smart city are gaining popularity due to the development of
Internet of Things technology and real-time embedded systems.
Smart lighting, heating and air conditioning that you can control via mobile applications,
smart parking, communication systems, digital signage with multimedia content, surveillance
systems all utilize real-time embedded systems to function.
Tasks in real time system-

https://www.naukri.com/code360/library/tasks-in-real-time-systems

estimation of program runtime-