Questions

Q1.

Answer the questions with a cross in the box you think is correct . If you change your mind about an

answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross .
The diagram shows a bacterium with structures A, B, C, D and E labelled.

(a) (i) Which structure contains the genetic material used by the bacterium in reproduction?
(1)
A
B
C
D

(ii) Which structure controls the substances entering and leaving the bacterium?
(1)
A
B
D
E

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(b) Give three differences between the structure of this bacterium and the structure of a plant cell.
(3)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
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2 ..........................................................................................................................................
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(Total for question = 5 marks)

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Q2.

The diagram shows part of the gut of a rabbit.

The rabbit is a primary consumer and eats mainly grass and other vegetable material.

(a) Name the parts labelled A, B, C and D.

(4)
A ......................................................................................................................
B ......................................................................................................................
C ......................................................................................................................
D ......................................................................................................................
(b) The gut of a rabbit has a large caecum and appendix. These contain bacteria that are able to produce the
enzyme cellulase.
Explain how these bacteria help the rabbits with their diet of plant material.
(3)
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(c) The human gut has a caecum and appendix but they are much smaller than those in the rabbit.
(i) Suggest why the human gut only has a small caecum and appendix.
(1)
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(ii) In humans the appendix also acts as a store of useful bacteria. Scientists have discovered that patients who
have had their appendix removed are more likely to develop infections of the colon.
Explain how having no appendix may increase the likelihood of bacterial infections of the colon.
(2)
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(Total for question = 10 marks)

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Q3.

The diagram shows a single-celled organism called Chlorella that lives in fresh water.
Chlorella has a chloroplast and can photosynthesise.

(a) (i) Which of these groups of organisms contains Chlorella?

(1)
A animals
B bacteria
C plants
D protoctists

(ii) Which of these labelled structures would also be present in an animal cell?
(1)
A cell membrane and chloroplast
B cell membrane and mitochondrion
C cell wall and chloroplast
D cell wall and mitochondrion

(b) Complete the balanced chemical symbol equation for photosynthesis.

(2)
.............................................................. + ..............................................................
.............................................................. + 6O2
(c) The graph shows the effect of light intensity on gas exchange by Chlorella.

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 (i) Explain why Chlorella takes in oxygen at light intensities below 10 arbitrary units.(2)
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(ii) Explain the changes in the volume of oxygen released as the light intensity increases from 10 arbitrary units.
(3)
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(iii) The volume of oxygen released by Chlorella is the difference between the oxygen produced by
photosynthesis and the oxygen taken in.
Use the graph to calculate the volume of oxygen produced in five minutes by photosynthesis at a light intensity of
50 arbitrary units.(2)

volume of oxygen = .................................................................. mm3

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(d) Describe how hydrogen-carbonate indicator could be used to investigate the effect of light intensity on carbon
dioxide exchange by Chlorella.
(3)
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(Total for question = 14 marks)

Q4.

P. multocida is a bacterium that causes cholera in chickens.

The diagram shows the bacterium.

(a) Give two structures in this bacterium that are also found in all eukaryotic cells.
(2)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
2 ..........................................................................................................................................

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(b) Scientists investigated the survival of chickens injected with normal P. multocida or with weakened P. multocida.
The table shows the scientists' results.

(i) What is a correct conclusion about P. multocida from these results?

(1)
A they are decomposers
B they are pathogens
C they are microscopic
D they are non-living

(ii) The scientists took the living chickens that had been injected with weakened P. multocida and then injected
them with normal P. multocida.
The chickens did not die, as they were now immune.
Explain why these chickens did not die.
(4)
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(Total for question = 7 marks)

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Q5.

The diagram shows Chlamydomonas, a single-celled protoctist that is found in water.

(a) Name the structures labelled A and B.

(2)
A ..........................................................................................................................................
B ..........................................................................................................................................
(b) (i) Chlamydomonas has some structures that are normally found in plant cells, but not found in animal cells.
Name two of these structures.
(2)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
2 ..........................................................................................................................................
(ii) State why Chlamydomonas is not classified as a plant.
(1)
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(c) Explain how Chlamydomonas obtains energy.
(2)
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(d) Chlamydomonas has flagella.
Suggest a function of these flagella.
(1)
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(e) The magnification of the cell in the diagram is calculated using this formula.

The actual length of the cell is 15 μm.

Calculate the magnification of the diagram.
(2)

magnification = ...........................................................

(Total for question = 10 marks)

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Q6.

The diagram shows a cycle found in ecosystems.

(a) Give the name of the cycle.

(1)
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(b) (i) Which process is represented by the letter W?
(1)
A combustion
B decomposition
C feeding
D respiration

(ii) Which process is represented by the letter X?(1)

A combustion
B decomposition
C feeding
D respiration

(c) Name a group of organisms that is responsible for decomposition.

(1)
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(d) Carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere by the decomposition of organic material.
The rate of this decomposition depends on a number of factors.
Design an investigation to find out if changing the pH of organic material affects the rate of decomposition.
Include experimental details in your answer and write in full sentences.
(6)
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(Total for question = 10 marks)

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Q7.

(a) The diagram shows a plant cell.

(i) Which part of this cell contains chlorophyll?

(1)
A P
B Q
C R
D S

(ii) Which of these is found in chlorophyll?

(1)
A calcium
B iron
C magnesium
D water

(iii) Describe the role of chlorophyll.(2)

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(b) Which of these is an example of positive phototropism?
(1)
A a plant root growing away from light
B a plant root growing downwards due to gravity
C a plant stem growing towards light
D a plant stem growing upwards due to gravity

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(c) The table lists the roles of some substances found in living organisms.
Complete the table by naming each substance.
The first one has been done for you.
(3)

(Total for question = 8 marks)

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Q8.

Bread contains starch.

(a) Describe how you would test a piece of bread to show it contains starch.
(2)
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(b) The diagram shows the mycelium of an organism growing on a piece of bread.

(i) Which type of organism is shown growing on the bread?

(1)
A bacterium
B fungus
C protoctist
D virus

(ii) Which enzyme is released by the organism to digest starch?

(1)
A amylase
B ligase
C lipase
D protease

(Total for question = 4 marks)

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Q9.

Biologists classify organisms into different groups. One group of organisms is fungi.
(a) Complete the passage about fungi by writing a suitable word or words in each blank space.
(4)
Fungi do not carry out photosynthesis. Their body is usually organised
into a mycelium made from thread-like structures called .............................................................. .
Fungal cell walls are made of .............................................................. .
Fungi feed by extracellular secretion of .............................................................. onto food
material and absorption of the organic products. This is known
as .............................................................. nutrition.

(b) A student investigates the effect of temperature on the rate of anaerobic respiration in yeast.
The student measures the rate of gas produced in cm3 per minute.
The graph shows their results.

(i) Name the gas produced by yeast during anaerobic respiration.

(1)
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(ii) Explain the effect that increasing temperature has on the rate of gas production by the yeast.(3)
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(iii) Describe how the student could measure the rate of gas production in this experiment.
(2)
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(Total for question = 10 marks)

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Q10.
A teacher does an investigation to show that plants require carbon dioxide and light for photosynthesis.
This is the teacher's method.
· place a potted plant in the dark for 24 hours
· place a strip of black paper over two of the plant's leaves
· pour some sodium hydroxide solution into a flask
· insert one of the leaves into the flask
· seal the flask with a cotton wool plug
· place the plant in bright light for 12 hours
· remove the two leaves and safely test them for starch
This diagram shows the teacher's apparatus.

(a) (i) Explain why the potted plant is placed in the dark for 24 hours.(2)
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(ii) Explain one role of leaf Y in the investigation.(2)
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(iii) Describe how to test the leaves for starch safely.(4)
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(b) Explain how the results of this investigation would show that light is required for photosynthesis.
(3)
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(c) Plants convert the glucose they produce into starch.
Explain why plants store carbohydrate as starch rather than as glucose.
(2)
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(Total for question = 13 marks)

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Q11.

The diagram shows a root cell from a plant with structures labelled W, X, Y and Z.

(a) (i) Which structure is the nucleus?

(1)
A W
B X
C Y
D Z

(ii) Which structure is not found in human white blood cells?(1)

A W
B X
C Y
D Z

(iii) Which molecule is the storage carbohydrate in the root cell?(1)

A glucose
B glycerol
C glycogen
D starch

(b) The actual width of the cell from P to Q is 125 μm. Determine the magnification of the diagram.
[1 mm = 1000 μm](3)

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 magnification = ........................................................... (Total for question = 6 marks)
Q12.

Food items can often be spoiled if saprotrophic microorganisms such as mould fungi grow on them.
(a) Describe how a saprotrophic fungus such as mould obtains its food.
(3)
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(b) A student uses this method to investigate ways of preventing peas from being spoiled.

· place three peas in each of three test tubes as shown in the diagram
· cover the peas in test tube A with water and keep at 37 °C
· cover the peas in test tube B with water and keep at 4 °C
· cover the peas in test tube C with vinegar, which is a weak acid, and keep at 37 °C
· leave the peas for 24 hours

The student observes the level of cloudiness of the solution to determine how spoiled the peas have become.
The level of cloudiness can be used as a measure of fungal growth.
The table shows the student's results.

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 (i) Suggest a problem with using the level of cloudiness of the solution to determine how spoiled the peas have
become.
(1)
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(ii) Explain the appearance of the peas in water at 4 °C.
(2)
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(iii) Explain the appearance of the peas in vinegar at 37 °C.
(2)
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(Total for question = 8 marks)

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Q13.

Sickle cell anaemia is a condition in which some of the person's red blood cells develop abnormally.
The diagram shows red blood cells from a healthy person and red blood cells from a person with sickle cell anaemia.

(a) A person with sickle cell anaemia often suffers pain as some of their blood vessels become blocked by the sickle
cells.
(i) Suggest why the person's blood vessels may become blocked.(1)
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(ii) People with sickle cell anaemia have symptoms of tiredness and joint pain that get worse if they are exposed
to cold temperatures and high altitudes.
Suggest why these symptoms get worse.
(3)
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(b) Sickle cell anaemia is caused by a single recessive allele.
(i) State what is meant by the term recessive.(1)
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(ii) A man and a woman who are both heterozygous for the sickle cell allele have a child.
Calculate the probability that the child will be female and not have sickle cell anaemia.(2)

probability = ...........................................................

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(c) Sickle cell anaemia is more common in countries where malaria is found. This is because having an allele for
sickle cell anaemia can reduce the likelihood of developing malaria.
Which type of organism causes malaria?
(1)
A bacterium
B fungus
C plant
D protoctist

(d) What is the name of the pigment found in red blood cells?
(1)
A chlorophyll
B haemoglobin
C iron
D magnesium

(e) Give two differences in structure between red blood cells and white blood cells.
(2)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
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2 ..........................................................................................................................................
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(Total for question = 11 marks)

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Q14.

The diagram shows a yeast cell.

(a) (i) In which of the labelled structures in the yeast cell does aerobic respiration occur?
(1)
A mitochondrion
B nucleus
C ribosome
D vacuole

(ii) What substance is the yeast cell wall made of?

(1)
A cellulose
B chitin
C glycogen
D starch

(iii) Which of these structures found in the yeast cell would also be present in a prokaryotic cell?(1)
A cell membrane
B mitochondrion
C nucleus
D vacuole

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(b) Yeast cells are often used when making bread.
A student uses this method to investigate the effect of temperature on the height that bread dough rises.
· place dough containing flour, sugar, water and yeast into a measuring cylinder
· measure the height of the dough
· place the measuring cylinder in a 25 °C water bath
· measure the height of the dough after two hours
· repeat the experiment at temperatures of 35 °C and 65 °C
The diagram shows the student's apparatus.

The table shows the student's results.

(i) Calculate the percentage increase in the height of the dough after two hours at a temperature of 35 °C.(2)

percentage increase = ........................................................... %

(ii) Explain why yeast causes the bread dough to increase in height.(2)
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 (iii) Explain why the dough rises to a different height at 25 °C compared with the height at 35 °C.
(2)
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(iv) Explain why the dough rises to a different height at 35 °C compared with the height at 65 °C.
(2)
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(Total for question = 11 marks)

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Q15.

The diagram shows a section through the human eye.

(a) (i) Describe the role of structures A, C and D in focusing light from a near object onto the retina.
(4)
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(ii) Bright light can damage the retina.
Explain how a reflex involving structure B protects the retina from this damage.
(3)
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(b) There are tear glands that release liquid into the eye.
This liquid contains an enzyme called lysozyme that breaks down cell walls.
(i) Suggest why the liquid contains lysozyme.
(2)
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(ii) Suggest why the liquid is maintained at pH 7
(2)
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(Total for question = 11 marks)

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Q16.

(a) The diagram shows the nitrogen cycle with four processes labelled A, B, C and D.

(i) Which process is nitrogen fixation?

(1)
A
B
C
D

(ii) Which process is decomposition?

(1)
A
B
C
D

(iii) Which process is nitrification?

(1)
A
B
C
D

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 (iv) Name a type of organism that carries out process C.
(1)
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(b) A student does an investigation to determine if nitrate ions are required for plant growth.
He uses this method.
Step 1 Use a measuring cylinder to add 10 cm3 of the control solution containing all the minerals a plant
requires
to a test tube
Step 2 Cover the top of the tube with foil
Step 3 Make a small hole in the foil
Step 4 Push the root of a germinated bean seedling through the hole so it is in the solution
Step 5 Rinse the measuring cylinder with distilled water
Step 6 Repeat Steps 1 to 4 using a test solution containing all the mineral a plant requires apart from nitrate
ions
Step 7 Wrap both tubes in black paper
Step 8 Place both tubes in a test tube rack in bright sunlight
(i) Explain why the control solution contains all the mineral ions the plant requires but the test solution contains
all the mineral ions the plant requires except nitrate.(2)
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(ii) State the purpose of Step 5.(1)
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(iii) Explain the purpose of Step 7.(2)
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(iv) Explain the measurements that the student could make to determine if nitrate ions are required for plant
growth.(2)
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..................................................................................................................................(Total for question = 11 marks)

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Q17.

The diagram shows a yeast cell.

(a) (i) Which row of the table is correct for this yeast cell?
(1)

(ii) Which type of organism is a yeast cell?

(1)
A a bacterium
B a fungus
C a plant
D a protoctist

(b) Biofuel is made from ethanol.

Scientists use genetically modified (GM) yeast to produce biofuel.
The GM yeast contains an enzyme that digests plant cell walls to produce glucose.
The yeast uses the glucose in respiration to produce ethanol.
(i) Which of these equations shows the respiration in the yeast?
(1)
A glucose → ethanol
B glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide
C glucose + oxygen → ethanol
D glucose + oxygen → ethanol + carbon dioxide

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 (ii) Name an enzyme used by scientists to genetically modify the yeast.(1)
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(iii) The GM yeast is a recombinant strain.
State what is meant by the term recombinant.(1)
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(iv) Suggest why biofuel produced using glucose from plants could reduce global warming.(2)
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(c) The graph shows the mass of ethanol produced by GM yeast and by normal yeast over a period of 3 days.

(i) Calculate the percentage increase in the mass of ethanol produced by GM yeast compared to normal yeast
after 1 day.(2)

percentage increase = ........................................................... %

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 (ii) Give two reasons why the rate of ethanol production decreases after 1 day.
(2)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
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2 ..........................................................................................................................................
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(Total for question = 11 marks)

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