INTRODUCTION

What is Bridge ?

Anmae Babe B. Jasis

A bridge is a structure
which is built over some
physical obstacle
 A bridge is
built to be
strong enough
and safely
support its own
weight as well
as the weight of
anything that
should pass
over it.
Bridge is important to everyone.

Bridge affect people, people use

them while engineers design them.

Bridge is a structure which

maintains the communication over
a physical obstacle
* Channel / River
* Road
* Railway
* Valley
BRIDGE
If it is something that
caries road traffic or a
pipeline over a
channel/ valley
FLY-OVER /
OVER-BRIDGE

If it is carrying the
traffic or pipe over a
communication
system like road or
railways
VIADUCT

If it is a bridge that is
several small spans
constructed over a busy
locality, a valley, dry or
wetland or forming a
flyover to carry the
vehicular traffic
DID YOU KNOW THAT …

Bridges begins with a tree log

accidentally falling across water
courses.
 DID YOU KNOW THAT …

Natural rock arches formed due to erosion

beneath which is called Arch Bridge
A BRIDGE IS THE
KEY ELEMENT IN
A
TRANSPORTATIO
N SYSTEM

Angel Joy V. Lapeciros

◈ The purpose of a bridge is to provide a pathway for people, vehicles, or materials to
cross over an obstacle, such as a body of water, a valley, or a highway. Bridges
facilitate transportation and movement, connecting people and communities
separated by natural or man-made barriers. They also provide a means to transport
goods and materials, support economic activities, and promote social and cultural
exchange. Additionally, some bridges serve as landmarks or tourist destinations,
highlighting architectural and engineering achievements or natural beauty.
 A BRIDGE IS THE KEY
ELEMENT IN A
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

◈ It likely controls the capacity.

◈ It is the highest cost per mile.
◈ If the bridge fails, the system
fails.
◈ If the width of a bridge is insufficient to carry the number of lanes required to
handle the traffic volume, the bridge will be a constriction to the traffic flow. If the
strength of a bridge is deficient and unable to carry heavy trucks, load limits will be
posted and truck traffic will be rerouted. The bridge controls both the volume and
weight of the traffic carried.

◈ Bridges are expensive. The typical cost per mile of a bridge is many times that of
the approach roadways. This is a major investment and must be carefully planned
for best use of the limited funds available for a transportation system.
◈ When a bridge is removed from service and not replaced, the transportation system
may be restricted in its function. Traffic may be detoured over routes not designed
to handle the increase in volume. Users of the system experience increased travel
times and fuel expenses. Normalcy does not return until the bridge is repaired or
replaced.

◈ Because a bridge is a key element in a transportation system, balance must be

achieved between handling future traffic volume and loads and the cost of a heavier
and wider bridge structure. Strength is always a foremost consideration but so
should measures to prevent deterioration. The designer of new bridges has control
over these parameters and must make wise decisions so that capacity and cost are in
balance, and safety is not compromised.
Types of
Bridge
STONE
ARCH
BRIDGE
 Pons
Neronianus in
Tiber River
◈ Also called “Bridge of Nero”
◈ Oldest Remaining Stone Arch
Structure in Rome from 7th Century
BC.
◈ The bridge is submerged under the
waters of the Tiber River.
 Caravan Bridge
in Smyrna
Turkey
• Located in Smyrna Turkey over
Meles River.
• Oldest Bridge in the world.
• Built in 850 BC
• The oldest manmade structure in the
world that existed 3,000-year- ago
Stone Arche Bridges in United States are
Frankford Avenue Bridge over
Pennypack Creek

Built in 1697 on the road between

Philadelphia and New York.

Towering of 73 ft or 23 meter
long.

Oldest Bridge in the United States

according to Jackson in 1988.
 Starrucca
Viaduct
• Located at Lanesbro Pennsylvania
• Completed in 1848.
• 1040 ft or 317 m long
• 17 arches with a span of 50 ft or 15 m.
 James J. Hill
Stone Arch
Bridge
• Minneapolis, Minnesota
• Completed in 1883.
• 2490 ft or 769 m long
• 23 arches.
WOODEN
BRIDGE
Timothy Palmer, Lewis Wernwag, Theodore Burr and
Ithiel Town

◈ Early Bridge Builders in the United States

◈ Carpenter- Mechanics
◈ Build large mills how to increase clear span using the king- post system or trussed
beam.
 Early Bridge Builders in the United States
Timothy Palmer
◈ Built Trussed Arch Bridge over the Pasticataqua in New Hempshire in 1790s.

Lewis Wernwag
◈ Built Colossusin1812 with a span of 340 ft or 104 m over the Schuylkill at
Fairmount, Pennsylvania according to Gies in 1963.
Trussed Arch by Timothy Palmer and Lewis
Wernwag
Arched Truss designed by Theodore Burr

• Patented 1817
Philippi Covered
Bridge
• Located across the Tygant’s Valley River
in West Virginia.
• Lemuel Chenoweth completed it in 1852 as
a two-span Burr arched truss with a total
length of 577 ft (176 m) long.
Lattice Truss designed by Ithiel Town
• Patented 1820 according to
Edward in 1959
• Strong top and bottom
chords, sturdy end posts.
• Popular with builders
because of the truss type.
• It has stiffness
Multiple King-Post Truss designed by Colonel
Stephen H. long
Colonel Long

• First American built Highway Railroad

separation Project.
• Trusses has a parallel chord subdivided into
panels with counterbraced web members
• Built 1829
METAL
TRUSS
BRIDGE
METAL TRUSS
BRIDGE
`
Howe Truss deigned by William How
• Patented in 1841

William Howe
• Uncle of Elias Howe, inventor
of sewing machine
• Took Long’s Panel system and
replaced the wooden vertical
members with wrought-iron
Pratt Truss designed by Thomas and Caleb Pratt

• Patented a second variation on Long’s Panel system in 1844 with

wooden vertical members which resist only tension according to
Jackson in 1988
 Bowstring arch designed by Squire
whipple

• Patented in 1841
• Cast-iron arch truss bridge which he used
to pan the Erie Canal at Utica, New York
Double – Intersection Pratt credited by Squire
Whipple

• The diagonal tension members extended over two panels, was also credited to Whipple because he was the
first to use the design when he built railroad bridges near Troy, New York.
 Squire Whipple
◈ Graduate of union College class of 1830 and in 1847
◈ Published the first American treatise entitled “A Work on Bridge
Building; consisting of two Essays, the one Elementary and General,
the other giving Original Plans, and Practical Details for Iron and
Wooden Bridges according to Edward in 1959.
 Herman Haupt
◈ Graduate of the U.S Military Academy at West Point, class of 1835.
◈ Authored of “General Theory of Bridge Construction, publish by D.
Appleton and Company.
Franklin Institute of Philadelphia
◈ The first testing machine to be made in America was built in 1832 to test a
wrought- iron plate for boilers.
◈ Capacity about 10 tons or 90 kN
William Sallers and Company of Philadelphia
◈ Built a testing machine that had a rated capacity of 500 tons or 4500 kN
specially designed for the testing of full-size columns.
Keystone Bridge Works
◈ In Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1869-1870 for the St. Louis Bridge Company to evaluate
materials for the Eads Bridge over the Mississippi River.
◈ One had capacity of 100 tons or 900kN while the other capacity has 800 tons or 7200 kN.
Last Half of the Nineteenth Century
◈ The capacity of the testing machines continued to increase until 1904
American Bridge Company
◈ Built a tension capacity of 2000 tons or 18,000 kN
◈ Essential to verify the strength of the materials and resistance of the components in the
bridges of ever-increasing proportions.
SUSPE
NSION
BRIDGE
A suspension bridge is one wherever several cables are set up
across two or many towers that support the bulk of the bridge's
weight and force. The cables run from the tower to the
anchorages.

Modern suspension bridges can cross greater lengths than any

other type of bridge because they are lightweight, attractive, and
strong.
They are also among the most expensive to build.
Akashi-Kaik Humbe Brookly
yo r n
Bridge Bridge Bridge
METAL
ARCH
BRIDGE
The bridge includes two extroversion arches that link at the end
of the bridge with the lower cable systems. To transfer external
loads from the deck to the arch and cable in the forms of
compression and tension, respectively, hangers (or tie rods) and
stiff members were used.
Chaotianm Forth Binondo-Intramur
en Bridg os Bridge
Bridge e
GIRDE
R
BRIDG
A bridge that supports its deck using girders is known as a

E
girder bridge. The plate and box forms of modern steel girder
bridges are the two most common designs.
Rio-Niter Stolm Shibanp
oi a o
Bridge Bridg Bridge
e
REINFORCE
D
CONCRETE
BRIDGE
In reinforced-concrete slab bridges, the rigid horizontal element
doubles as the superstructure and the bridge deck. Precast slabs
and cast-in-place slabs are two variations of the kind that are
built in various ways.
Almonte Skarnsu Wanxia
River nd n
Viaduct Bridge Bridge
Bridge
Engineer and architect
involved in bridge
construction
The State Bridge and
Structure Architect is
responsible for
RESPONSIBILITES

01 Reviewing and approving Preliminary

Plans

02 Rendering
s

03 Models

04 Coordinating aesthetic activities

with Regions

Approving design phase

05 changes to architectural details.
 1. Involve architect early in plan development.

2. Designers provide print of plan prior to checking.

For the preparation 3. Architect reviews, approves, signs and dates plan for job file.

of preliminary plans 4. Repeat review process for revisions affecting aesthetics.

the Architect (and 5. Architect develops coordinated architectural concept for

Specialists) large multiple bridge projects.

The Bridge Architects involvement in retaining wall design :

• Region initiates process except for walls developed in bridge

preliminary plan. Coordination between region, Bridge Office,
Geotechnical Branch and Bridge Architect must occur early.

• Standard & Proprietary Walls: Region coordinates with Architect

for final wall selection. Region prepares the PS&E.

• Non Proprietary & Non Standard Walls (soil nail): Bridge Office
coordinates with Geotech & Architect for final wall selection.
Bridge Office prepares PS&E.

• Architect approves all retaining wall finishes, materials &

configuration.
The Architects involvement in noise barriers :

• The Region is responsible for interdisciplinary teams for

consultation
with noise specialists, maintenance, Region Landscape
Architects,
R.O.W. , Bridge Office, Bridge Architect and others.

• Region sends data and Architect provides list of

standard, draft standard and pre-approved proprietary
walls.

• Architect approves appearance, finish, materials and

configuration of
noise barriers.
Role of an Architect and Engineer involve
Role of an Architect and Engineer involve

Architects design a structure by considering the customer's needs

and requirements. Engineers design the structure according to
the architect's design, including electrical drawings, structural
layout and plumbing.
THANK
YOU