COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
PROJECT ON :APPLICATION OF FIRST ORDER ORDINARY
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Prepared By: Getaw Mulabachew
Adivsor: Mekasha Zewdu(MS.C)
A Project Submitted to the Department of Mathematics, Wolkite
University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Bachelor of
Science Degree in Mathematics

nov, 2024
Wolkite, Ethiopia
Contents

Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
Acknowledgment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi

1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Back Ground of The Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Statement of The Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Objective of the project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3.1 General objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3.2 Specific objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 Significance of the study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.5 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2 Preliminaries 1
2.1 Definition and Classification of Differential Equation . . . . . . . . . . 1
2.2 Order and Degree of Ordinary differential equation . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.3 Linear and Non-linear Ordinary Differential Equation . . . . . . . . . 3
2.4 Solution of Differential Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.5 Solving Some First Order Ordinary Differential- Equations . . . . . . . 5
2.5.1 Separable First Order ordinary Differential Equations
(Method Of Separation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.5.2 Homogeneous First Order Ordinary Differential Equations . . . 7
2.5.3 Exact First order ordinary differential equation
(:Method Of Exactness ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

i
 2.5.4 Non-exact ordinary differential equation:
Using Integrating Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.5.5 Linear differential equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.5.6 Non-Linear differential equation: Bernoulli’s Equation . . . . . . 18

3 APPLICATION OF FIRST ORDER ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL

EQUATION 20
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.2 population growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.3 Newton’s law of cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.4 Orthogonal Trajectories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.5 Resistance proportional to velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

ii
 Wolkite University
Department of Mathematics

The undersigned here by certify that they have read and recommend to the
Department of Mathematics for acceptance of a project entitled application of first
order differential equation by Getaw Mulabachew in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Science.

Name Signature Date

Students

Advisor

Examiner

nov, 2024

iii
 Acronyms

1. DE- Differential equation

2. PDE- Partial differential equation
3. ODE- Ordinary differential equation
4. IVP- initial value problem
5. BVP- boundary value problem
6. µ - Integrating factor

iv
 Acknowledgment

Firstly ,of all I would like to thank ours almighty God for all of this assistance through-
out our life as well as accomplishing this project since; nothing can be done without
the secret of God I would also like to express ours deep gratitude to all those who gave
us the possibility direction and comments to complete this project accordingly So,
I would like to extend us thanks further more to our advisor (Msc) Mekasha Zewdu
for all of his assistance comments and encouragements throughout the accomplishment
of this project without any boring and , I would like to appreciate all wolikte University
librarians, staff members who supplied us with journal books and also internet lab for
all of their help and valuable hints throughout project work.
Lastly, but not list, may heart appreciate is also extends to our families for all of their
encouragement and help through different materials and make to be reach up on this
stage.

v
Abstract
This projects deals about first order ordinary differential equations(ODEs) and their
applications. It contains three chapters with basic definition and related examples.
The first chapter is about introduction of first order ordinary differential equation, the
second chapter is about preliminaries of first order ordinary differential equation and
the third or the last chapter is about application of first order ordinary differential
equation in real world such as:Newton’s law of cooling and population growth . There
are many subtopics which are discussed under each chapter.

vi
Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Back Ground of The Study

Differential equation (DE)is an equation one or more dependent variable with respect
to one or more independent variables. It is a mathematical tool invented by Isaac
Newton 1676 and Gotfried Leibniz[1993].Newton Leibniz years, the exact chronological
origin and history to the subject of differential equation is habit of a murky subject
for what seems to be a number of reasons; one being secretiveness, two being private
publication issues [private works published only decades latter] and three being the
nature of the battle of mathematical and scientific discovery, which is a type of intel-
lectual “war”[in worlds of English polymath Thomas physicist Isaac Newton wrotehis
then unpublished].The method of fluxions and infinite series [published in1736] n which
theclassified first order differential equation, known to him as fluxional equations into
dy
three classes as followes f (x, y) = dx

The solution of a differential equation may take the form of the dependent variable be-
ing expressed explicitly as a function of the independent variable y = f(x) or implicitly
as in a relation of the type f(x, y) = 0. Not every differential equation has a solution.
In fact, few differential equations have exact solutions. Of those that do, only a few
can be solved in closed analytic form. Only a few can have a solution that can be ex-
pressed in terms of the elementary functions (i.e. the rational algebraic, trigonometric,
exponential and logarithmic functions). Some others can be solved in terms of higher
transcendental functions. For those which cannot be solved analytically, one can use

1
different techniques such as power series representation and numerical approximation
methods
There is no general procedure for solving a differential equations that has a solution.
Only a few simple equations can be solved by integrating directly. Most equations are
solved by techniques devised for a particular type of equation. Generally, to solve a
differential equation one must be able to recognize the type of the equation and use
the proper method for solving it.in this chapter, we only be concerned with first order
differential equations. We consider the first order differential equations in many forms
like homogeneous, linear, non linear, exact,separable variable form etc.
Many problems in engineering and science can be formulated in terms of differential
equations. The formulation of mathematical models is basically to address real-world
problems which has been one of the most important aspects of applied mathematics. It
is often the case that these mathematical models are formulated in terms of equations
involving functions as well as their derivatives. Such equations are called differential
equations.

1.2 Statement of The Problem

The study is assessing and discussing about solving first order ordinary differential
equation. The project was attempted to answer the following basic questions.
• What is first order ordinary differential equation?

• How do we find the solution of first order ordinary differential equation?

• How we site the application of first order ordinary differential equation in

newton’s cooling law, exponential growth and radio active decay, Orthogonal
Trajectories and resistance proportional to velocity?

2
 1.3 Objective of the project

1.3.1 General objective

• The General objective of this project is to apply the first order differential equa-
tions in some real life problems

1.3.2 Specific objective

• To define first order ordinary differential equation.

• To provide and rules, then solving first order ordinary differential equation

• To site the application of first order ordinary differential equation and its ap-
plication in ,newton’s cooling law, exponential growth and decay, Orthogonal
Trajectories and resistance proportional to velocity.

1.4 Significance of the study

As graduates of undergraduate program are required to fulfill the requirements by

working on a project, the project would an opportunity how to write a report in a pro-
fessional way and how to present the report These experiences are of very important for
us in our future career.Moreover,the junior students would refer the report submitted to
the department when a need arises while working on related topics. More importantly,
the project work allows us to know some applications of the differential equations where
by this inspires us to read and work more on the application aspects of Mathematics.
And also to prepare for exit exam.

3
 1.5 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

Conducting this project was not easily done without any problem. Therefore, there
were different problem faced while conducting this project. Some of the problems are:
1. Shortage of time (most affected)
. 2. Shortage of materials related to our title
. 3. Financial problem
. 4. Lack of internet use in time.

4
Chapter 2

Preliminaries

2.1 Definition and Classification of Differential Equa-

tion
Definition 2.1.1. A differential equations An equation involving derivatives of one
or more dependent variables with respect to one or more independent variables is called
Differential Equation (DE).
A first order differential equation is a differential equation which contains no derivatives
dy
other than the first derivative and it has an equation of the form f (x, y, ) = dx

where y is a function of x

Example 2.1.1. The following are an example of differential equation

dy
(a) = yex
dx

d2 y dy
(b) 2
= + 4xy
dx dx
(c) ux = k(uxx )

1
 Classification of differential equation

Based on number of independent variable we divided into two

1. Ordinary differential equation (ODE)
2. Partial differential equation (PDE)

Definition 2.1.2. Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) is an equation that

contains only ordinary derivatives of one or more dependent variables with respect to a
single independent variable. . In symbols we can express an nth order ordinary
differential equation in one independent variable by the general form
0 00
F (x, y, y , y , . . . y n ) = 0
0 00
where F denotes a mathematical expression involving x, y, y , y , . . . y n−1 , y n and
dn y
where y n = dxn

d y2 dy 2


Example 2.1.2. (a) 5 dx2 + dx
=0
dy 3 4 √ dy
(b) 3( dx 3) + 2 x dx − 7y = 0

Definition 2.1.3. A partial differential equation(PDE) is a differential equation

which involves one or more dependent variables and its partial derivative with respect
to two or more independent variables.

Example 2.1.3. (a) uxx + uyy = 0........(laplace equation)

(b) utt = c2 (uxx )......(wave equation)
2
∂u ∂u
(c) 2x ∂x∂y + ∂x
=u

2.2 Order and Degree of Ordinary differential equa-

tion
Definition 2.2.1. Order of a Differetial Equation (DE) is the degree of the highest
derivative appearing in the equation

dy
Example 2.2.1. a) dx
= 2xey is an equation order 1
d2 y dy
b) dx2
− siny dx = xey is an equation order 2
3
d y 2
c) ( dx3 ) + 5y = 0 is an equation order 3

2
Definition 2.2.2. Degree of a Differetial Equation (DE) is the power of the high-
est ordered derivative ,when derivatives dependant variables are cleared of radicals and
fractions

d y 32 dy 5 x
Example 2.2.2. a) ( dx2 ) + ( dx ) = e order = 2, degree = 3
d2 y √
b) dx2
= xy − x order = 2, degree = 1

2.3 Linear and Non-linear Ordinary Differential

Equation
Definition 2.3.1. An order Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE)in the dependent
variable is said to be,linear if
i) y and its all derivatives are of degree one.
ii) no product terms of y and/or its derivatives are present.
iii) no transcendental function of and/or its derivatives occur such as, logalism
0 0
function, trignometric function , expontial function,for example, sin(y ) ,ln(y ).
A Differential Equation (DE) which violates either of these three conditions is said to
be non-linear differetial equation. in generale Any DE that contains at least one of
0 0 0 0 0 0
the following terms sin(y ),cos(y ),sec(y ), lny ,sin− (y ),Cos− (y ), etc

00 √
Example 2.3.1. A) y = 1 + x2 order n = 2, degree m = 1 , and linear.
00
p
B) y = 1 + y 2 order n = 2, degree m =
2 , and it is non − linear because it volates the f irst condtion
p 00
c) y + x = y f irst the equation f ree f rom the radical order = 2, degree m =
1 and non − linear because the second condtion f ail
p 00
D) y + y = x f irst the equation f ree f rom the radical order = 2, degree m =
1 and linear

3
2.4 Solution of Differential Equation
Definition 2.4.1. Any function(involving the independent and dependent variables )
which satisfys the given DE whenever substituted is called Solution of DE

Definition 2.4.2. General solution A solution which contains a number of arbitrary

constants equal to the order of the differential equation is called the general solution or
complete solution of the DE

Definition 2.4.3. particular solution A solution obtained from a general solution

by giving particular values to the constants

d2 y
Example 2.4.1. y = c1 e2x + c2 e−2x is the Generale Solution of dx2
− 4y = 0
d2 y
but y = 2e2x the particular solution of dx2
−4y = 0 assuime the value ofc1 = 2andC2 = 0

Definition 2.4.4. A solution in which the dependent variable is expressed in-terms of

independent variable solution and constant is said to be Explicit solution and other
wise it is ,implicit solution

Definition 2.4.5. A singular solution of a differential equation are solutions which

cannot be obtained from the general solution (i.e unusual solution)

Definition 2.4.6. A differential equation y 0 = f (x, y) together with an initial condition

y(x0 ) = y0 is called initial value problem(IVP).

Definition 2.4.7. The problem of solving an nth order ordinary differential equation
together with a boundary conditions is called a Boundary value problem(BVP)

4
2.5 Solving Some First Order Ordinary Differential-
Equations
Solving a differential equation means finding the unknown function which satisfies the
given differential equation.
dy
Any DE of the form M(x, y)dx+N(x, y)dy = 0 or dx
= f(x, y) is said to be first order
differential equation. Here, under we will discuss how to find the general solution for
such form of DE. Since there is no general method to solve all forms of DEs, we will
see different methods for different forms of DE

2.5.1 Separable First Order ordinary Differential Equations

(Method Of Separation)

A separable first order differential equation is a differential equation which may be put
into one of the following terms:
dy f (x) dy g(y) dy
dx
= g(y)
, dx = f (x)
, or dx
= f (x)g(y)
To solve a separable first order differential equations go through the following steps
dy
Steps For Solving a Separable Differential Equation : dx = f (x, y)
Step-1 Recognize the problem as a separable differential equation
dy f (x)
. e.g. we have dx
= g(y)

Step-2 Separate the equation into the form

(terms involving y)(dy) = (terms not involving y )(dx)
Step-3 Integrate both sides, adding one arbitrary constant, say C, to the x side
R R
e.g Evaluate g(y)dy = f (x)dx + c
Step-4 Solve for y if possible
. If we can solve for y, we have the explicit general solution, and if we cannot solve for
y we have an implicit general solution.
Step-5 If it is an initial value problem plug in the given values and solve for a constant
c

dy
Example 2.5.1. a solve dx
= y(y − 1)
solution:

5
 Here g(y) = y(y − 1) and f (x) = 1
dy
y(y−1)
= dx By using integrating both side we get
R dy R
⇒ y(y−1) = dx .................(*)
1 1
decompose the fraction y(y−1)
= y−1
− y1 ......................from(*)
than substitution in(*)
1
R R 1 R
y−1
dy − y
dy = 1dx
⇒ ln(y − 1) − lny = x + c
⇒ ln y−1
y
= x + c finally we can gate
1 dy
y= 1−ex+c
is the solution of dx
= y(y − 1)

Example 2.5.2. b Find the general solution of the following

dy x2
=
dx ey

Solution
R R
(ey )dy = x2 dx integrating both side ey dy= x2 dx
we can gete

y x3
e = +c
3
3 dy x2
y = ln( x3 + c) is the solution of =
dx ey

dy
Example 2.5.3. b, dx
=x3 +1
Solution
R R
dy = (x3 + 1)dx integrating both side dy = x3 + 1dx
x4
y= 4
+ x + C is general solution

Definition 2.5.1. equations reducible to separable

dy
Any DE of the form dx
= f (ax + by + c) can be reducid to separable from using the
substitution t=ax+by+c
dt
= a + b dy dt dt
R R
than, dx dt
= a + bf (t) ⇒ dx = a+bf (t)
⇒ dx = a+bf (t)
+c

dy
Example 2.5.4. A, Solve the equations (x + y + 1)2 dx =1
dt dy dy dt
let t=x+y+1 than dx
=1+ dt
⇒ dt
= dx
−1
dy
(x + y + 1)2 dx =1
dt
= (t)2 ( dx − 1) = 1

6
 dt t2 dt
dx
= 1 + t12 ⇒ dx = t2 +1
R 2 dt
= dx = tt2 +1
R

x + c = t − tan− t substitution the value of t = x + y + 1

x + y + 1 − tan− (x + y + 1) = x + c
finally we gate an implicit solution ,y = tan− (x + y + 1) − 1 + c

2.5.2 Homogeneous First Order Ordinary Differential Equa-

tions
dy
Definition 2.5.2. An equation of the form dx
= f (x, y) is called homogeneous in x
and y if f(x,y) is a homogeneous function of degree zero That is, f(kx ,ky) = f(x ,y).
dy 1
Given thatf (kx, ky) = f (x, y) = dx
To find the solution take k = x

f (kx, ky) = f (1, xy ) = f (x, y) then dx

dy
= f (1, xy )
next put v = xy ⇒ y = vx then dy
dx
dv
= v + x dx
dy
dx
= f (1, xy )⇒ v + x dx
dv
= f (1, xy )
1
⇒ f (1,v)−v
dv = x1 dx
which is separeted variables equation then integrated both side the equation finally put
y
the value of equation v = x

dy xy
Example 2.5.5. (a) find the general solution of dx
= x2 −y 2
xy kxky
Solution f (x, y) = x2 −y 2
⇒ f (kx, ky) = k2 x2 −k2 y 2

k 2 xy
⇒
k 2 x2 − y 2
which is homogeneios function degree zero

dy xy x2 ( xy ) y
x
= 2 = 2 = 2
dx x − y2 x2 (1 − xy 2 ) 1 − xy 2

put xy = v which implise y = vx and dy

dx
dv
= v + x dx = v
1−v 2

1 − v2
Z Z
1
⇒ dv = dx
v3 x

−1
⇒ − lnv = lnx + lnc
2v 2

7
 −1
⇒ = lnvxc
2v 2
y −x2 dy xy
substitution v= x
we gate 2y 2
= ln(cy) is the solution of dx
= x2 −y 2

Definition 2.5.3. A functionf (x, y)is a homogeneous function of degree n if Where t

is a nonzero real number f (tx, ty) = tn f (x, y)

Example 2.5.6.

(a) f (x, y) = xy + x2

Solution

f (tx, ty) = (tx)(ty) + (tx)2

f (tx, ty) = t2 xy + t2 x2

f (tx, ty) = t2 (xy + X 2 )

which is homogeneous function of degree 2

F
N.B If F is homogeneous of degree n and G is homogeneous of degree k, then G

is homogeneous of degree n-k

Example 2.5.7.

x2 + xy
f (x, y) =
x

t2 (x2 + XY )
f (tx, ty) =
tx
which is ahomogeneous degree 1

8
 dy ax+by+c
Definition 2.5.4. A differential equation of the form dx = dx+ey+f

can be reduced to homogeneous equation.

case I When ad 6= b
e
i.e ae − db 6= 0
If c and f are both zero, then the equation takes the form

dy ax + by
= (2.4)
dx dx + ey

which is a homogeneous differential equation.

If both c and f are not equal to zero simultaneously, then by proper change of variables,
we eliminate c and f.
dy dy1
Put, x = X1 + h and y = Y1 + k. then dx
= dx1
. The given equation
becomes
dy1 a(X1 + h) + b(Y1 + k) + c
= (2.5)
dx1 d(X1 + h) + e(Y1 + k) + f
solve the values of h and k assuime
ah + bk + c = 0
dh + ek + f = 0 then solve the value of h ‘and k
bf −ce cd−af
⇒h= ae−bd
and k= ae−bd

hese values of h and k reduce equation 2.5 to the form

dy1 ax1 + by1

= (2.6)
dx1 dx1 + ey1

which is a homogeneous differential equation.

case II When ad = b
e
i.e ae − bd = 0
a b
let d
= e
= k1 Then the given equation reduces to

dy ax + by + c
= (2.7)
dx k(ax + by) + c

du dy
let u = ax + by we gete dx
= a + b dx ⇒ 1b ( du
dx
− a) = u+c
ku+f

du bu − bc
⇒ =
dx ku + f

9
 ku + f
⇒ du = dx
bu − bc
which is separated variables equation. then integrated we can gate the solution and sub-
stituion the value of u=ax+by

Example 2.5.8. a solve

(x + y − 2)dx + (1 − x)dy = 0
solutionThe given equation can be written as:

dy x+y−2
=
dx x−1

a b
here a = b = d = 1, c = −2, e = 0, f = −1, then d
6= e
from the abovecase I let
dy dy1
x = x1 + h and y = y1 + k then dx
= dx1
Now, choosing h and k so that h+k=2 and h
= 1. Thus, h = k = 1. The given equation will be

dy1 x1 + y 1
=
dx1 x1

dy1 du
which is homogeneous function put y1 = ux1 then dx1
= u + x1 dx1
dy1 x1 +y1 du x1 +ux1
dx1
= x1
⇒ u + x1 dx1
= x1
=u+1
du
⇒ x1 dx1
=1
1
⇒ du = x1
dx1 (separated variables)
⇒ u = lnx1 + c
y1
⇒ x1
= lnx1 + c since y1 = ux1
y−1
⇒ x−1
= ln(x − 1) + c since x = x1 + h and y = y1 + k is the required solution

dy 2x+3y+4
Example 2.5.9. b solve dx
= 4x+6y+5
a b
solution here Here, a = 2, b = 3, c =d=4, e = 6 and f = 5. Then d
= e
= 21 Then,
the given equation can be written as:

dy 2x + 3y + 4
=
dx 2(2x + 3y) + 5

10
 du dy dy
let u=2x+3y then dx
= 2 + 3 dx or dx
= 13 ( du
dx
− 2)
dy 2x+3y+4
dx
= 2(2x+3y)+5
⇒ 31 ( du
dx
u+4
− 2)= 2u+5 ,

du 3u + 12
⇒ −2=
dx 2u + 5

du 7u + 22
⇒ =
dx 2u + 5
2u + 5
du = dx (separated variables)
7u + 22
Z Z Z
2 9 1
⇒ du − du = dx + c
7 49 u + 22
7

2 9 22
u − ln(u + ) = x + c
7 49 7
2 9 22
7
(2x + 3y) − 49
(2x + 3y + 7
) = x + c since u=2x+3y is the required solution.

2.5.3 Exact First order ordinary differential equation

(:Method Of Exactness )

Definition 2.5.5. The equation of the form M(x,y)dx+N(x,y)dy=0 is said to be ex-

∂U
act differential equation if there exists a function U(x,y) such that ∂x
=M (x, y) and
∂U
∂y
=N (x, y).

Theorem 2.5.1. (Test for exactness)

∂M
Differential equation M (x, y)dx + N (x, y)dy = 0 is said to be exact, if ∂y
= ∂N
∂x
and its
general solution is given by U(x,y)=C.
proof:.Suppose equation there exists u such that
du = ux dx + uy dy = M dx + N dy

⇒ Ux = M and Uy = N

⇒ Uxy = My and Uyx = Nx

But, in general, Uxy = Uyx . Therefore, My = Nx

11
 Procedures to find the general solution of Exact DEs

Step-1 integrating ux (x, y) = M (x, y)with respect to x to gate

R
u(x, y) = M (X, Y )dx + g(y) here assuime y as aconstant and g(y) as aconstant of
integration
Step-2 To find g(y) equate uy (x, y) = N (x, y) from Step-1
∂ d
R
That is uy (x, y) = ∂y M (x, y)dx + dy g(y) = N (x, y)
Step-3 integrating the result in Step -2 with respect to, y to obtain g(y) their for the
R
general is u(x, y) = M (x, y)dx + g(y) = c where g(y is to be substitude by the result
R R
in step 2 g(y) = (N (x, y) − My (x, y)dx)dy in step 3 we conclude that from the
above step-1 to step -3 we can gate
R R R
The short cut formula u(x, y) = M (x, y)dx + (N (x, y) − My (x, y)dx)dy = c

Example 2.5.10. Solve the equation

(3x2 y 2 + x2 dx + xdy) = 0
solution
M (x, y) = 3x + y and N (x, y) = x
my = 1 = NX
Therefore, the given differential equation is exact. i.e., there exist such that
M = Ux andN = Uy
R R
M = Ux = 3x + y and then U (x, y) = Ux dx = (3x + y)dx + h(y) integratng with
respect to, x
3
U (x, y) = x2 + yx + h(y)
2
0
⇒ Uy = x + h (y) = Nx = x
0
⇒ h (y) = 0

h(y) = c

Their for our solution is U (x, y) = 23 x2 + yx + c

12
Example 2.5.11. Solve DEs (3x2 y)dx + (6y + x3 )dy = 0
solution: hereM (x, y) = 3x2 y and N (x, y) = 6y + x3 ⇒ My = 3x2 = Nx
Hence the equation is exact then
using short cut formula M (x, y) = 3x2 y and N (x, y) = 6y + x3
R R R
u(x, y) = M (x, y)dx + (N (x, y) − My (x, y)dx)dy = c
R R R
u(x, y) = 3x2 ydx + (6y + x3 − 3x2 dx)dy = c
u(x, y) = x3 y + 3y 2 = c is the generale solution of (3x2 y)dx + (6y + x3 )dy = 0

2.5.4 Non-exact ordinary differential equation:

Using Integrating Factor

Definition 2.5.6. A differential equation which is not exact may be reducible to exact
form by multiplying it by suitable factor µ(x, y) known as an integrating factor
In the following, we discuss certain rules to find an integrating factors

My −Nx
R
f (x)dx
case -I If N
is a function of x alone, say f(x), then µ(x, y) = e
is an integrating factor.

Example 2.5.12. Solve (2xlnx − xy)dy + 2ydx

solution
⇒ M = 2y and N = 2xlnx − xy
my = 2 6= Nx = 2(lnx + 1) − y which is not exact. Here,
My −Nx 2−(2lnx+2−y) −2lnx+y −1
N
= 2xlnx−xy
= −x(−2lnx+y)
= x
−1
R
than µ(x) = e x
dx
= e−lnx = 1
x
1
is an integrating factor. By multiplying the given differential equation by x
2y 2y
we gate (2lnx − y)dy + x
dx = 0 which is an exact differential equation with M = x

and N = 2lnx − y⇒ My = x2 = Nx The solution is given by using short cut formula

R R R
u(x, y) = M (x, y)dx + (N (x, y) − My (x, y)dx)dy = c
u(x, y) = 2y
R R R 2
x
dx + (2lnx − y − x
dx)dy = c
y2
u(x, y) = 2ylnx − 2
= c is the required solution

13
 Nx −My
R
g(y)dy
case 2 if M
is a function of y alone, say g(y), then µ(y) = e
is an integrating factor

Example 2.5.13. Solve (y 4 + 2y)dx + (xy 3 + 2y 2 − 4x)dy = 0

solution:(y 4 + 2y)dx + (xy 3 + 2y 2 − 4x)dy = 0⇒ M = y 4 + 2y and N = xy 3 + 2y 2 − 4x

⇒ My = 4y 3 + 2 6= Nx = y 3 − 4

which is not exact. Now,

Nx − My y 3 − 4 − (4y 3 + 2) −3(y 3 + 2) −3
= 4
= 3
= = g(y)
M y + 2y y(y + 2) y
−3
dy 1
T hen ⇒ µ(y) = e y = e−3lny =
y3

1
is an integrating factor. Multiplying the given equation by y3
, we obtain

2 2 4x
(y + 2
dx) + (x + − 3 )dy = 0
y y y
2 2 4x
which is exact with M = (y + y2
) and N = (x + y
− y3
)

4
⇒ My = (1 − ) = Nx
y3
then using short cut formula
R R R
u(x, y) = M (x, y)dx + (N (x, y) − My (x, y)dx) = c
U (x, y) = (y + y23 )dx + (x + y2 − 4x − (1 − y43 )dx)dy
R R R
y3
2x
. u(x, y) = xy + y3
+ 2lny = c ‘is the desired solution of the given equation

Example 2.5.14. solve (y + xy 2 )dx − xdy = 0

Solution M (x, y) = y + xy 2 and N (x, y) = −x
∂M
∂y
= 1 + 2xy
∂N
∂x
= −1
∂M ∂N
∂y
6 = therefore, not exact.
∂y
  −1 − (1 + 2xy)
∂N
∂x
− ∂M
∂y
1
M
= ⇒ −2−2xy
y+xy 2
y + xy 2
= −2(1+xy)
y(1+xy)
= −2y
= f (y)

14
 −2
R R
f (y)dy dy
µ(y) = e =e y

µ(y) = e−2 ln y = y −2 = 1
y2

⇒ µ(y) multiplying by (y + xy 2 )dx − xdy = 0

1
y2
((y + xy 2 )dx − xdy)
( y1 + x)dx − x
y2
dy =0
1
M1 (x, y) = y
+x
N1 (x, y) = − yx2
∂M1 −1 ∂N1 −1
∂y
= y2
, ∂x = y2
∂M1 ∂N1
∂y
= ∂x
which is exact
∂f
= M1 (x, y) = y1 + x
∂x
x2
integrating both side ∂f dx = ( y1 + x)dx f (x, y) = x
R R
∂x y
+ 2
+ h(y)
∂f x2
∂y
= ∂y ( xy + 2
+ h(y))
−x
N1 (x, y) = y2
+ h0 (y)
−x −x
y2
= y2
+ h0 (y)
x2
h0 (y) = 0, h(y) = Cf (x, y) = x
y
+ 2
+c
x2
− xy − 2
= c is general solution

case 3 If M is of the form M = yf1 (x, y) and N is of the form N = xf2 (x, y)
1
and xM − yN 6= 0then,µ(x, y) = xM −yN
is an integrating factor

Example 2.5.15. Solve y(1 + xy)dx + x(1 − xy)dy = 0

solution:M = yf1 (x, y) = y(1 + xy) and N = xf2 (x, y) = x(1 − xy)
1 1 1
thenµ(x, y) = xM −yN
= xy(1+xy)−xy(1−xy)
= 2x2 y 2
is an integrating factor
1
Multiplying the given equation by 2x2 y 2

1 1
2
(1 + xy)dx + (1 − xy)dy = 0
2x y 2xy 2

1 1
is an exact differential equationwithM = 2x2 y
(1 + xy) and N = 2xy 2
(1 − xy)

−1
⇒ My = = Nx
2x2 y 2

. The solution is given by

15
 using short cut formula
R R R
u(x, y) = M (x, y)dx + (N (x, y) − My (x, y)dx)dy = c
R −1
u(x, y) = 2x12 y (1 + xy)dx + ( 2xy
R R 1
2 (1 − xy) − 2x2 y 2
dx)dy
⇒ u(x, y) = ln( xy ) − 1
xy
= c where is c = 2c1
is the solution of ‘y(1 + xy)dx + x(1 − xy)dy = 0

case 4If M and N are homogeneous functions of the same degree and xM + yN 6= 0
1
thenµ(x, y) = xM +yN
is an integrating factor.

dy x3 +y 3
Example 2.5.16. Solve dx
= xy 2

Solution: The given equation is written as

(x3 + y 3 )dx − (xy 2 )dy = 0
Both M and N are homogeneous functions of degree three. Further
xM + yN = x4 + xy 3 − xy 3 = x4 6= 0
1 1
Therefore,µ(x, y) = xM +yN
= x4
is an integrating factor. Multiplying the given
1 1 1 1
equation by ‘µ(x, y) = xM +yN
= x4
, we get x4
(x3 + y 3 )dx − x4
(xy 2 )dy
1
is an exact differential equation. M (x, y) = x4
(x3 + y 3 ) and
1 3y 2
N (x, y) = x4
(xy 2 )⇒ My = x4
= Nx Then solution is given by using short cut
formula
R R R
u(x, y) = M (x, y)dx + (N (x, y) − My (x, y)dx)dy = c
R 2
u(x, y) = x14 (x3 + y 3 )dx + (− x14 (xy 2 ) − ( 3y
R R
x4
dx)dy = c

y3 dy x3 + y 3
U (x, y) = lnx − = c thesolutionof ‘ =
3x3 dx xy 2

2.5.5 Linear differential equation

Definition 2.5.7. A linear first order differential equation has the form

dy
+ p(x)y = Q(x) (2.71)
dx

where, P(x) and Q(x) are continuous function of x or constants

16
 Rewrite equation 2.71 as follows

(P (X)y − Q(x))dx + dy = 0 (2.72)

which is the form of equation M (x, y)dx + N (x, y)dy = 0

with M (x, y) = (P (X)y − Q(x)) and N(x,y)=1 Equation 2.72 is not exact
since ‘My = p(x) 6= Nx = 1
My −Nx
R
p(x)dx
Here N
= P (x) Now µ(x) = e is an integrating factor. Multiplying
equation 2.71 by the integrating factor, we have

R R
p(x)dx p(x)dx
⇒e (P (X)y − Q(x))dx + e dy = 0

R R R
p(x)dx p(x)dx p(x)dx
⇒e p(x)ydx + e dy = Q(x)e dx
d R R
(ye p(x)dx ) = Q(x)e p(x)dx dx
⇒
dx
Z Z
d R
p(x)dx
R
⇒ (ye ) = Q(x)e p(x)dx dx
dx
R
Z R
p(x)dx
⇒ ye = Q(x)e p(x)dx dx + c

R
Z R
−p(x)dx
⇒y=e ( Q(x)e p(x)dx dx + c)

R
Z R
−p(x)dx
y=e ( Q(x)e p(x)dx dx + c)

dy
is the general solution of equation dx
+ p(x)y = Q(x)

dy
Example 2.5.17. solve dx
+ 2x+1
x
y = e−2x
solution:Here p(x) = 2x+1
x
and Q(x) = e−2x are continuous functions except at x = 0

2x+1
R R
p(x)dx dx
µ(x) = e =e x = e2x+lnx = xe2x

is an integrating factor. The solution of the given equation is

R
Z R
−p(x)dx
y=e ( Q(x)e p(x)dx dx + c)

17
 Z
− 2x+1
R
=e x
dx
( e−2x xe2x dx + c)
Z
2+ x1 dx
R
−
=e ( xdx + c)

1 −2x x2
= e ( + C)
x 2
x
= e−2x ( + cx−1 )
2
dy
is the required solution of dx
+ 2x+1
x
y = e−2x

2.5.6 Non-Linear differential equation: Bernoulli’s Equation

dy
Definition 2.5.8. An equation of the form dx
+p1 (x)y = Q1 (X)y n (2.8)
whereP1 and Q1 are continuous functions of x or constants and n 6= 0, 1 (otherwise we
would have linear equation) is calledBernoulli’s equation
.such DE is non -linear we can transform into linear DE as follow
To solve this equation divide it by y −n

dy
y −n + p1 (x)y 1−n = Q1 (x) (2.81)
dx

0 dy
next let u = y 1−n ⇒ du
dx
= u = (1 − n)y −n dx
0 0
dy u
⇒y = dx
= (1−n)y −n
0
u
Then, the given equation(2.81) becomes 1−n + p1 (x)u = Q1 (x)

0
⇒ u +(1−n)p1 (x)u = (1−n)Q1 (x) which is linear f irst order equation in u

then,P (x) = (1 − n)p1 (x) and Q(x) = (1 − n)Q1 (x)

R
(1−n)p1 (x)dx
integrating factor µ(x) = e
since Generale solution is
1 c
R
u = y 1−n = µ(x) (1 − n)Q1 (x)µ(x)dx + µ(x)
where c is constantand

R
Z R
1−n − (1−n)p1 (x)dx (1−n)p1 (x)dx
⇒y =e ( ((1 − n)e Q1 (x))dx + c)

18
 0
Example 2.5.18. Solve the equation y − y = xy 2 y(0) = −1
solution:Here p(x)=-1 Q(x)=x and n=2 ‘ Then.
R R
(1−n)p(x)dx 1dx
integrating factor µ(x) = e =e = ex

R
Z R
1−n − (1−n)p1 (x)dx (1−n)p1 (x)dx
y =e [ ((1 − n)e Q1 (x))dx + c]

Z
−1 −x
⇒y = e [ −xex dx + c]

⇒ y −1 = e−x (−xex + ex + c)
1
⇒ = 1 − x + ce−x
y
1
⇒y=
1 − x + ce−x
1
Besides ,y(0) = −1 = 1+c
⇒ c = −2

1 1 0
⇒y= −x
= −2x
is the solution of y − y = xy 2 y(0) = −1
1 − x + ce 1 − x − 2e

dy
Example 2.5.19. Solve the equation 2xy dx − y 2 = x2
solution: first rearrange in Bernoullis form to identify p(x) Q(x) and n
dy dy y
2xy dx − y 2 = x2 ⇒ dx
− 2x
= x2 y −1 Here 1
p(x)=- 2x Q(x)= x2 and n=-1
1 −1
R R R
integrating factor µ(x) = e (1−n)p(x)dx
=e 2(− 2x )dx
=e x dx = e−lnx = 1
x

R
Z R
1−n − (1−n)p(x)dx (1−n)p(x)dx
y =e [ ((1 − n)e Q(x))dx + c]

⇒ y 2 = x( 2 x1 x2 dx + c)⇒ y 2 = x(x + c) = x2 + cx
R

dy
y 2 = x2 + cx is the solution of 2xy − y 2 = x2
dx

19
Chapter 3

APPLICATION OF FIRST
ORDER ORDINARY
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

3.1 Introduction
There are many applications of first order differential equations. but In this chapter we
will discuss the following linear and non linear models as an application:

• population growth

• Newtons Cooling law

• Orthogonal Trajectories

• Resistance Proportional to velocity

20
3.2 population growth
In order to illustrate the use of differential equations with regard to population problems
we consider the easiest mathematical model offered to govern the population dynamics
of a certain species. One of the earliest attempts to model human population growth
by means of mathematics was by the English economist Thomas Malthus in 1798. Es-
sentially, the idea of the Malthusian model is the assumption that the rate at which a
population of a country grows at a certain time is proportional to the total population
of the country at that time . In mathematical terms, if P(t) denotes the total popula-
tion at time t, then this assumption can be expressed as

dP
= kp(t) (eq1)
dt
where k is called the growth constant or the decay constant, as appropriate

Solution of equation (eq1) will provide population at any future time t. This sim-
ple model which does not take many factors into account (immigration and emigration,
for example) that can influence human populations to either grow or decline, neverthe-
less turned out to be fairly accurate in predicting the population.

dP
The differential equation dt
= kp(t) where P(t) denotes population at time t and k
is a constant of proportionality, serves as a model for population growth and decay of
insects,animals and human population at certain places and duration

It is fairly easy to see that ifk > 0, we have growth, and if k < 0, we have decay.
Equation (eq1) is a linear differential equation which solve in

p(t) = p0 ekt

where is the initial population, i.e. p(0) = p0 , and k is called the growth or the decay
constant. Therefore, we conclude the following:

21
 • if k > 0, then the population grows and continues to expand to infinity, that is
lim p(t) = ∞
t→∞

• if k < 0, then the population will shrink and tend to 0. In other words we are
facing extinction

Clearly, the first case,k > 0, is not adequate and the model can be dropped. The main
argument is that has to do with environmental limitations. The complication is that
population growth is eventually limited by some factor, usually one from among many
essential resources. When a population is far from its limits of growth it can grow
exponentially. However, when nearing its limits the population size can fluctuate, even
chaotically. Another model was proposed to remedy this weakness in the exponential
model. It is called the logistic model (also called Verhulst-Pearl model). The
differential equation for this model is

dp P
= kp(1 − )
dt M

where M is a limiting size for the population (also called the carrying capacity). It
is the magnitude of a population an environment can support

Clearly, when P is small compared to M, the equation reduces to the exponential one.
In order to solve this equation we recognize a nonlinear equation which is separable.
The constant solutions are P=0 and P=M. The non-constant solutions may obtained
by separating the variables
dp
P
= kdt
p(1 − M )
and integration Z Z
dp
P
= kdt
p(1 − M )
The partial fraction techniques
Z Z 1
dp 1 M
dp = ( + )dp
P
p(1 − M ) p 1 − Mp

22
which gives
P
ln|p| − ln|1 − | = Kt + c
M
p
⇒ = Cekt where, C = ec
1 − Mp
where C is a constant. Solving for P, we get

M Cekt
p=
M + Cekt

If we consider the initial condition P (0) = p0 (assuming that p0 is not equal to both 0
or M), we get
p0 M
C=
M − p0
which, once substituted into the expression for P(t) and simplified, we find

M p0
p(t) = (eq3.4)
p0 + (M − P0 )e−kt

Lets examine this solution to find out what happens to the population as t → ∞ :
does it die out? Does it persist? Does it grow forever?

• If P0 = 0, then limt→∞ p(t) = 0 . This implies there no population to start with

• If P0 = M , then limt→∞ p(t) = M . Apparently M is that population level that

is in perfect balance with its surroundings .There is no growth or decline of the
population.

• If 0 < P o < M , limt→∞ p(t) = M . This implies that if we start with a small pop-
ulation (i.e., less than M), the population grows towards the balance population
P=M

• IfP0 > M , thenlimt→∞ p(t) = M , If we start with a population that is too large
to be sustained by the available resources, the population decreases towards the
balance population

23
 Figure 3.1:

Figure3.3.1 shows the Logistic curve .The lines P=M/2 and P=M divide the first
quadrant of the tP-plane into horizontal bands . We know how the solution curves rise
and fall and how they bend as time passes. The equilibrium lines P=0 and P=M are
both population curves. Population curves crossing the line P=M/2 have an inflection
point there, giving them a sigmoid shape . Figure 3.3.1 displays typical population
curves
However this is still not satisfactory because this model does not tell us when a pop-
ulation is facing extinction since it never implies that. Even starting with a small
population it will always tend to the carrying capacity M.

Example 3.2.1. A bacteria culture is known to grow at rate proportional to the amount
present. After one hour 2,000 stands of the bacteria are observed in the culture; and
after 4 hours 6,000 stands. Find:
1.An expression for the approximate number of stands of the bacteria present in the
culture at any time .
2.The approximate number of stands of the bacteria after a day.
solution Let N(T) be the stands of the bacteria at a time . Now

dN
= kN
dt
Z Z
dN
⇒ = kdt
N

24
 lnN = Kt + c

⇒ N (t) = ekt+c = ec ekt = Aekt whereA = ec

so N (t) = Aekt :Then

at t=1 ,N=2000 So 2000=Aek(1) (∗)
at t=4 N=4000 so 4000=Aek(4) (∗∗)
6000 Ae4K
from(*)and(**) 2000
= AeK

e3k = 3 ⇒ k = 13 ln3 = 0.366 and A= e2000

0.366 = 1.387

1,Thus N(t)=Aekt =1.387e0.366t is an appropriate expression of number of the

bacteria present in the culture at any time
2, since ‘N(t)=1.387e0.366t then Substituting, t=24hrs on this equation gives
N(24)=1.387e0.366(24) = 9, 055640 bacteria produced in one day or 24hrs

3.3 Newton’s law of cooling

According to Newton’s empirical law of cooling, “the rate at which a body cools is pro-
portional to the difference between the temperature of the body and the temperature
of the surrounding medium.”
To model this physical law if we let T(t) represent the temperature of the body at any
time(t)
dT
Tm represent the constant temperature of the surrounding medium, and dT
represent
the rate at which a body cools, then Newton’s law of cooling translates into the math-
ematical statement

dT dT
∝ T − Tm or = k(T − Tm )............................(eq1)
dt dt
where k is a constant of proportionality. Since we have assumed the body is cooling,
we must have ,T > Tm and so it stands to reason that k < 0.

Example 3.3.1. :- Cooling of a cake

When a cake is removed from an oven, its temperature is measured at 3000 F . Three
minute later its temperature is 2000 F .How long will it take for the cake to cool off to

25
a room temperature of 700 F ?
solution: In (eq1) we make the identification Tm = 70 We must then solve the initial-
value problem

dT
= k(T − 70), T (0) = 300 (eq2)
dt
And determine the value of k so that T (3) = 200.
Equation (eq2) is both linear and separable. Separating variables,

dT
= Kdt
T − 70

yields ln(T − 70) = Kt + c1 and so T = 70 + C2 ekt

kt T = + ec When t=0, T=300. So that 300 = 70 + C2 gives C2 = 230 and
therefore, T = 70 + 230ekt
13
Finally, the measurement T (3) = 200 . leads to e3k = 23
or k = 13 ln 13
23
= −0.19018

T hus T = 70 + 230e−0.19018t (eq3)

We note that eq3 furnishes no finite solutions to T (t) = 70 since lim∞ T (t) = 70

the temperature variation is shown graphically in the figure below. We observe that
the limiting temperature is 700 F

26
3.4 Orthogonal Trajectories
Definition 3.4.1. (i) Family of curves:The equation f(x, y, c) = 0 represents a
family of curves with c as a parameter.
(ii) Trajectory:A trajectory is a curve which intersects every member of a family of
curves and follows some definite rules
(iii) Orthogonal Trajectories: A curve which intersects every member of a family
of curves at right angle is called an orthogonal trajectory. If the angle of intersection is
not right angle but some other angle of intersection say α then it is called an Isogonal
trajectory, or α − trajectory, or oblique trajectory
(iv) Orthogonal Families:Two families of curves are said to be orthogonal, if every
member of either family intersects every member of the other family at right angle

Working Rule to Find The Equation of Orthogonal Trajectory

1. Cartesian curves f(x, y, c) = 0

Step-1First find the differential equation of the family of curves in the form

dy
F (x, y, )=0
dx
dy −dx
Step-2 Replace dx
by dy
because at the point of intersection the product of the
slopes of the two curves must be -1
Step-3 Solve the resulting differential equation F (x, y, −dx
dy
) = 0 The solution gives the
required family of orthogonal trajectories for the given family of curves.

Example 3.4.1. (a) Find the orthogonal trajectory of the family of curves
x2 + y 2 = 2ax
solution:
x2 + y 2 = 2ax
dy
⇒ 2x + 2y = 2a
dx
dx dy −dx
⇒ 2x − 2y = 2a Replace by
dy dx dy

27
 1 1
⇒ dy = dx
y x−a
⇒ lny = ln(x − a) + lnc = lnc(x − a)

y = c(x − a)

which is the required family of orthogonal trajectories.

2. Polar curves F(r,θ,c)=0

dr
Step-1 Find the differential equation of the family of curves in the form F (r, θ, dθ )=0
dr
Step-2 Replace dθ
by −r2 dθ
dr

Step-3 Solve the resulting differential equation F (r, θ, −r2 dθ

dr
) = 0 to get the equation
of the Orthogonal Trajectories

Example 3.4.2. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves r2 = acos2θ

r2 = acos2θ
dr
⇒ 2r = −2asin2θ
dθ
dθ dr dθ
⇒ r(−r2 = −asin2θ) Replace by − r2
dr dθ dr
a 1
⇒ 3
dr = dθ
r sin2θ
−a
Z
⇒ 2 = csc2θdθ + c
2r
−a 1
⇒ 2
= ln(csc2θ − cot2θ) + c
2r 2
⇒ a + r2 ln(csc2θ − cot2θ) = c

is the required family of orthogonal trajectories.

3. Oblique trajectory or α- trajectory

To find the oblique trajectories all the steps are similar as in the case of Cartesian
dy
dy +tanα
curves except that we have to replace dx
by dx
dy
1− dx tanα

28
Example 3.4.3. Determine the (45)0 trajectory of the family of concentric circles
x 2 + y 2 = c2

solution

x 2 + y 2 = c2
dy
⇒ 2x + 2y =0
dx
dy dy
dx
+ tan(45)0 dy + tan(45)0
x + y[ dy
]=0 replace by dx dy
1− dx
tan(45)0 dx 1 − dx tan(45)0
dy
+1
⇒ x + y[ dx dy ] = 0
1 − dx
dy dy
⇒ x(1 − ) + y(1 + ) = 0
dx dx
⇒ (x + y)dx + (y − x)dy = 0

is the differential equation of the required orthogonal trajectories. It is not exact differ-
ential equation Then,. Let M=x+y and N=y-x since My = 1 6= Nx = −1

1
µ(x, y) =
xM + yN

1
µ(x, y) =
x2 + y2
is an integrating factor. Multiplying this inexact differential equation by the integrating
factor, we get an exact differential equation

x+y y−x
2 2
dx + 2 dy = 0
x +y x + y2
Z Z
x+y
⇒ dx + (terms of N that don0 t contain x)dy
x2 + y 2
1 1 x
= ln(x2 + y 2 ) + y( arctan ) + lny = c
2 y y
p x
= lny x2 + y 2 + arctan = c
y
is the required 450 trajectories of the given family of circles.

29
3.5 Resistance proportional to velocity
In some cases it is reasonable to assume that the resistance encountered by a moving
object, such as a car coasting to a stop, is proportional to the object’s velocity. The
faster the object moves, the more its forward progress is resisted by the air through
which it passes. Picture the object as a mass m moving along a coordinate line with
position function s and velocity y at time t. From Newton’s second law of motion, the
resisting force opposing the motion is
Force = mass × acceleration = m dv
dt

If the resisting force is proportional to velocity, we have m dv

dt
= −kv or
dv k
dt
= −m v and (k > 0)
This is a separable differential equation representing exponential change. The solution
to the equation with initial condition at v = v0 at t = 0.

−k dv −k
dv = vdt, = dt
m v m

dv −k
R R
integrating both side v
= m
dt

−k
ln v = t+C
m
−k
eln v = e( m )t+C
k
V = e(− m )t × eC , let v0 = eC
k
V = v0 e(− m )t

Suppose that a body is coasting to a stop and the only force acting on it is a resistance
proportional to its speed. How far will it coast? To find out, we start with Equation
−k
s
v = v0 e( m )t and solve the initial value problem. in this case v = t

ds −k
= v0 e( m )t , S(0) = 0
dt
−k −k
v0 e( m )t dt, S = −v0 m
R R
Integrating with respect to t gives ds = k
e( m )t + C

30
 −v0 m v0 m
substituting S = 0 when t = 0 gives 0 = k
+ C, C = k
−v0 m ( −k v0 m
The body’s position at time t is therefore S(t) = k
e m )t + k

v0 m −k
S(t) = (1 − e( m )t )
k

−k
To find how far the body will coast, we find the limit of S(t) as t → ∞. since m
< 0.
−k v0 m −k
we know that e( m )t → 0 as t → ∞, so that lim S(t) = lim (1 − e( m )t )
t→∞ t→∞ k

v0 m v0 m
lim S(t) = (1 − 0) =
t→∞ k k

Thus, Distance coasted= v0km

v0 m
The number k
is only an upper bound. it is true to life in one respect , at least if m
is large , it will take a lot of energy to stop the body.
−k
Example 3.5.1. For a 192-lb ice skater, the k in Equation v = v0 e( m )t
1 192
is about 3
slug/sec and m = 32
= 6 slugs. How long will it take the skater to coast
from 11 f t/sec(7.5mph) to 1f t/sec? How far will the skater coast before coming to a
complete stop?
Solution
−k
we answer the first question by solving the equation V = v0 e( m )t for t: k = 13 , m = 6
,v0 = 11, v = 1
−1 −t
1 = 11e( 18 )t = 11e 18
−t 1
e 18 =
11
−t
1
multiply both side by natural logarithm eln( 18 ) = ln( 11 )

−t 1
= ln( ) = − ln 11
18 11

−t = −18 ln 11 ⇒ t = 18 ln 11, t ≈ 43sec

v0 m
we answer the second question with equation k
. distance coasted = v0km
distance coasted= 11(6)
1 = 198f t.
3

31
 SUMMARY

This project mainly discuss on the application of first order differential equation by
using modeling phenomena of real world problems. Some of the models included are
Exponential growth and decay ,Newton’s cooling or warming law , Orthogonal Trajec-
tories and Resistance proportional to velocity.
As a conclusion many fundamental problems in biological, physical sciences and en-
gineering are described by differential equations. It is believed that many unsolved
problems of future technologies will be solved using differential equations. On the other
hand, physical problems motivate the development of applied mathematics, and this
is especially true for differential equations that help to solve real world problems in
the field. Thus, making the study on applications of differential equation and their
solutions essential with this regard

32
Bibliography

[1] AH Siddiqi and P Manchanda., 2006, A First course in differential equation with
application, Rajiv Berifor Macmillarie India Ltd

[2] Dawkins, Paul, 2011, Differential equations, Lamar University

[3] Fowler, Andrew, 2005, Techniques of Applied Mathematics, University of Oxford

[4] George F.simmons , Differential Equation with Applications and Historical notes,
2nd edition, Tata Mcgraw Hill education private limited

[5] Keryzing, Erwin , 1993, Advanced Engineering Mathematics. 7th Edition, Wayne

[6] markowich, PeterA, 2006, Applied Partial Differential Equations, Springer

[7] Marthinsen, K. Engo, A,1998, Modeling and solution of some mechanical problems
on Lie groups, Multibody System Dynamics 2, Newyork: springer-verlage

[8] Maurrice D.Weir, Joel Hass and Frank R.Giordano, Thomas, calculus, 11th edition,
Doring Kindersely India Pvt.Ltd

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