Chapter 1:

Introduction to Computers and

Programming

Trịnh Thị Ngọc Linh

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 1.8
Number systems

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Number systems
• A number system is defined as the
representation of numbers by using digits or
other symbols in a consistent manner.
• It is also called the system of numeration.

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Types of Number Systems
• There are different types of number
systems.
• Four main types are:
– Binary number system (Base - 2)
– Octal number system (Base - 8)
– Decimal number system (Base - 10)
– Hexadecimal number system (Base - 16)

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Binary Number System
• The numbers in this system have a base of
2.
• The binary number system uses only two
digits: 0 and 1.
• Digits 0 and 1 are called bits and 8 bits
together make a byte. The data in
computers is stored in terms of bits and
bytes.
• For example: 100012 1111012
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Octal Number System
• The numbers in this system have a base of
8.
• The octal number system uses eight digits:
0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.
• For example:
358
1418

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Decimal Number System
• The numbers in this system have a base of
10.
• The octal number system uses ten digits:
0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
• The decimal number system is the system
that we generally use to represent numbers
in real life
• For example: 72310 3210 425710

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Hexadecimal Number System
• The numbers in this system have a base of
16.
• The hexadecimal number system uses
sixteen digits/alphabets:
0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
A, B, C, D, E, F (the numbers 10-15)
• For example: 7B316 6F16 4B2A16

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Number systems

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Conversion Rules of Number Systems
• A number can be converted from one
number system to another number system.

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Conversion of Number Systems to
Decimal Number System
• Example: Convert 1001112 into the decimal
system.
• Step 1: Identify the • Here, the base of
base of the given 1001112 is 2.
number.

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Conversion of Number Systems to
Decimal Number System
• Step 2:
– Multiply each digit of the
given number, starting
from the rightmost digit,
with the exponents of the
base.
– The exponents should
start with 0 and increase
by 1 every time as we
move from right to left.
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Conversion of Number Systems to
Decimal Number System

• Step 3: We just
simplify each
of the above
products and
add them.

1001112 = 3910
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Conversion of Number Systems to
Decimal Number System
• We can use the following steps to make this
process simplified.
1001112=(1×25)+(0×24)+(0×23)+(1×22)+(1×21)+(1×20)
=(1×32)+(0×16)+(0×8)+(1×4)+(1×2)+(1×1)
=32+0+0+4+2+1
=3910

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Conversion of Decimal Number
System to Other Number Systems
• Example: Convert 432010 into the octal
system
• Step 1: Identify the • The base of the
base of the required required number is
number. 8

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Conversion of Decimal Number
System to Other Number Systems
• Step 2:
– Divide the given number by
the base of the required
number and note down the
quotient and the remainder in
the quotient-remainder form.
– Repeat this process (dividing
the quotient again by the
base) until we get the quotient
to be less than the base.
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Conversion of Decimal Number
Systems to Other Number Systems
• Step 3: The required
number in the octal
number system is
obtained just by
reading all the
remainders and the
last quotient from
bottom to top.
432010=103408
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Conversion of Decimal Number
Systems to Other Number Systems
• Example: 2020.6562510 → ( ? )16
For Real Part: The real part is 202010
We convert the real part from base 10 to base 16 using division method
same as above.
So, 202010 = 7E416

For Fractional Part: The fractional part is 0.6562510

We convert the fractional part from base 10 to base 16 using multiplication
method.

Combining the result of

real and fractional parts:
2020.6562510 = 7E4.A816

From here, 0.6562510 = 0.A816

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Conversion from One Number
System to Another Number System
• To convert a number from one of the
binary/octal/hexadecimal systems to one of
the other systems:
– Step 1: We first convert it into the decimal
system.
– Step 2: We convert it to the required systems.

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Conversion from One Number
System to Another Number System
• Example: Convert 10101111002 to the
hexadecimal system.
• Step 1: Convert this
number to the decimal
number system as
explained in the
above process.
10101111002 = 70020
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Conversion from One Number
System to Another Number System
• Step 2: Convert
the above number
(which is in the
decimal system),
into the required 70010 = 2BC16
number system.
10101111002 = 70010
70010 = 2BC16
10101111002=2BC16
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1.9
Algorithm

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What is Algorithm?
• An algorithm is a procedure or formula for
solving a problem, based on conducting a
sequence of specified actions.
• For an algorithm to be useful, it must satisfy
five properties:
– The inputs must be specified.
– The outputs must be specified.
– Definiteness.
– Effectiveness.
– Finiteness.
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What is Algorithm?
• How can we create an algorithm to show the
steps in getting ready for school?
– Get out of bed.
– Take a shower and clean teeth.
– Get dressed.
– Turn on the kettle.
– Put bread in the toaster and turn it on.
– Wait for the kettle to boil and make tea.
– Wait for bread to toast, butter it and add Jam.
– Drink tea and eat toast.
– Gather school books and put in bag.
– Put on shoes and coat.
– Leave the house. 24
What is Algorithm?
• Build a program:
– Problem definition
– Requirement analysis
– Build the algorithms
– Coding
– Testing and debugging
– Maintenance
– Documentation

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Algorithm development process
• Algorithm development process consists of
five major steps:
– Step 1: Obtain a description of the problem.
– Step 2: Analyze the problem.
– Step 3: Develop a high-level algorithm.
– Step 4: Refine the algorithm by adding more
detail.
– Step 5: Review the algorithm.

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Presentation of Algorithm
• There are two main ways that algorithms can
be represented:
– Pseudocode
• Pseudocode is a plain language description of the
steps in an algorithm.
• It uses programming-style constructs, but is not
written in an actual programming language.
– Flowchart
• Flowcharts can be used to represent algorithms
visually.
• They use diagrams which use particular symbols to
show the flow of data, processing and input/output
that takes place within a program or task.
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Pseudocode
• Example 1: Add two numbers entered by
the user
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Declare variables num1, num2 and sum.
Step 3: Read values num1 and num2.
Step 4: Add num1 and num2 and assign the result to
sum.
sum←num1+num2
Step 5: Display sum
Step 6: Stop

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Pseudocode
• Example 2: Find the largest number among three
numbers
Step 1: Start Step 1: Start
Step 2: Declare variables a,b and c. Step 2: Declare variables a,b and c.
Step 3: Read variables a,b and c. Step 3: Read variables a,b and c.
Step 4: Step 4:
if ((a >= b) && (a >= c)) if (a >= b)
Display a is the largest number. if (a >= c)
if ((b >= a) && (b >= c)) Display a is the largest number.
Display b is the largest number. else
if ((c >= a) && (c >= b)) Display c is the largest number
Display c is the largest number. else
Step 5: Stop if (b >= c)
Display b is the largest number.
else
Display c is the largest number.
Step 5: Stop
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Pseudocode Step 1: Start
Step 2: Declare variables n, i, flag.

• Example 3: Step 3: Initialize variables

flag ← 1
i←2
Check Step 4: Read n from the user.
whether a Step 5: If n == 2
flag ← 0
number is Go to step 7
else
prime or not Go to step 6
Step 6: Repeat the steps until i=(n/2)
6.1 If remainder of n÷i equals 0
flag ← 0
Go to step 7
6.2 i ← i+1
Step 7: If flag = 0
Display n is not prime
else
Display n is prime
Step 8: Stop
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Pseudocode
• Example 4: Find the Fibonacci series till the
term less than 1000
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Declare variables first_term, second_term, temp.
Step 3: Initialize variables first_term ← 0, second_term ← 1
Step 4: Display first_term and second_term
Step 5: Repeat the steps while second_term ≤ 1000
5.1: temp ← second_term
5.2: second_term ← second_term + first_term
5.3: first_term ← temp
5.4: Display second_term
Step 6: Stop

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Flowchart

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Flowchart Example 5

• Connectors

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Flowchart
• The Sequence structure

Example 6

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Flowchart
• The Decision Structure Example 7

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Flowchart Example 8

• The Case Structure

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Flowchart
• Repetition Structures
Example 9

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 Example 10

Flowchart
• Modules

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