Sampling Techniques

Dr S K Gandhi
PCTE Institute of Engineering & Technology, Ludhiana
 SAMPLE
• Sample – A relatively small subset from a population.

• If a population is infinite it is impossible to observe all its

values, and even if it is finite it may be impractical or
uneconomical to observe it in its entirety. Thus it is
necessary to use a sample.
• Sample: A part of population collected for investigation
which needed to be representative of population and to be
large enough to contain all information about population.
 SAMPLING
• For research work and for taking wise decisions in different fields of
human activity and business, two ways are used to collect
information namely:
Survey or Census method
Sampling method
 In the Sampling method, instead of every unit of population only a
part of the population is studied and the conclusions are drawn on
that basis for the entire population. But the idea of sampling is
pretty old.
Ex: A housewife examines few grains of boiling rice to see whether the pot
of rice is ready or not. A doctor examines few drops of blood and draws
conclusion about blood constitution in the whole body. A businessman places
orders of materials by examining only a small sample of the same. An
interviewer may ask a few questions to find the candidate suitable for a job.
 ESSENCE OF SAMPLING

• Basic objective of the study is to draw inference about the

population.

• Sampling is only a tool which helps to know the

characteristics of the universe or population by examining
only a small part of it.

• Values obtained from the study of sample, such as average and

variance are known as ‘Statistic’.

• Values of the population are called ‘Parameters’.

 SAMPLING
• Population – A group that includes all the cases
(individuals, objects or groups) in which the researcher is
interested.
• Finite Population : All students in a College
• Infinite Population : Total water in the sea or all the sand
particle in sea shore.
• Populations are often described by the distributions of
their values, and it is common practice to refer to a
population in terms of its distribution.
 PRINCIPLES OF SAMPLING

• 1.Principle of ‘Statistical Regularity’ and

•A sample taken at random from a population is likely
to have almost the same characteristics as that of the
population.

• 2.Principle of ‘Inertia of Large Numbers’.

•Other things being equal, larger the size of the
sample, more accurate the results are likely to be.
SAMPLING
 Took

tasted
Sampling
 Is defined as the
method of getting a
representative
portion of a
population.
 Why is there a need for Sampling?

Sampling saves time, money

and effort.

It is faster, cheaper and

economical.
SAMPLING
Essence of Sampling
Population inferences can be made...
...by selecting a representative sample from
the population
Probability
Two
Kinds of
Non- Sampling
Probability
Probability sampling Non-Probability sampling

-each member listed -not all of the

in the sampling frame members in the
is given an equal population are given
chance of being an equal chance of
included in the being included in the
sample. sample.
1. SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

- A sampling technique where

every member of the population
has an equal chance or
opportunity to be included in the
sample.
1. SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
2. Stratified random SAMPLING
- The population is divided into two or
more groups called strata, according
to some criterion such as geographic
location, grade level, age, gender, or
income, and subsamples are randomly
selected from each strata.
 3. Systematic SAMPLING
- In this sampling, the
population are arranged in
a methodical manner and
every k th subject is selected
in the construction of the
sample.
 3. Systematic SAMPLING

- In this sampling, the

population are arranged in
k= N
a methodical manner and
n
every k th subject is selected
in the construction of the
sample.
3. Systematic SAMPLING
120 N
k=
n
3. Systematic SAMPLING
120 30 N
k=
n
3. Systematic SAMPLING
k= N
n
= 120
30
3. Systematic SAMPLING

k= N
n
= 120
30
k= 4
3. Systematic SAMPLING
 4. Cluster SAMPLING
- The population is divided into smaller groups
known as clusters. Then randomly select the
samples.
- Clusters are locations within which an intact
group of members of the population can be
found.
- Examples: neighbourhoods, schools,
classrooms, school districts
4. Cluster SAMPLING
5. Multi-stage Sampling:-
• As the name suggests, sampling procedure is carried out in
several stages. Ex: Suppose, we want a sample of 4500
households from the state of Kerala,
• At first stage may be divided into a number of districts and
a few districts selected at random.
• At the second stage, each district may be sub-divided into
number of villages and a sample of villages may be taken at
random.
• At the third stage, a number of households may be
selected from each of the villages.
• In this way, the sample size becomes smaller and smaller at each
stage.
a. The office clerk gave the researcher a list of 500 Class X students. The researcher
selected every 20th name on the list.

b. In a recent research that was conducted in a private school, the subjects of the
study were selected by using the Table of Random Numbers.

c. A researcher interviewed people from each district in the state of Punjab for his
research on population.

d. A researcher is doing a research work on the students’ reaction to the newly

implemented curriculum in mathematics and interviewed every 10th student entering
the gate of the school.

e. A teacher conducted a study in her school to determine who were better in

mathematics: the boys or the girls?
1. Convenience Sampling
- It refers to the procedures of obtaining
units or members who are most
conveniently available.

- It consists of units which are obtained

because cases are readily available.
Convenience Sampling
2. Quota Sampling
2. Quota Sampling
3. Purposive (Judgmental) Sampling

In this sampling method, the researcher

selects a “typical group” of individuals
who might represent the larger
population and then collects data from
this group.
- Also known as Judgmental Sampling.
 Purposive sampling
- A purposive sample is where a researcher selects a
sample based on their knowledge about the study.
 4. Snowball (Referral) sampling
- In snowball sampling, the researcher identifies
and select available respondents who meet the
criteria for inclusion.

- After the data have been collected from the

subject, the researcher asks for a referral of other
individuals who would also meet the criteria and
represent the population of concern.
4. Snowball sampling
Illustration-1
• A population is divided into 3 strata so that N1= 5000, N2= 2000 and
N3= 3000. Respective standard deviations are: 15, 18 and 5.

How should a sample size n= 84 be allocated to the 3 strata, if we want

optimum allocation using disproportionate sampling design?
Illustration-2
• The following are the number of departmental stores in 15 cities;
35, 17, 10, 32, 70, 28, 26, 19, 26, 66, 37, 44, 33, 29, 28
• It is required to select a sample of 10 stores, using cities as clusters and
selecting within clusters proportional to size
• How many stores from each city should be chosen?
Use a starting point of first sample from the first city (cluster) with 10
elements (departmental stores)
• Sampling of appropriate number of elements has to be done from the
cumulative total elements.
• Cumulative total is =500 departmental stores
• From this we have to select a sample of 10 stores
• Therefore the appropriate sampling interval is 500/10=50
• The given starting point of the element is 10 ( if it is not given, it can be
randomly selected)
• The next sampling is at 10+50=60
• The sequence goes on 60 + 50 =110 and so on
City No. No. of Departmental stores Cumulative Sample
total
1 35 35 10 (1)
2 17 52 ----(0)
3 10 62 60 (1)
4 32 94 -----
5 70 164 110, 160(2)
6 28 192 ----
7 26 218 210 (1)
8 19 237 --- 10 samples
9 26 263 260 (1)
10 66 329 310 (1)
11 37 366 360 (1)
12 44 410 410 (1)
13 33 443 ---
14 29 472 460 (1)
15 28 500
 Illustration-3

The following are the number of departmental stores in 10 cities:

35,27,24,32,42,30,34,40,29 and 38. If we want to select a sample of 15
stores using cities as clusters and selecting within clusters proportional
to size, how many stores each city should be chosen?
• Use a starting point of 4
City No. of Departmental Cumulative Sample No. of stores to be
Number Stores total selected
1 35 35 4, 26 2
2 27 62 48, 1
3 24 86 70 1
4 32 118 92,114 2
5 42 160 136,158, 2
6 30 190 180, 1 15
7 34 224 202,224 2
8 40 264 246 1
9 29 293 268, 1
10 38 331 290,312 2
SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION
SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION
THANK YOU