01

MATHEMATICS Quadratic Equations and Inequalities 3

NUMBER SYSTEM
Generally (10-12) questions have been asked from this chapter. Questions, from this section usually
test your basic knowledge of numbers and are mostly based on various properties of multiplication
and division. A good number of statement based questions have been asked from this chapter.

NUMBER SYSTEM
Numbers are collection of certain symbols or figures called digits. The common number system in use
is decimal number system. In this system, we use ten symbols each representing a digit. These are 0, 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. A combination of these figures representing a number is called a numeral.

Types of Numbers
1. Natural numbers Numbers which are used for counting i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4, ... are called natural numbers.
The set of natural numbers is denoted by ‘ N ’. Smallest natural number is 1 but we cannot find the
largest natural number as successor of every natural number is again a natural number.
2. Whole numbers Natural numbers including zero are known as whole numbers. The set of whole
numbers is denoted by W.
• Every natural number is a whole number.
• Zero (0) is the only whole number which is not a natural number.
3. Even numbers The numbers which are divisible by 2 are called as even numbers. e.g 2, 4, 6, 8, 10,
… . In general these are represented by 2 m, where m ∈ N.
4. Odd numbers The number which are not divisible by 2 are called as odd numbers. e.g. 1, 3, 5, 7,
9, … . In general, these are represented by ( 2 m − 1) , where m ∈ N.
5. Prime numbers Those numbers which are divisible by 1 and the number itself are known as prime
numbers. e.g. 2, 3, 5, 7,..., etc. are prime numbers.
• If a number is not divisible by any of the prime numbers upto square root of that number, then it is a prime
number.
• 2 is the only even number which is prime.
• The prime numbers upto 100 are : 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71,
73, 79, 83, 89 and 97 i.e. there are 25 prime numbers upto 100.
4 CDS Pathfinder

6. Coprime numbers Two natural numbers x and y are The set of rational numbers is represented by ‘Q’.
said to be coprime, if they do not have any common 3 −3
divisor other than 1. e.g. , , 7, − 6 are rational numbers.
5 7
e.g. (9, 2), (5, 6), (11, 15) are the pairs of coprime • The decimal expansion of every rational number is
numbers. either terminating or non-terminating repeating.
• If x and y are any two coprimes, a number p is 1 1 8
divisible by x as well as by y, then the number is also e.g. = 0 . 2, = 0 . 333. . ., = 0 . 181818 . . . etc.
5 3 44
divisible by xy.
• Coprime are also called as relatively prime numbers. • The recurring decimal have been given a short notation
• Twin primes Twin primes are pair of primes as 0. 3333 = 0. 3, 0 . 181818 = 0. 18
which differ by 2. e.g. (3, 5), (7, 9), (11, 13) etc.
Note • Zero is a rational number, since we can write 0 = 0 / 1.
7. Composite numbers A composite number is any
• Every natural number, whole number and integer is a
number greater than one that is not a prime number. rational number.
e.g. 4, 6, 8, 9, … all are composite numbers.
• ‘1’ is neither prime nor composite.
IRRATIONAL NUMBERS
The number which cannot be expressed in the form p/q,
INTEGERS where p and q both are integers and q ≠ 0 are known as
The collection of positive numbers, negative numbers irrational numbers. The irrational numbers when
and zero are called integers. The set of integers is expressed in decimal form are in non-terminating and
denoted by Z or I. non-repeating form. e.g. 2, 5 , 7 , 0.101005001, etc.
Thus, Z or I = {. . . , − 4, − 3, − 2, − 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . } is the 22
• Here, it is notable that exact value of π is not or
set of integers. Every natural number and whole number 7
is a part of integer. So, N ⊂ W ⊂ I. 22
3.14, as is a rational number while π is irrational.
7
Types of Integers
Integers are of three types IMPORTANT FACTS
(i) Positive Integers It is a set of all positive numbers. 1. If a + b = x + y , where a and x are rational and
It is denoted by I + , I + = {1, 2, 3, 4, . . . } b and y are irrational, then a = x and b = y .
2. The sum or difference of a rational and an irrational
(ii) Negative Integers It is a set of all negative numbers.
number is irrational number.
It is denoted by I − , I − = {. . . , − 3, − 2, − 1}
3. The product of rational and irrational number is also
(iii) Non-negative Integers An integer that is either 0 or an irrational number.
positive is called non-negative integer. {0, 1, 2, 3, . . . } 4. If we add, subtract, multiply or divide two irrational
numbers, we may get an irrational number or rational
Note ‘0’ is neither positive nor negative. number.

EXAMPLE 1. The smallest 3 digit prime number is EXAMPLE 2. The rational number lying between 2
a. 101 b. 103 c. 109 d. 113 and 3 is
Sol. a. The smallest 3 digit number is 100, which is divisible 49 56
a. b.
by 2. 28 35
∴ 100 is not a prime numbers. 63 85
c. d.
101 < 11 and 101is not divisible by 2, 3, 5 and 7. 45 68
∴ 101is a prime number. Sol. b. We have, 2 = 1. 414 ... and 3 = 1. 732...
Hence, 101is the smallest 3 digit prime number. 49 7 63 7
= = 1. 75, = = 1. 4
28 4 45 5
RATIONAL NUMBERS 56 8
= = 1. 6,
85 5
= = 1. 25
35 5 68 4
The numbers which are expressed in the form of p / q
Clearly, 1. 6 lies between 2 and 3.
where p and q are integers and are coprimes, q ≠ 0 are
56
called rational numbers. Hence, lies between 2 and 3.
35
MATHEMATICS Number System 5

2. | x − 2 | = x − 2, if x > 2, | x − 2 | = 0 , if x = 2
REAL NUMBERS | x − 2 | = 2 − x, if x < 2
The collection of all rational and all irrational numbers
together forms the set of real numbers and is denoted by
Some Properties of Absolute Values
‘R’. Thus, all natural numbers, whole numbers, integers,
rational and irrational numbers are real numbers. 1. | x | ≥ 0 for all real x.
2. | x | = a means x = a or x = − a
Properties of Real Numbers 3. | x | > a means x > a or x < − a
Properties of real numbers are as follows
4. If n = x 2 ; n = x 2 = | x | = x, if x > 0 = − x , if x < 0
General Properties of R
1. If x and y are two real numbers, then either EXAMPLE 3. Find the value of x which satisfy the
x > y, y > x or x = y. inequalities | x | ≥ x and 2x − 1 > 3.
2. If x and y are two real numbers, then a. All positive number
1 1 b. All positive number greater than 2
(i ) x > y ⇒ < (ii ) x > y ⇒ − x < − y
x y c. All negative number less than −2
(iii ) x > y ⇒ x + a > y + a d. All negative number
(iv ) x > y ⇒ xa > ya, when a > 0 Sol. b. | x | ≥ x is true for all real values of x. Now, consider
3. If xy = 0 ⇒ x=0 or y=0 2x − 1 > 3 or 2x > 4 or x > 2.
So, the solution set is all positive number greater than 2.
Properties of operations on R
Let ‘∗’ be any operation defined on R.
1. Closure Property If a ∈ R and b ∈ R, then a * b ∈ R.
FACTORS IN SET
2. Associative Property If a, b, c ∈ R, then OF INTEGERS
a *( b * c ) = ( a * b)* c. Let a, b ∈ I, we say that a is a factor of b, if there exists
3. Commutative Property If a, b ∈ R, then a * b = b * a. an integer p such that b = ap; in short we write a / b read
4. Identity Let ‘I’ be the identity, then it ‘a’ divides ‘b’.
I * a = a * I = a ∀ a ∈ R. If a is factor of b, then b is called a multiple of a.
5. Inverse Let a ′ be the inverse of a, then
a ′ * a = a * a ′ = I ∀ a ∈ R. Properties of factor and multiples
• The above properties hold for addition and For real numbers a and b, if b = ac then ‘a’ is a factor
multiplication on R. ‘b’ and we write a / b.
• The additive identity of R is O and additive inverse of
(i) a / b, b / c ⇒ a / c (This law is known as transitivity)
a ∈ R is −a.
• The multiplicative identity of R is 1 and multiplicative (ii) a / a, ∀a ∈ R (This law is known as reflexivity)
inverse of a ∈ R is 1 / a. (iii) a / b and a / c ⇒ a / b + c and a / b − c
• R is closed for subtraction, if a, b ∈ R, then a − b ∈ R. (iv) If p is prime number and p divides ab where a,b are
• If a, b, c ∈ R, then a × ( b + c ) = ( a × b) + ( a × c ), is the
integers, then p divides ‘a’ or p divides ‘b’. Thus
distributive property on R.
p / ab ⇒ p / a or p / b.
Absolute Value of a Real Number
The absolute value of a real number x is denoted by | x |. EXAMPLE 4. How many factors of 2 5 × 3 6 are perfect
Thus, | 3 | = 3 and | − 4 | = 4. squares?
 x, when x > 0 a. 9 b. 12
 c. 18 d. 4
If x is any real number, then | x | =  0, when x = 0
 − x, when x < 0 Sol. b. Any factor of this number should be of the form
 2a × 3 b .
e.g. For the factor to be a perfect square a, b have to be even
1. If x = 5, | 5 | = 5, if x = 0, | 0 | = 0 a can take values 0, 2, 4 and b can take values 0, 2, 4, 6.
If x = − 5, | − 5 | = − ( −5) = 5 ∴Total number of perfect squares = 3 × 4 = 12
6 CDS Pathfinder

To find the Unit’s Place Digit of a given EXAMPLE 7. When a positive integer n is divided by
5, the remainder is 2. What is the remainder when the
Expression number 3n is divided by 5?
When Number is in the form of Product a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
To find the unit digit in the product of two or more Sol. a. Let n = 5q + 2 and 3n = 3( 5q + 2)
number we take unit digit of every number and then
⇒ 3n = 15q + 6 = 15q + ( 5 + 1) = 5( 3q + 1) + 1
multiply them. Then, the unit digit of the resultant when 3n is divided by 5, then remainder is 1.
product is the unit digit of the product of original
numbers. Divisibility Test
When Number is in the form of Index Divisor Condition with Example
n
Let the exponential number of the form be a and n ∈ I. 2 If the unit place of a number is ‘0’ or divisible by 2 i.e. unit
place is even. e.g. 17980, 314782, 6148, 316 etc.
1. In case, if a is any of (0, 1, 5, 6), then the unit’s place 3 If the sum of the digits of the given number is divisible by
digit is 0, 1, 5 and 6, respectively. 3. e.g. 24375, here 2 + 4 + 3 + 7 + 5 = 21 ÷ 3 = 7
2. In case, if a is any of (4 and 9) Hence, 24375 is divisible by 3.
(i) and if power is odd, then the unit’s place digit is 4 4 If last two digits of number is divisible by 4.
and 9, respectively. e.g. 589372, 72 is divisible by 4.
(ii) and if power is even, then the unit’s place digit is 6 Hence, 589372 is also divisible by 4.
and 1, respectively. 5 If digit at unit place is 5 or 0.
3. In case, if a is any of (2, 3, 7, 8), then see the e.g. 895, 700 etc.
following steps 6 If given number is divisibly by both 2 and 3.
Step I First, divide the exponent of a by 4. e.g. 759312. Here the last digit is divisible by 2. And
(7 + 5 + 9 + 3 + 1 + 2 ) = 27, is divisible by 3.
Step II If any remainder comes on division. Put it as the
Hence, 759312 is divisible by 6.
power of a and get the result.
7 If twice the number at units place is subtracted from rest of
Step III If any remainder does not come on division. Put the digits and the remainder is divisible by 7.
4 as the power of a and get the result. e.g. (a) 875 = 87 − 2( 5) = 87 − 10 = 77 ÷ 7 = 11
EXAMPLE 5. Find the unit digit of 207 × 781 × 39 × 94. Hence, 875 is divisible by 7.
(b) 5103 = 510 − 2( 3) = 510 − 6 = 504 ÷ 7 = 72
a. 4 b. 2 c. 1 d. 5
Hence, 5103 is divisible by 7.
Sol. b. Taking unit digit of every number and then Note Trick is applicable for number greater than 99.
multiplying them = 7 × 1× 9 × 4 = 7 × 36 8 If last three digits are divisible by 8.
Again taking unit digit and then multiplying = 7 × 6 = 42 e.g. (a) 96432 → 432 ÷ 8 = 54
∴Required unit digit = 2 (b) 16000 → 000 ÷ 8 = 0
9 If sum of all the digits are divisible by 9.
EXAMPLE 6. What is the last digit in 7 402 + 3 402 ? e.g. 317349 ⇒ ( 3 + 1 + 7 + 3 + 4 + 9) = 27 ÷ 9 = 3
a. 0 b. 4 c. 8 d. None of these Hence, 317349 is divisible by 9.

Sol. c. On division of 402 by 4, we get 2 as remainder. 10 If last digit of a number is ‘0’. e.g. 130, 36980, etc.
402 2 11 If the difference between sum of digits at even places and
∴ Last digit of 7 = Last digit of 7 = Last digit of 49 = 9
sum of digits at odd places is divisible by 11.
402 2
Last digit of 3 = Last digit of 3 e.g. 10615.
= Last digit of 9 = 9 Sum of digits at odd place = 1 + 6 + 5 = 12
Sum of digits at even place = 0 + 1 = 1
∴ Last digit of 7402 + 3402 = Last digit of (9 + 9) = 8
Difference = 12 − 1 = 11 ÷ 11 = 1
So, 10615 is divisible by 11.
DIVISION ON NUMBERS
EXAMPLE 8. What is the remainder when 41000 is
(DIVISION ALGORITHM) divided by 7? e 2014 I
Let ‘a’ and ‘b’ be two integers such that b ≠ 0. On a. 1 b. 2 c. 4 d. 5
dividing ‘a’ by ‘b’, ‘q’ will be the quotient and ‘r’ will be
Sol. c. On division of 41, 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , and 47 by 7,
the remainder, then the relationship between a, b, q and r
is a = bq + r , where 0 ≤ r < b. Or in general, we have we get remainders 4, 2, 1, 4, 2, 1and 4 respectively.
Now, 44 gives us same remainder as 41, so the cyclicity is
Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder of 3.
MATHEMATICS Number System 7

So, any power of 3 or a multiple of 3 will give a 2. Multiplication of a Given

remainder of 1.
Number by a Power of 5
So, 4999 will give a remainder of 1.
Method Put as many zeros to the right of the
41000
∴ Remainder of =4 multiplicand as is the power of 5 in the multiplier.
7
Divide the number so formed by 2 raised to the same
Theorem of Divisibility power as is the power of 5.
1. If N is a composite number of the form e.g. Multiply 6798 by 125
N = a p ⋅ b q ⋅ c r . . . , where a, b and c are primes, then 6798000
Here, 6798 × 125 = 6798 × 5 3 =
the number of divisors of N, represented by mis 23
given by m = ( p + 1) ( q + 1) (r + 1) . . .
6798000
2. The sum of the divisors of N, represented by S is = = 849750
8
given by
( a p + 1 − 1) ( b q + 1 − 1) ( c r + 1 − 1) Important Identities
S= ⋅ ⋅
( a − 1) ( b − 1) ( c − 1) The identities given below are very useful for quick
multiplication.
SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS ON DIVISION
Here, if a, b and c are real numbers, then
1. If p divides q and r, then p also divides their sum and
difference also.
1. (i) ( a + b)2 = ( a + b)(a + b) = a 2 + b2 + 2ab
2. For any natural number n , ( n 3 − n ) is divisible by 6. (ii) ( a + b)3 = a 3 + b3 + 3ab ( a + b)
3. The product of three consecutive natural numbers is 2. (i) ( a − b)2 = ( a − b)( a − b) = a 2 + b2 − 2ab
always divisible by 6.
4. ( x m − a m ) is divisible by ( x + a ) for even values of m.
(ii) ( a − b)3 = a 3 − b3 − 3ab ( a − b)

5. ( x m + a m ) is divisible by ( x + a ) for odd values of m. 3. (i) ( a + b) = ( a − b)2 + 4ab

6. ( x m − a m ) is divisible by ( x − a ) for all values of m.
(ii) ( a − b) = ( a + b)2 − 4ab

EXAMPLE 9. 19 5 + 21 5 is divisible by 4. (i) ( a + b)2 + ( a − b)2 = 2 ( a 2 + b2 )

a. Only 10 b. Only 20 (ii) ( a + b)2 − ( a − b)2 = 4ab
c. Both 10 and 20 d. Neither 10 nor 20
2 2
 a + b  a − b
Sol. c. We can check divisibility of 195 + 215 by 10 by 5. ab =   − 
adding the unit digits of 95 and 15 which is equal to  2   2 
9 + 1 = 10. So, it must be divisible by 10. 6. a 2 − b 2 = ( a − b)( a + b)
Now, for divisibility by 20 we add 19 and 21 which is
equal to 40. EXAMPLE 10. The value of
So, it is clear that it is also divisible by 20. 1.073 × 1.073 − 0.927 × 0.927 (3 4 ) 4 × 9 6
+ is
So, 195 + 215 is divisible by both 10 and 20. 1.073 − 0.927 (27)7 × 3 9
1 1
Shortcut Methods for Multiplication a. 2
3
b. 2
5
1. Multiplication of a Given c. 2
1
d. 3
Number by 9, 99 etc. 9
Method Place as many zeros at the right of the .
1073 × 1073
. − 0.927 × 0.927 ( 34 ) 4 + (9)6
Sol. c. +
multiplicand as is the number of nines in the multiplier .
1073 − 0.927 ( 27)7 × ( 3) 9
and subtract from the number, so formed from the
. ) 2 − (0.927) 2 ( 34 ) 4 × ( 32)6
(1073
multiplicand, to get the result. e.g. = + 37
1073
. − 0.927 ( 3 ) × ( 3) 9
(i) Multiply 8886 by 9999
(1073
. + 0.927) (1073
. − 0.927) 328
So, 8886 × 9999 = 88860000 − 8886 = 88851114 = + 30
1073
. − 0.927 3
(ii) Multiply 56985 by 999 1 1 1
= 2+ 2 = 2+ = 2
So, 56985 × 999 = 56985000 − 56985 = 56928015 3 9 9
8 CDS Pathfinder

The operations have to be carried out in the order, in

SIMPLIFICATION •
which they appear in the word VBODMAS.
The word simplification refers to a procedure of • The order of brackets to be simplied is (), {}, [ ].
converting a complex arithmetical expression into a
simple expression. EXAMPLE 11. Simply the following expression 52 − 4
For simplifying an expression, follow the rule of (17 − 12) + 4 × 7.
‘VBODMAS’. The letter of word means a. 38 b. 85 c. 60 d. 72
V — Under line portion i.e. bar Sol. c. 52 − 4 of (17 − 12) + 4 × 7
B — Brackets = 52 − 4 of 5 + 4 × 7 (simplifying parenthesis)
O — Orders or powers = 52 − 4 × 5 + 4 × 7 (simplifying of)
D — Division = 52 − 20 + 4 × 7 (simplifying multiplication)
M — Multiplication = 52 − 20 + 28 (simplifying multiplication)
A — Addition = 32 + 28 (simplifying subtraction)
S — Subtraction = 60 (simplifying addition)

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. Let ‘a’ and ‘b’ be natural number, not necessarily 8. In a division operation, the divisor is 5 times the
distinct. For all values of ‘a’ and ‘b’ the natural quotient and twice the remainder. If the
number would be remainder is 15, then what is the dividend?
(a) (a + b ) (b) a / b (c) a − b (d) log (ab ) (a) 175 (b) 185 (c) 195 (d) 250
2. x and y are two natural numbers such that x is 9. If 42 ∗ 8 is a multiple of 9, then the digit
less than y,q is the quotient and r is the represented by ∗ is
remainder when y is divided by x. Therefore, (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 4
(a) r = 0 (b) r < 0 (c) r > x (d) 0 ≤ r < x 16 16 ∗ 9 9 9
10. The value at ∗ in × − × + × = 1 is
3. If p is a prime number and p divides ab i.e. p/ ab, 7 7 7 7 7 7
where ‘a’ and ‘b’ are integers, then (a) 33 (b) −33 (c) −11 (d) 32
(a) p/ a or p/ b (b) p/ a and p/ b 11. The value of 10 ÷ 4 + 6 × 4 is
(c) p/ a − b (d) None of these
(a) 4 (b) 1/4 (c) 5 (d) None of these
4. Which one of the following is a prime number? a b c a+ b+ c
(a) 161 (b) 171 12. If = = , then the value of is
4 5 6 b
(c) 173 (d) 221
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 6 (d) 4
5. If n is a natural number, then n is
(a) always a whole number
13. The value of [a − b + ( b − a )] − [2a − 2b + ( b − 2a )] is
(b) always a natural number (a) b − 2 a (b) a − 2 b (c) b + 2 a (d) b
(c) sometimes a natural number and sometimes an k
14. If 3.325 × 10 = 0.0003325, the value of ‘k’ is
irrational number
(d) always an irrational number (a) 4 (b) −4 (c) −3 (d) −2

6. The product of a rational number and an 15. If [0.04 × 0.4 × x ] = 0.4 × 0.04 × y, then the
irrational number is value of x / y is
(a) natural number (b) an irrational number (a) 0.0016 (b) 0.16 (c) 0.016 (d) 0.160
(c) a composite number (d) a rational number
16. The unit digit in the product (127)170 is
7. What is the value of x for which x, x + 1, x + 3 are (a) 3 (b) 9 (c) 7 (d) 3
all prime numbers?
(a) 0 (b) 1 17. The unit digit in the product ( 7 × 6 × 365 ) is
71 59

(c) 2 (d) 101 (a) 6 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 1

MATHEMATICS Number System 9

18. When n is divided by 4, the remainder is 3. 30. If k is any even positive integer, then ( k2 + 2k) is
What is the remainder when 2n is divided by (a) divisible by 24
4? (b) divisible by 8 but may not be divisible by 24
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 6 (d) 3 (c) divisible by 4 but may not be divisible by 8
1 1 1 1 1 1 (d) divisible by 2 but may not be divisible by 4
− − × −
19. If 4 6 48 ÷ 4 6 48 = x, the value of 31. The number 2784936 is divisible by which one of
1 1 1  1 1 1
− −  × −  the following numbers?
4  6 48 4  6 48 (a) 86 (b) 87 (c) 88 (d) 89
x is
20 21 21 20 32. Which among the following is the largest four-digit
(a) (b) − (c) (d) − number that is divisible by 88?
21 20 20 21
(a) 9988 (b) 9966 (c) 9944 (d) 8888
20. If x is negative real number, then 1
1 1 33. The pair of rational numbers that lies between
(a)| x| = x (b)| x| = − x (c)| x| = (d)| x| = −
x x 4
3
x 3 x− y and is
21. If = , then the value of is 4
y 5 x+ y 262 752 24 74
1 1 1 (a) , (b) ,
(a) − (b) (c) (d) −6 1000 1000 100 100
4 4 6 9 31 252 748
(c) , (d) ,
7− x 40 40 1000 1000
22. If x is real, then < 2, if and only if
3 34. By adding x to 1254934, the resulting number
(a) 1 < x < 13 (b) −1 < x < 13 (c) x < 13 (d) x > 13 becomes divisible by 11, while adding y to 1254934
23. A number is divisible by 25 only, if makes the resulting number divisible by 3. Which
(a) the last digit of the number is zero one of the following is the set of values for x and y?
(b) the last digit of the number is 5 (a) x = 1, y = 1 (b) x = 1, y = − 1
(c) the last two digit of the number is divisible by 15 (c) x = − 1, y = 1 (d) x = − 1, y = − 1
(d) the last two digit of the number is divisible by 25 35. What is the last digit in the expansion of 34798 ?
2.48 × 2.48 − 1.52 × 1.52 (a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 7 (d) 9
24. The value of is
0.96 36. What least value must be given to ⊗, so that the
(a) 4 (b) 0.96 (c) 16 (d) 15.04 number 84705 ⊗ 2 is divisible by 9?
25. Which one of the following is correct regarding (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
the number 222222? 37. What is the total number of three digit numbers
(a) It is divisible by 3 but not divisible by 7 with unit digit 7 and divisible by 11?
(b) It is divisible by 3 and 7 but not divisible by 11 (a) 6 (b) 7 (c) 8 (d) 9
(c) It is divisible by 2 and 7 but not divisible by 11
7 3
(d) It is divisible by 3, 7 and 11 38. Find the value of ‘a’ and ‘b’ 3 × b = 8.
a 15
26. What is the sum of positive integers less than (a) 2, 11 (b) 11, 2 (c) 1, 1 (d) 2, 1
100 which leave a remainder 1 when divided
by 3 and leave a remainder 2 when divided by 39. If a , b and c are real numbers such that
4? a < b and c < 0, then which of the statements is
(a) 416 (b) 620 (c) 1250 (d) 1314 true?
27. What is the last digit in the expansion of (a) (a/c ) < (b/c ) (b) ac < bc
754 (c) (c/a) > (c/b ) (d) ac > bc
( 2457) ?
(a) 3 (b) 7 (c) 8 (d) 9 40. If we divide a positive integer by another positive
integer, what is the resulting number?
28. A three-digit number is divisible by 11 and
(a) It is always a natural number
has its digit in the unit’s place equal to 1. The
(b) It is always an integer
number is 297 more than the number obtained
by reversing the digits. What is the number? (c) It is a rational number
(a) 121 (b) 231 (c) 561 (d) 451 (d) It is an irrational number

29. The remainder on dividing given integers a 41. What can be said about the expansion of 212n − 64 n ,
and b by 7 are, respectively 5 and 4. What is where n is a positive integer?
the remainder when ab is divided by 7? (a) Last digit is 4 (b) Last digit is 8
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6 (c) Last digit is 2 (d) Last two digits are zero
10 CDS Pathfinder

42. If p is an integer, then every square integer is of 54. What will be the remainder when 19100 is
the form divided by 20?
(a) 2 p or (4 p − 1) (b) 4p or (4 p − 1) (a) 19 (b) 20 (c) 3 (d) 1
(c) 3p or (3 p + 1) (d) 4p or (4 p + 1) 12
55. 7 − 4 12
is exactly divisible by which of the
43. If r and s are any real numbers such that 0 ≤ s ≤ 1 following number?
and r + s = 1, then what is the maximum value of (a) 34 (b) 33 (c) 36 (d) 35
the product? p q p +2 q +1
3 1 1
56. If 2 + 3 = 17 and 2 −3 = 5, then find the
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d) value of p and q.
4 2 4
(a) −2, 3 (b) 2, − 3 (c) 3, 2 (d) 2, 3
44. A number when divided by 2, 3 or 5 gives
49 1
remainder 1. The number is 57. If = 3+ , where x , y and z are natural
15 1
(a) 31 (b) 47 (c) 49 (d) 53 x+
1
45. The largest integer that divides product of any y+
four consecutive integers is z
numbers, then what is z equal to?
(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 12 (d) 24
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3
46. Which one of the following three digit numbers (d) Cannot be determined due to insufficient data
divides 9238 and 7091 with the same remainder
in each case? 58. The least number which is a perfect square and
(a) 113 (b) 209 (c) 317 (d) 191
has 540 as a factor is
(a) 8100 (b) 6400 (c) 4900 (d) 3600
47. For a positive integer n, define d( n ) = The 2 3
59. If A is real and 1 + A + A + A = 40, then A is
number of positive divisors of n. What is the equal to
value of d( d( d(12)))?
(a) −3 (b) −1 (c) 1 (d) 3
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) None of these
60. How many factors of 1080 are perfect squares?
48. If three sides of a right angled triangle are (a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 8 (d) 5
integers in their lowest form, then one of its
sides is always divisible by 61. Consider the following statements:
(a) 6 (b) 5 (c) 7 (d) None of these I. In a given whole number, if the sum of the odd
numbered digit is equal to the sum of even
49. If −1 ≤ x ≤ 3 and 1 ≤ y ≤ 3, then the maximum numbered digits, then the number is divisible
value of ( 3 y − 4x ) is by 11.
(a) 18 (b) 13 (c) 5 (d) −6 II. In a given whole number, if the difference of
50. If ‘ p’ is an integer greater than 3, then on dividing sum of odd numbered digits and even numbered
digits is divisible by 11, then the number is
p11 + 1 by p − 1, we would get the remainder as
divisible by 11.
(a) 2 (b) 0 (c) −2 (d) −1
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
51. If A is the set of squares of natural numbers and correct?
x and y are any two element of A, then the (a) Only I (b) Both I and II
correct statement is (c) Only II (d) None of these
(a) x + y belongs to A (b) x − y belongs to A
x 62. Consider the following statements:
(c) belongs to A (d) x y belongs to A
y A number a1a2a3a4 a5 is divisible by 9, if
I. a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 + a5 is divisible by 9.
52. A ten-digit number is divisible by 4 as well as by
II. a1 − a2 + a3 − a4 + a5 is divisible by 9.
5. What could be the possible digit at the ten’s
place in the given number? Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
(a) 0, 1, 2, 4, or 6 (b) 1, 2, 4, 6 or 8 correct?
(c) 2, 3, 4, 6 or 8 (d) 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8 (a) Only I (b) Only II
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
53. If x < 0 < y, then which one of the following
relations is correct? 63. Consider the following statements:
(a)
1
<
1
<
1
(b)
1
>
1
<
1 If p is a prime such that p + 2 is also a prime,
x2 xy y2 x2 xy y2 then
1 1
(c) <
1 1
(d) > I. p( p + 2) + 1 is a perfect square.
x y x y II. 12 is a divisor of p + ( p + 2), if p > 3
MATHEMATICS Number System 11

Which of the statement(s) given above is/are PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTIONS

correct?
(a) Only I (b) Only II 69. What number should be added to 231228 to
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II make it exactly divisible by 33? e 2012 I
64. Consider the following statements: (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
I. If x and y are composite integers, so also is x + y. 70. If a positive integer leaves remainder 28 when
II. If x and y are composite integers and x > y, then divided by 143, then what is the remainder
x − y is also a composite integer. obtained on dividing the same number by 13?
III. If x and y are composite integers, so also in xy. e 2012 I
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 9 (d) 10
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
correct? 71. Which one of the following is neither prime
(a) I, II and III (b) I and II number nor composite number? e 2012 II
(c) Only III (d) None of these (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) None of these

65. Consider the following statements: 72. Which one of the following has least number of
I. The product of any three consecutive integers is divisors? e 2012 II
divisible by 6. (a) 88 (b) 91 (c) 96 (d) 99
II. Any integer can be expressed in one of the 73. How many numbers between −11 and 11 are
three forms 3k, 3k + 1, 3k + 2, where k is an multiples of 2 or 3? e 2012 II
integer. (a) 11 (b) 14 (c) 15 (d) None of these
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are 74. Consider the following statements
correct? I. If n is a prime number greater than 5, then
(a) Only I (b) Only II n4 − 1 is divisible by 2400.
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II II. Every square number is of the form 5n or (5n − 1)
66. Consider the following statements: or (5n + 1), where n is a whole number.
I. A natural number is divisible by 2, if its last Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
digit is divisible by 2. correct? e 2012 II
II. A natural number is divisible by 2, if its last (a) Only I (b) Only II
digit is either zero or 2. (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
III. A natural number is divisible by 2, if its last
digit is even. 75. If N , ( N + 2) and ( N + 4) are prime numbers,
then the number of possible solutions for N are
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 (b) 2 e 2013 I
(a) I and II (b) I and III (c) II and III (d) All of these (c) 3 (d) None of these
67. Consider the following statements for natural 76. The two-digit number, which when divided by
numbers a, b and c : sum of the digits and product of the digits,
I. If ‘a’ is divisible by ‘b’ and ‘b’ is divisible by ‘c’, respectively leaves the same remainder the
then a must be divisible by ‘c’. number is and the difference of quotients is one.
II. If ‘a’ is a factor of both ‘b’ and ‘c’, then ‘a’ must (a) 14 (b) 23 (c) 32 (d) 41 e 2013 I
be a factor of ‘b + c’.
77. If x is positive even integer and y is negative
III. If ‘a’ is a factor of both ‘b’ and ‘c’, then ‘a’ must
be a factor of ‘b − c’. odd integer, then x y is e 2013 I
(a) odd integer (b) even integer
Which of the statements given above are correct? (c) rational number (d) None of these
(a) I, II and III (b) I and II
(c) II and III (d) None of these 78. Consider the following statements
I. There is a finite number of rational numbers
68. Consider the following statements: between any two rational numbers.
I. Set of positive powers of 2 is closed under II. There is an infinite number of rational numbers
multiplication. between any two rational numbers.
II. The set {1, 0, − 1} is closed under multiplication. III. There is a finite number of irrational number
III. The number 35 has exactly four divisors. between any two rational numbers.
IV. The set {1, 0, − 1} is closed under addition. Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
Which of the statements given above are correct? correct? e 2013 I
(a) I, II and III are true (b) Only III (a) Only I (b) Only II
(c) Only IV (d) All of these (c) Only III (d) Both II and III
12 CDS Pathfinder

79. If k is a positive integer, then every square 88. What is the remainder when (1235 × 4523 × 2451)
integer is of the form e 2013 II is divided by 12? e 2014 II
(a) 4k (b) 4k or 4k + 3 (a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 7
(c) 4k + 1 or 4k + 3 (d) 4k or 4k + 1
89. What is the number of divisors of 360? e 2014 II
80. If b is the largest square divisor of c and a2 (a) 12 (b) 18
divides c, then which one of the following is (c) 24 (d) None of these
correct (where, a, b and c are integers)? e 2013 II
(a) b divides a (b) a does not divide b 90. The multiplication of a three-digit number XY 5
(c) a divides b (d) a and b are coprime with digit Z yields X 215. What is X + Y + Z
equal to? e 2014 II
81. Every prime number of the form 3k + 1 can be (a) 13 (b) 15 (c) 17 (d) 18
represented in the form 6m + 1 (where, k and m
are integers), when e 2013 II
91. How many pairs of X and Y are possible in the
number 763X 4Y 2, if the number is divisible
(a) k is odd
by 9? e 2014 II
(b) k is even (a) 8 (b) 9 (c) 10 (d) 11
(c) k can be both odd and even
(d) No such form is possible 92. If an = 3 − 4n , then what is a1 + a2 + a3 +…+ an
equal to? e 2014 II
82. Consider the following statements (a) − n (4n − 3) (b) − n (2 n − 1) (c) −n2 (d) − n (2 n + 1)
I. 7710312401 is divisible by 11.
II. 173 is a prime number. 93. Consider all those two-digit positive integers less
than 50, which when divided by 4 yield unity as
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
remainder. What is their sum? e 2014 II
correct? e 2013 II
(a) 310 (b) 314 (c) 218 (d) 323
(a) Only I (b) Only II
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II 94. p, q and r are prime numbers such that
p < q < r < 13. In how many cases would
83. Consider the following statements ( p + q + r ) also be a prime number? e 2014 II
I. To obtain prime numbers less than 121, we are (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) None of these
to reject all the multiples of 2, 3, 5 and 7.
II. Every composite number less than 121 is 95. The digit in the units place of the product
divisible by a prime number less than 11. 81 × 82 × 83 × 84 ×…× 99 is e 2015 I
(a) 0 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
correct? e 2013 II 96. What is the remainder obtained when
(a) Only I (b) Only II
1421 × 1423 × 1425 is divided by 12? e 2015 I
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
97. What is the remainder when 496 is divided by 6?
84. Consider the following statements
I. No integer of the form 4k + 3, where k an integer, e 2015 I
can be expressed as the sum of two squares. (a) 4 (b) 3
(c) 2 (d) 1
II. Square of an odd integer can expressed in the
form 8k + 1, where k is an integer. 98. What is the maximum value of m, if the number
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are N = 35 × 45 × 55 × 60 × 124 × 75 is divisible by
correct? e 2014 I 5m ? e 2015 I
(a) Only I (b) Only II (a) 4 (b) 5
(c) 6 (d) 7
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
85. What is 262 + 972 equal to? e 2014 I
99. If a − b = 4 and a2 + b2 = 40, where a and b are
(a) 27 2 + 932 (b) 342 + 932 (c) 82 2 + 412 (d) 792 + 62 2 positive integers, then a3 + b6 is equal to e 2015 I
(a) 264 (b) 280
86. If n is a whole number greater than 1, then (c) 300 (d) 324
n2( n2 − 1) is always divisible by e 2014 I 100. If n is a natural number and n = p1x1 p2x2 p3x3 ,
(a) 12 (b) 24 (c) 48 (d) 60
where p1, p2 , p3 are distinct prime factors, then
87. What is the remainder when (1723 + 2323 + 2923 ) the number of prime factors for n is e 2015 I
is divided by 23? e 2014 II (a) x1 + x2 + x3 (b) x1x2x3
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3 (c) (x1 + 1)(x2 + 1)(x3 + 1) (d) None of these
MATHEMATICS Number System 13

37 1 111. What is the maximum value of m, if the number

101. If = 2+ ,where x , y and z are natural
13 1 N = 90 × 42 × 324 × 55 is divisible by 3m ? e 2016 I
x+
1
y+ (a) 8 (b) 7 (c) 6 (d) 5
z 10 10
numbers, then what is z equal to? e 2015 I 112. 7 − 5 is divisible by e 2016 I
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (a) 5 (b) 7 (c) 10 (d) 11
(d) Cannot be determined due to insufficient data 113. If a3 = 117 + b3 and a = 3 + b, then the value of
102. A student was asked to multiply a number by 25. a + b is (given that a > 0 and b > 0) e 2016 I
He instead multiplied the number by 52 and got (a) 7 (b) 9 (c) 11 (d) 13
the answer 324 more than the correct answer.
The number to be multiplied was e 2015 I 114. Let m be a non-zero integer and n be a positive
(a) 12 (b) 15 (c) 25 (d) 32 integer. Let R be the remainder obtained on
dividing the polynomial x n + m n by ( x − m ).
103. The number of pairs ( x , y ), where x , y are integers
Then, e 2016 I
satisfying the equation 21x + 48 y = 5, is e 2015 II (a) R is a non-zero even integer
(a) Zero (b) One (c) Two (d) Infinity (b) R is odd, if m is odd
104. The largest natural number which divides every (c) R = s 2 for some integer s, if n is even
natural number of the form ( n3 − n ) ( n − 2), (d) R = t 3 for some integer t, if 3 divides n
where n is a natural number greater than 2, is
61 1
(a) 6 (b) 12 e 2015 II 115. If = 3+ where x , y and z are natural
(c) 24 (d) 48 19 1
x+
105. The digit in the units place of the resulting 1
y+
number of the expression ( 234)100 + ( 234)101, is x
(a) 6 (b) 4 e 2015 II numbers, then what z is equal to? e 2016 I
(c) 2 (d) 0 (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
106. A number when divided by 7 leaves a remainder 116. Let x and y be positive integers such that x is
3 and the resulting quotient, when divided by 11 prime and y is composite. Which of the following
leaves a remainder 6. If the same number when statements are correct?
divided by 11 leaves a remainder m and the I. ( y − x) can be an even integer.
resulting quotient when divided by 7 leaves a
II. xy can be an even integer.
remainder n. What are the values of m and n,
respectively? e 2015 II III. 0.5 (x + y) can be an even integer.
(a) 1 and 4 (b) 4 and 1 (c) 3 and 6 (d) 6 and 3 Select the correct answer using the code given
107. The seven digit number 876 p37q is divisible by below e 2016 I
(a) I and II (b) II and III
225. The values of p and q can be respectively (c) I and III (d) All of these
(a) 9, 0 (b) 0, 0 e 2015 II
(c) 0, 5 (d) 5,9 117. Consider the following statements:
108. Let x and y be positive integers such that x > y. I. Every natural number is a real number.
The expressions 3x + 2 y and 2x + 3 y, when II. Every real number is a rational number.
divided by 5 leave remainders 2 and 3, III. Every integer is real number.
respectively. What is the remainder when ( x − y ), IV. Every rational number is a real number.
is divided by 5? e 2015 II Which of the above statements are correct?
(a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 0 (a) I, II and III (b) I, III and IV e 2016 I
(c) II and III (d) III and IV
109. The sum of first 47 terms of the series
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 118. Consider the following statements in respect of
+ − − − + + + − − ... , is two different non-zero integers p and q.
4 5 6 4 5 6 4 5 6 e 2015 II
1 1 9 I. For ( p + q) to be less than ( p − q), q must be
(a) 0 (b) − (c) (d) negative.
6 6 20
II. For ( p + q) to be greater than ( p − q), both p and
110. The value of the expression q must be positive.
( 243 + 647)2 + ( 243 − 647)2 Which of the above statements is/are correct?
is equal to
243 × 243 + 647 × 647 e 2016 I (a) Only I (b) Only II e 2016 I
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3 (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
14 CDS Pathfinder

119. If a and b are negative real numbers and c is a 120. If m and n are distinct natural numbers, then
positive real number, then which of the following which of the following is/are integer/integers?
is/are correct? m n m n
I. + II. mn  +  (m2 + n2 )−1
I. a − b < a − c n m  n m
a b
II. If a < b, then < mn
c c III.
1 1 m2 + n2
III. <
b c
Select the correct answer using the code given
Select the correct answer using the code given
below e 2016 (I)
below e 2016 I
(a) I and II (b) Only II
(a) Only I (b) Only II
(c) Only III (d) II and III (c) II and III (d) Only III

ANSWERS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110
111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

1. (a) ( a + b ) always represent a natural 6. (b) We know that, the product of a 256 9x 81
⇒ − + =1
number ∀ a , b ∈ N . rational number and an irrational 49 49 49
2. (d) As, y = qx + r, so 0 ≤ r < x. number is an irrational number. ⇒ 256 + 81 − 9x = 49
3. (a) As p is prime, so p/a or p/b. 7. (c) If x = 2, then, x, x + 1 and x + 3 are ⇒ 9x = 288 ⇒ x = 32
all prime numbers.
4. (c) Consider the given options ⇒ 9x = 288 ⇒ x = 32
8. (c) Q Dividend = D × Q + R
(a) 161 is divisible by 7. Hence, 161 is 11. (a) By BODMAS, 10 ÷ 4 + 6 × 4
not a prime number. Given, D = 5Q and D = 2R
= 10 ÷ ( 4 + 6) × 4
(b) Since, 1 + 7 + 1 = 9. Therefore, 171 When R = 15, D = 2 × 15 = 30
is divisible by 3. Hence, 171 is not a D 30 = 10 ÷ 10 × 4 = 1 × 4 = 4
prime number. ∴ Q= = =6 a b c
5 5 12. (a) = = = k (say)
(c) 173 < ( 14)2 4 5 6
∴ Dividend = 30 × 6 + 15 = 195
173 is not divisible by any of the ⇒ a = 4k , b = 5k and c = 6k
numbers 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13. Hence, 9. (d) As, 4 + 2 + * + 8 = 14 + * ; 42 * 8 is
divisible by 9, if 14 + * divisible by 9. a + b + c 4k + 5k + 6k 15k
173 is a prime number. So, = = =3
So, 14 + ∗ = 18 (nearest multiple of 9) b 5k 5k
(d) 221 is divisible by 13. Hence, 221 is
not a prime number. ⇒ ∗ = 18 − 14 = 4 13. (d) [ a − b + ( b − a )]
5. (c) Consider, 2, 4 ∈ N 16 16 * 9 9 9 − [ 2a − 2b + ( b − 2a )]
10. (d) Here, × − × + × =1
So, 4 = 2, a natural number 7 7 7 7 7 7 ⇒ [ a − b + b − a ] − [ 2a − 2b + b − 2a ]
and 2 = irrational number. Put * = x ⇒ 0 − [ 2a − 2a − b ] = 0 + b = b
MATHEMATICS Number System 15

0.0003325 7 − x
= 22. (a) As, <2 30. (b) If k is any even positive integer, then
k
14. (b) 10 (given)
3. 325  3  k 2 + 2k is divisible by 8 but may not be
3.325 × 10−4 7−x 7 − x
= = 10−4 ⇒ < 2 or −  <2 divisible by 24.
3.325 3  3 
Let k = 2m,m ∈ N , then
⇒ 10k = 10−4 [Q | x | < a ⇒ x < a or − x < a]
k 2 + k ⋅ 2 = 4m 2 + 4m = 4m (m + 1)
∴ k = −4 x−7
⇒ 7 − x < 6 or <2 which is divisible by 8.
3
15. (c) 0.04 × 0.4 × x = 0.4 × 0.04 × y
⇒ − x < − 1 or x − 7 < 6 31. (c) Given number is 2784936.
(given) Sum of digits at odd places= 25 and sum
x 0.4 × 0.04 ⇒ x > 1 or x < 13
∴ = of digits at even places = 14
y 0.04 × 0.4 ⇒ 1 < x < 13
∴ Difference = 25 − 14 = 11
23. (d) A number is divisible by 25 when its
x 0.4 × 0.4 × 0.04 × 0.04 So, number is divisisble by 11.
= = 0.016 last 2 digits are either zero or divisible by
y 0.04 × 0.4 25. Also last three digits of 2784936 i.e. 936
(squaring both sides) ( 2.48)2 − ( 1. 52)2 is divisible by 8.
24. (a) Hence, 2784936 is divisible by both 8
16. (b) Since, unit digit in 74 is 1. 0.96
( 2.48 − 1.52)( 2.48 + 152. ) and 11 i.e. 88.
∴ 7168 = ( 74 )42 give unit digit 1. =
0.96 32. (c) A number divisible by 88, if it is
∴ 7170 = 7168 × 72 gives the unit digit divisible by 8 and 11.
[Q a 2 − b 2 = ( a − b )( a + b )]
as 1 × 7 × 7 = 9
0.96 × 4 In the given options 9944 and 8888 are
17. (c) Unit place in 7 4 = 1, so unit place in = =4
0.96 divisible by 88. Hence, maximum
768 is 1. number is 9944.
25. (d) Given, number is 222222.
∴ Unit place in 7 68 × 7 3 = 3. Similarly, 1 3
Here, sum of digits 33. (d) Q = 0.25 and = 0.75
59
unit place in 6 is 6 and unit place in 4 4
= 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 12,
34 is 1, so unit place in 365 = 364 × 3 = 3. Only option (d) lies between 0.25 and
which is divisible by 3. So, given number 252
∴ Unit place in 771 × 6 59 × 365 is the is divisible by 3. 0.75. Since = 0. 252
unit place of 3 × 6 × 3 = 4 1000
Now, sum of odd terms of digits − Sum
of even terms of digits = 6 − 6 = 0, 748
18. (b) As, n is divided by 4 the remainder is and = 0.748
3, so it is divisible by 11. 1000
n = 4q + 3, where q is quotient. Also, in a number if a digit is repeated 34. (b) Difference of sums of even and odd
six times, then the number is divisible by places digit of 1254934
⇒ 2n = 8q + 6
⇒ 2n = (8k + 4) + 2 = 4 ( 2k + 1) + 2
7, 11 and 13. = ( 1 + 5 + 9 + 4) − ( 2 + 4 + 3)
So, if 2n is divided by 4 the quotient
Hence, the given number is divisible by = 19 − 9 = 10
3, 7 and 11.
is 2k + 1 and remainder is 2. This number will be divisible by 11,
1 1 1 1 1 1 26. (a) Required numbers are of the form of after adding x, if x = 1.
− − × − 12q − 2
19. (c) Given, 4 6 48 ÷ 4 6 48 Also, the sum of digits of 1254934
1 1 1 1 1 1 i.e. 10, 22, 34, 46, 58, 70, 82, 94
− −  × −  = 1 + 2 + 5 + 4 + 9 + 3 + 4 = 28
4  6 48  4  6 48  ∴ Total sum = 10 + 22 + 34 + 46 + 58
1254934 will be divisible by 3, after
+ 70 + 82 + 94 = 416 adding y , if y = − 1
=x
12 − 8 − 1 1 1 27. (d) The last digit in the expansion of 35. (d) Last digit in the expansion of 34798
−
⇒ x = 48 ÷ 24 48 ( 2457)754 is equal to last digit of ( 7)754 . = Last digit in the expansion of
12 − (8 − 1) 1  8 − 1 ( 7)754 = ( 74 )188 × 72 = 1 × 72
×  (34 )1199 ⋅ 32
48 4  48  = ( 7)2 = 49
3 2−1 = Last digit in the expansion of 32 = 9
Hence, last digit is 9.
⇒ x = 48 ÷ 48 36. (b) The given number is divisible by 9, if
5 7 28. (d) On taking option (d),
sum of the digits is divisible by 9.
48 4 × 48 The reverse digit of 451 is 154.
Here, sum of digits
3 4 21 Now, 154 + 297 = 451 is equal to the
⇒ x = ÷ ⇒x = original number. = 8 + 4 + 7 + 0 + 5 + 2 + ⊗ = 26 + ⊗
5 7 20
29. (d) Let a = 7 p + 5 and b = 7q + 4 If ⊗ = 1 , then 26 + 1 = 27 is divisible by
20. (b) Clearly, absolute value is defined by 9.
| x | = − x. where, p and q are natural numbers.
x− y x/ y − 1 3/5− 1 ∴ ab = ( 7 p + 5) ( 7q + 4) 37. (c) The total number of three-digit
21. (a) = = numbers with unit digit 7 and divisible
x + y x/y + 1 3/5 + 1 ab = 49 pq + ( 4 p + 5 q ) 7 + 20
by 11 are 187, 297, 407, 517, 627, 737,
= 7 ( 7 pq + 4 p + 5 q ) + 7 × 2 + 6 847, 957.
(3 − 5 ) / 5 −2 1
= = =− when ab is divided by 7, we get the
(3 + 5 ) / 5 8 4 remainder 6. ∴ Total numbers = 8
16 CDS Pathfinder

38. (b) Apply hit and trial method from the 48. (b) Given, by pythagoras theorem, 49 1
57. (c) =3+
given option. As, here when 15 1
(3 ) + ( 4 ) = ( 5 )
2 2 2
x+
a = 11, b = 2, then y+
1
Let the sides of a right triangle be 3, 4,
7 3 7 3 z
3 ×b =3 ×2 5.
a 15 11 15 1 49 4
Hence, one of its sides is always divisible ⇒ = −3 =
40 33 1 15 15
= × =8 by 5. x+
11 15 yz + 1
49. (b)Q1 ≤ y ≤ 3 ⇒ 3 ≤ 3 y ≤ 9 …(i) z
39. (d) Since, a < b ⇒ a − b < 0. Also, c < 0
and −1 ≤ x ≤ 3 ⇒ − 4 ≤ 4x ≤ 12 1 4
∴ ( a − b ) c > 0 ⇒ ac − bc > 0 ⇒ ac > bc ⇒ z =
⇒ −12 ≤ −4x ≤ 4 …(ii) x+ 15
40. (c) When we divide a positive integer by yz + 1
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
another positive integer, the resultant
−9 ≤ 3 y − 4x ≤ 13 yz + 1 4
will be a rational number i.e. in the form ⇒ =
xyz + x + z 15
of p/q, where p and q are positive integers Maximum value is 13.
and q ≠ 0. 50. (a) When p11 + 1 is divided by ( p − 1), ⇒ 15( yz + 1) = 4 ( xyz + x + z )
41. (d) 212 n − 64 n = ( 212 )n − ( 64 ) n then the remainder is ⇒ 15 yz + 15 = 4xyz + 4x + 4z
= ( 4096)n − ( 1296)n ( 1)11 + 1 = 1 + 1 = 2 ⇒ 15 − 4x = ( 4xy + 4 − 15 y )z
∴ 212 n − 64 n = ( 4096 − 1296) k 51. (d) Let x = a 2 and y = b 2 for some 15 − 4x
z=
As x n − y m is always divisible by ( x − m ) a , b ∈ N , then xy = a 2 b 2 = ( ab )2 , where ( 4xy + 4 − 15 y )
ab ∈ N .
= 2800 ( k ) As x, y and z are natural numbers.
So, xy ∈ A .
Hence, last two digits are always be zero.
x a2
2 Again, let x = 3 and y = 1
But = 2 =   ∉ A as ∉ N .
a a
42. (c) We know that  b 15 − 4(3)
y b b Then, z =
4 = 3 p + 1, for p = 1, 9 = 3 p, for p = 3 4(3)( 1) + 4 − 15( 1)
52. (d) Since, a ten-digit number is divisible
16 = 3 p + 1, for p = 5, 15 − 12 3
by 4 as well as by 5, then this number = =
25 = 3 p + 1, for p = 8 must be divisible by 20. 12 + 4 − 15 1
36 = 3 p, for p = 12 We known that any number is divisible ⇒ z = 3, which is a natural number.
Hence, every square integer is of form by 20, if last two digits is divisible by 20. 58. (a) Required number is
either 3 p or 3 p + 1. It means unit place will be zero and ten’s
x 2 = 540 × q = 3 × 3 × 3 × 2 × 2 × 5 × q
place may be 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8.
43. (d) Given, r + s = 1 In order to make x 2 a perfect square, the
1 53. (c) As, x < 0 < y [given]
For maximum product, r = s = least number we must have to put is
2 ⇒ x < 0 and y > 0 q = 3 × 5 = 15
1 1 1
∴ rs = × = ∴
1
< 0 and
1 1 1
>0 ∴ < ∴ x 2 = 540 × 15 = 8100
2 2 4 x y x y
59. (d) We have, 1 + A + A 2 + A 3 = 40
44. (a) Required number n
54. (d) On division of ( 19) by 20, we get ⇒ ( 1 + A ) + A 2 ( 1 + A ) = 40
= [LCM of 2, 3 and 5] +1 remainder either 19 or 1.
= 30 + 1 = 31 ⇒ ( 1 + A )( 1 + A 2 ) = 40
Since, last digit of ( 19)100 is 1.
Only A = 3 satisfies the above equation,
45. (d) The largest integer that divides ( 19)100
product of any four consecutive integers ∴ Remainder of is 1. so, A = 3.
20
is 24. 60. (a) We have, 1080 = 23 × 33 × 5
e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 are four consecutive 55. (b) We know that ( xn − y n ) is divisible
integers. by ( x − y ) for all ‘n’ and is divisible by For any perfect square, all the powers of
( x + y ) for even ‘n’. the primes have to be even numbers.
Multiplication = 1 × 2 × 3 × 4 = 24
∴( 712 − 412 ) is divisible by ( 7 + 4) = 11 So, if the factor is of the form
which divided by 24.
and ( 7 − 4) = 3 2a × 3b × 5c
46. (a) When we divide the number 9238
Thus, ( 712 − 412 ) is divisible by 33. The values a can be 0 and 2, b can be 0
and 7091 by 113, we get the same
remainder 85. 56. (c) Here, 2 p + 3q = 17 ...(i) and 2 and c can take the value 0.
47. (d) d ( d ( d ( 12))) = d ( d ( 6)) 2p + 2
− 3q +1
=5 Totally, there are 4 possibilities.
[Q positive integer divisor of or 4 ⋅ 2 p − 3 ⋅ 3q = 5 ...(ii) 61. (b) Clearly, both statements satisfies
12 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12] On multiplying Eq. (i), by 3 and adding divisibility rule of 11.
d ( d ( 6)) = d ( 4) it with Eq. (ii), we get 62. (a) As, we know that a number
[Q positive integer divisor of 7 ⋅ 2 p = 56, 2 p = 8 = 23 , ⇒ p = 3 a a a a a is divisible by 9, if sum of
6 = 1, 2, 3, 6] 1 2 3 4 5
Put p = 3 in Eq. (i), we get the digits, i.e. a + a + a + a + a
and d( 4) = 3 1 2 3 4 5
[Q positive integer divisor of 23 + 3q = 17, 3q = 17 − 8 = 9 = 32 is divisible by 9. Hence, only statement I
4 = 1, 2, 4] ∴ q=2 is true.
MATHEMATICS Number System 17

63. (c) Taking p = 11 72. (b)Here, 88 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 11 = ( 2)3 × ( 11)1 So, a 2 will divide bx or a will divide b.
p + 2 = 13 [a prime number] 91 = ( 7) × ( 13)
1 1 [since, it cannot divide x as it is not a
whole square]
I. 11 × 13 + 1 = 144 [a square number] 96 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3
II. 11 + 13 = 24 [12 is a divisor of 24] 81. (b) Every prime number of the form
= ( 2)5 × (3)1
3k + 1 can be represented in the form
Hence, both statements I and II are and 99 = 3 × 3 × 11 = (3)2 × ( 11)1 6m + 1 only, when k is even.
correct. So, 91 has least number of divisors. 82. (c) I. In 7710312401, difference between
64. (c) I. If x = 15 and y = 14, then 73. (c) Following are the numbers between sum of even place digits and the sum of
x + y = 15 + 14 = 29, which is a − 11and 11 which are multiples of 2 or 3. odd place digits 0. So, it is divisible by
prime number. So, if x and y are 11.
composite, then x + y is not always − 10, − 9, − 8, − 6, − 4, − 3, − 2,
II. Since, 173 < ( 14)2 and it is not
composite. 0, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10 divisible by 2, 3, 5, 7, 11 and 13. So,
II. If x = 15 and y = 14, then So, the numbers of multiples 2 or 3, it is a prime number.
x − y = 15 − 14 = 1 which is neither between –11 and 11 are 15. Hence, both statements I and II are
prime nor composite, hence again correct.
x − y is not always composite. 74. (b) I. Given, n is a prime number greater
than 5. 83. (c) Both the statements given are
III. Third condition is satisfied for all correct. As 121 is the square of 11. So, to
Now, n4 − 1 = ( n2 − 1)( n2 + 1)
measure. obtain prime numbers less than 121, we
Hence, only III is correct. = ( n − 1)( n + 1)( n2 + 1) reject all the multiples of prime numbers
65. (c) I. The product of any three Put n = 11, less than 11 i.e. 2, 3, 5 and 7. Similarly,
consecutive integers is divisible by 6. n4 − 1 = ( 11 − 1)( 11 + 1)( 121 + 1) every composite number less than 121 is
[prime number greater than 5] divisible by a prime number less than 11
II. Here, 3k = {. . . − 6, − 3, 0, 3, 6, . . .}
= 10 × 12 × 122 i.e. 2, 3, 5 or 7.
3k + 1 = {. . . − 5, − 2, 1, 4, 7, . . .}
= 14640 which is not divisible by 2400. 84. (a) I. f ( k ) = 4k + 3
and 3k + 2 = {. . . − 4, − 1, 2, 5, 8, . . .}
So, statement I is not true. For k = 1, f ( 1) = 4 × 1 + 3 = 7
∴ {3k , 3k + 1, 3k + 2} For k = 2, f ( 2) = 4 × 2 + 3 = 11
II. Every square number can be of the
= {. . . − 6, − 5, − 4, − 3, − 2, − 1 form 5n or (5n ± 1) or (5n ± 4). For k = 3, f (3) = 4 × 3 + 3 = 15
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 . . . } So, statement II is true. Values of f ( k ) for k = 1, 2 ,... cannot
Hence, it is true. be expressed as sum of two squares,
75. (a) When N is a natural number, then since 12 + 22 = 5, 12 + 32 = 10,
66. (d) All statements are true. there is only one possible case that N, (N 22 + 32 = 13.
+ 2), (N + 4) are prime numbers.
67. (a) (i) If b / a and c / b, then a = bx and II. f ( k ) = 8k + 1
b = cy for x, y ∈ N When N = 3, then N, (N + 2), (N + 4) For k = 1, f ( 1) = (8 × 1) + 1 = 9
⇒ a = bx = cy ( x) = cxy ⇒ c / a = 3, 5, 7 all are primes numbers. For k = 2, f ( 2) = (8 × 2) + 1 = 17
(ii) If a / b and a / c, then b = ax and 76. (c) From options, For k = 3, f (3) = (8 × 3) + 1 = 25
c = ay for xy ∈ N , (c)
32
=
32
=2 (remainder) For k = 4, f ( 4) = (8 × 4) + 1 = 33
⇒ ( b + c ) = ax + ay = a ( x + y ) (3 + 2 ) 5 For k = 5, f (5) = (8 × 5) + 1 = 41
So, a / ( b + c ) 32 32 f ( k ) = 8k + 1 is square of an odd
and = =2 (remainder)
(iii) From (ii), we have ( b − c ) = a( x − y ) (3 × 2 ) 6 integer only for some values of k.
⇒ a / ( b − c) ∴ Remainder are same. So, only statement I is correct.
68. (d) All are true. and difference of quotients = 6 − 5 = 1 85. (d) To check which option is equal to
26 2 + 972 , we take the sum of unit
69. (c) Given, 33 ) 231228 ( 7006 77. (c) If x is a positive even integer and y is digit’s square of both number of the
231 negative odd integer, then x y is a
question as well as the answer options.
rational number.
228 Whichever answer option shows the
198 78. (b) We know that, between any two same result will be the answer.
30 rational numbers, there are an infinite Here, in 262 + 972 , 62 = 36
number of rational and irrational numbers.
Now, 33 − 30 = 3 and 72 = 49
Hence, only statement II is correct.
So, on adding 3 to 231228, it will be So, 36 + 49 = 85
completely divisible by 33. 79. (d) If k is a positive integer, then every
square integer is of the form 4k or 4k + 1, For option (a), 72 + 32 = 49 + 9 = 58
70. (b) Given, N = 143k + 28 as every square number is either a For option (b), 42 + 32 = 16 + 9 = 25
⇒ N = 143k + 26 + 2 multiple of 4 or exceeds multiple of 4 by For option (c), 22 + 12 = 4 + 1 = 5
⇒ N = 13 ( 11k + 2) + 2 unity. For option (d), 9 + 22 = 81 + 4 = 85
2

∴When the number is divided by 13 the 80. (c) Since, b is largest square divisor of c. Only option (d) satisfies the condition.
remainder is 2. So, c = bx
86. (a) If n is greater than 1, then n2 ( n2 − 1)
71. (a) 1 is neither prime number nor [where, x is not a whole square number] is always divisible by 12.
composite number. Also, a 2 divides c. Illustration 1 Put n = 2, then
18 CDS Pathfinder

n2 ( n2 − 1) = ( 2)2 ( 22 − 1) = 4 × 3 = 12 10 103. (a) 21x + 48 y = 5 ⇒ 3( 7x + 16 y ) = 5

= [ 2 × 13 + ( 10 − 1)4]
Illustration 2 Put n = 3, then 2 If x , y are integer, then LHS of the
n2 ( n2 − 1) = (3)2 (32 − 1) = 9 × 8 = 72 10 10 × 62
= [ 26 + 36] = = 310 above equation is multiple of 3, but the
2 2 RHS of above equation is not multiple
1723 + 2923 2323
87. (a) We have, + of 3.
23 23 94. (b) The prime numbers less than 13 are
2, 3, 5, 7, 11. ∴ There is no any integral values of x
( 1723 + 2923 ) is divisible by
Also, p < q < r < 13 and y exist.
( 17 + 29) i.e. 46
and p + q + r is a prime number. 104. (c) Let x = ( n3 − n)( n − 2), where n > 2
So, it is divisible by 23.
Also, 2323 is always divisible by 23. Hence, only two possible pairs exist i.e. Take n = 3, we get
∴ Remainder = 0 (3, 5, 11) and (5, 7, 11). x = (33 − 3)(3 − 2) = ( 27 − 3)( 1) = 24
88. (b) Let E = ( 1235 × 4523 × 2451) 95. (a) Product of unit digits [which is divisible by 6, 12 and 24]
= ( 12 × 102 + 11)( 12 × 376 + 11) = 1× 2 × 3 × 4 × 5 × 6 × 7 × 8 × 9 Take n = 4, we get x = ( 43 − 4)( 4 − 2)
× ( 12 × 204 + 3 ) × 1 × 2 × 3 × ........ × 8 × 9 = ( 64 − 4) × 2 = 120
When we divide E by 12, then =0 [which is again divisible by 6, 12 and 24]
Remainder = Remainder when ∴ Required digit in the unit place is 0. Now, take n = 5, we get
11 × 11 × 3 or 363 is divided by 12 = 3 x = (53 − 5)(5 − 2) = ( 125 − 5) × 3
96. (c) See question 88.
89. (c) Q 360 = 23 × 32 × 51 = 120 × 3 = 360
∴ Number of divisors 97. (d) See example 8.
= (3 + 1)( 2 + 1)( 1 + 1) [which is again divisible by 6, 12 and 24]
98. (c) N = 35 × 45 × 55 × 60 × 124 × 75
= 4 × 3 × 2 = 24 Hence, 24 is the largest natural number.
= 5 × 7 × 5 × 9 × 5 × 11 × 5 × 12 × 124
90. (a) Given, three-digit number = XY 5 105. (d) We have, ( 234)100 + ( 234)101
× 5 ×32
XY 5 ⇒ ( 234)100 ( 1 + 234) = 235( 234)100
and =Z = 56 × 7 × 9 × 11 × 12 × 124 × 3
X 215
Hence, the maximum value of m is 6. We know that square of any number
Here, Z can take values 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9. having 4 at unit place is a number in
But only 9 satisfies it, 99. (b) Given a − b = 4 …(i) which 6 at unit place.
135
On squaring both sides, we get Any exponent of a number 6 at unit
Q ×9
1215 ( a − b )2 = ( 4)2 ⇒ a 2 + b 2 − 2ab = 16 place is always 6 at unit place.
then X = 1, Y = 3 and Z = 9 ⇒ 40 − 2ab = 16 [Qa 2 + b 2 = 40] Q ( 235)(…6) = … 30
Now, X + Y + Z = 1 + 3 + 9 = 13 ⇒ 2ab = 24 ⇒ ab = 12 Resulting number have 0 at unit place.
91. (d) Given number is 763X 4Y 2. 106. (a) Let the number be y.
Q a+ b = a 2 + b 2 + 2ab
Since, given number is divisible by 9. ∴ y = 7q + 3 and q = 11p + 6
= 40 + 2 × 12 = 8
∴ 7 + 6 + 3 + X + 4 + Y + 2 = 9k ∴ y = 7( 11p + 6) + 3
⇒ 22 + X + Y = 9k ∴ a+ b =8 … (ii)
⇒ y = 77 p + 45
It is clear that LHS is divisible by 9, if On solving Eq. (i) and Eq. (ii), we get
When divided by 11 remainder is 1 and
X + Y = 5,14 a = 6 and b = 2
quotient is 7 p + 4 and when the
When sum of X and Y is 5, then Now, a 3 + b 6 = 63 + 26 = 23 × 33 + 26 quotient is divided by 7 remainder is 4.
possible pairs are (1, 4), (4, 1), (2, 3),
= 2 3 (3 3 + 2 3 ) 107. (c) Seven digits number 876 p37q is
(3, 2), (0, 5), (5, 0). When sum of X and
Y is 14, then possible pairs are = 8 ( 27 + 8) = 8 × 35 = 280 divisible by 225, if this number is
(5, 9),(9, 5),(6, 8),(8, 6) and (7, 7). divisible by 9 and 5.
Hence, the value of a 3 + b 6 is 280.
Hence, the possible pairs are 11. If this number is divisible by 9.
100. (c) If factor of given number is of the Then, sum of its digits is divisible by 9.
92. (b) Given, an = 3 − 4n
form of p α , p α ... p α n , then number Now, sum of digits
∴ Σan = Σ(3 − 4n) 1 1 2 2 n

[ n × ( n + 1)] of prime factors are =8+ 7+ 6+ p+3+ 7+ q

= 3n − 4
2 (α + 1) (α + 1) … (α n + 1) = 31 + p + q
1 2
= 3 n − 2 n2 − 2 n Hence, the prime factor of n are ∴ p + q = 5 or p + q = 14
= n − 2n2 = − n( 2n − 1) ( x + 1)( x + 1) and ( x + 1) ∴ Given number is divisible by 225
1 2 3
when q = 5
93. (a) Let the two-digit numbers less than, 101. (b) See question 57.
50 which when divided by 4 yield unity if q = 5, p = 0 or 9.
102. (a) Let x be the required number.
as remainder be 13, 17, … , 49. 108. (a) We have, when 3x + 2 y is divided by
∴ 52x − 25x = 324 ⇒ 27x = 324 5, remainder is 2.
Here, first term, a = 13, common 324
difference, d = 4 and n = 10 ⇒ x= = 12 ∴ 3x + 2 y = 5q + 2 …(i)
n 27
∴ Required sum = [ 2a + ( n − 1)d ] and when 2x + 3 y is divided by 5, the
2 Hence, the required number is 12. remainder is 3.
MATHEMATICS Number System 19

∴ 2x + 3 y = 5m + 3 …(ii) Also, a 3 − b 3 = 117 I. Q p + q< p − q

Subtract Eq. (ii) from Eq.(i), we get ⇒ ( a − b )( a + b 2 + ab ) = 117
2
⇒ q + q< 0
x − y = 5( q − m ) − 1 117 ⇒ 2q < 0
⇒ a 2 + b 2 + ab = = 39 …(ii)
x − y = 5( q − m ) − 5 + 4 3 ⇒ q< 0
x − y = 5( q − m − 1) + 4 On subtracting Eq. (i) from Eq. (ii) ∴ q must be negative.
∴ x − y is divided by 5 remainder is 4. 3ab = 30 ⇒ ab = 10 Hence, statement I is correct.
109. (b) The sum of first 47 terms of the Now, a + b = ( a − b )2 + 4ab II. Q p + q> p − q
series
= 9 + 40 = 49 = 7 ⇒ q + q> 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ∴ 2q > 0
+ − − − + + 114. (a) If R is the remainder obtained by
4 5 6 4 5 6 4
dividing the polynomial xn + m n by ∴ q must be positive irrespective of p.
1 1
+ − … 47 term ( x − m ), then ( xn + m n − R) is divisible Hence, statement II is incorrect.
5 6 by ( x − m ).
119. (d) I. a − b < a − c
It is clear that sum of first 6 term is zero. Let f ( x) = xn + m n − R ⇒b − c> 0 ...(i)
Similarly, sum of first 42 terms is zero. Q f ( x) is divisible by ( x − m ).
As, b is negative real number and c is
Sum of last 5 terms ∴ f (m ) = 0 positive real number, then Eq. (i) is
1 1 1 1 1 −1 ⇒ (m ) n + (m ) n − R = 0 not true.
= + − − − =
4 5 6 4 5 6 R = 2(m )n II. If a < b, when a and b are negative
( 243 + 647)2 + ( 243 − 647)2 As, m is a non-zero integer and n is a real numbers and c is a positive
110. (c) a b
243 × 243 + 647 × 647 positive integer, then R is a non-zero real number, then < is always
even integer. c c
2[( 243)2 + ( 647)2 ]
= =2 true for b > a.
( 243)2 + ( 647) 2 115. (c) See question 57. 1 1
III. < is always true, as c is a positive
[∴( a + b )2 + ( a − b )2 = 2 ( a 2 + b 2 )] 116. (d) x is prime and y is composite b c
111. (b) We have, N = 90 × 42 × 324 × 55 number. real number and b is a negative real
Since, x is prime number. number.
= 32 × 10 × 3 × 14 × 34 × 4 × 55
∴ x may be {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, …} and y may 120. (d) I. If m and n are distinct natural
= 37 × 10 × 14 × 4 × 55 m n
be {4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, …} numbers, then + is integer if and
Hence, N is divisible by 37 . Here, y may be even or odd number and n m
So, the maximum value of m is 7 when x is odd number except 2. only if m = n. Hence statement I is
N is divisible by 3m . incorrect.
∴ ( y − x) can be even number.
II. mn  +  (m 2 + n2 )−1
m n
112. (d) 710 − 510 = ( 75 )2 − (55 )2 Also, xy can be even number.  n m
= ( 75 + 55 ) ( 75 − 55 ) If y is odd integer and x ≥ 3.  m 2 + n2   1 
Then, 0.5( x + y ) is an even integer. = mn    =1
= ( 16807 + 3125) ( 75 − 55 )  mn   m 2 + n2 
= 19932 × ( 75 − 55 ) Hence, statements I, II and III are
correct. Hence, statement II is correct for all
Since, 19932 is divisible by 11. values of m and n.
117. (b) A real number is collection of all mn
Hence, 710 − 510 is divisible by 11. III. Now, 2 is a fraction.
rational and irrational numbers. m + n2
113. (a) We have, a − b = 3
So, statement II is false. So, statement III is incorrect.
Squaring both sides, we get
118. (a) Given, p and q are non-zero integers.
a 2 + b 2 − 2ab = 9 …(i)