The document discusses different types of research including fundamental, applied, and action research. It provides details on the key differences between these types such as purpose, time required, sample size, and level of generalization. The document also contrasts quantitative and qualitative research methods.
The document discusses different types of research including fundamental, applied, and action research. It provides details on the key differences between these types such as purpose, time required, sample size, and level of generalization. The document also contrasts quantitative and qualitative research methods.
The document discusses different types of research including fundamental, applied, and action research. It provides details on the key differences between these types such as purpose, time required, sample size, and level of generalization. The document also contrasts quantitative and qualitative research methods.
The document discusses different types of research including fundamental, applied, and action research. It provides details on the key differences between these types such as purpose, time required, sample size, and level of generalization. The document also contrasts quantitative and qualitative research methods.
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WE AND OUR RESEARCH
By Prof. K. C. Kapoor Dept. of Education Assam Don Bosco University
You have thought and decided to come under the process of research. I appreciate and congratulate all of you for this adventurous task. It is the ‘God’ who blesses to some very selected persons with teaching and research. It is the research which gives us the insight for further improvement and development. It develops our mental horizon and creates positivity in us. It makes you systematic, logical, and very scientific in nature. It is a lifelong process. Ph.D. is just a beginning like a learner get the driving license. It keeps creating curiosity to do something new in our profession / field of work. It makes us to identify the problem and work on it having the solution of the problem. What is Research? Research is a process under which the researcher intends to produce / create some new body of knowledge which is considered an addition to the existing fund of knowledge. - Research as process refers to the services of activities. Purpose of those activities is to produce / create new knowledge. - The created knowledge makes some addition in the existing stock of knowledge. “Research is a scientific inquiry process which possesses some well-defined parameters with the aim of finding out or creating new body of knowledge or building of theory, testing of theory for revision / refutation / making investigation arriving at the correct decision”. - Scientific inquiry process - Scientific in nature - Systematization involved - possesses well defined parameters (conditions / steps) - aiming at finding out new knowledge - creating new body of knowledge - building some theory / laws - testing the theory for some revision / refutation - arriving at the correct decisions - giving the solution of the problem - always objective based - based on some hypothesisation - adoption of scientific tools - coming out with some generalisations It is the process which demands our curiosity, sincerity, sensitivity, intellectual ability, zeal to be innovative, scientific and positivity. Kerlinger (1964): “Scientific process of research is systematic, controlled, empirical, and critical investigation of hypothetical propositions about the presumed relations among natural phenomenon” - systematization - controlled conditions - empirical in nature - critical investigation - hypothesisation - phenomenon
1 Charles Peirce (1955) says, “ to satisfy our doubts, it is necessary that method is to be found by which our beliefs may be determined by nothing human but, by some external permanence by something upon which our thinking has no effect. The method must be such that the ultimate conclusion of every man shall be thee same. Such is the method of science”. we do have our beliefs These beliefs determined by nothing human But, by some external Upon which our thinking has no effect Every person arrives at the same conclusion Such is the method of science which needs to be adopted. 1) According to Aristotle, deductive reasoning needs to be adopted for acquiring the knowledge which speaks to move from general to particular or major premise to minor premise. 2) According to Bacon, inductive reasoning to be adopted for acquiring the new body of knowledge which means to move from particular to general. 3) The scientific method involves both the deductive and inductive reasoning to arrive at the conclusion. Steps for scientific method Step – I : Identification and formulation of Research problem with objectives Step – II: formulation of hypotheses Step – III: Testing hypotheses Step – IV: Collection and analysis of evidences Step – V : verification / Rejection / acceptance of hypotheses. Process of research Basic Features Scientific Inquiry Clarity of objectives Rationality Objectivity Definiteness Hypothesisation Testing Hypotheses Tools Reliability Validity Arriving at the conclusion Principles Principle of need and relavance P. of scientific and scientific temper P. of objectivity P. of an appropriate hypothesisation P. of Reliability P. of validity P. of randomization P. of giving solution to the problem P. of generalization P. of implication
2 Types or Research I- Based on originality and Applications: Three Types: i. Fundamental Research / Basic Research: It is a type of research which intends to produce / create absolutely new body of knowledge which may be the creation of theory / laws/ principles and considered an addition to the existing fund of knowledge. practical application immediately may be / may not be but it is a specialized concept and looks abstract in nature. Since it is absolutely original and new in nature, so it is also termed as pure / basic research. ii) Applied Research: It is a type of research which has direct and immediate relevance of application of knowledge for solving the problem. It is conducted mainly for the purpose of testing the knowledge in different context and place for having the solution of the problem. The outcomes of this type of research are useful for making plans and policies in the state / country. iii) Action Research: It is a type of research in which the focus lies on the immediate problem and its solution. Second, it confines to the professionals / practitioners who come acorss some problems in their profession and the professional goes for action research to eliminate the problem for becoming effective in his / her practice. It is the type of research which is conducted by practitioners like the teachers, managers, medical practitioners etc. to improve their practice. S.No. Fundamental Research Applied Research
1. Absolutely new and Application of created
original knowledge knowledge 2. Takes more time (5 – 15 Takes less time (2 -5 years) years) 3. Philosophical in nature. Psychological in nature
4. Based on the total Based on sample but sizeable
population / large sample 5. Recognized at national or Recognition at personal / local level international level 6. Heavy fund (Crores) Small amount required (lakhs)
7. Long term gain Short term gain
8. Gives new ideas / theories Theory testing and findings used for planning 9. National institutes like At university level TIFRI / ISRO NCERT 10. Selected scientists / Large No. of PG students involved scholars
Nature matches but there is thin line Between these two categories
3 S. Fundamental / Applied Research Action Research No.
1. Expert researcher required Any practitioner may conduct
2. To create new knowledge To find out the solution of the immediate problem. 3. Developing and testing theory. Based on day to day problems. 4. Long duration required. Short duration ( A few days) 5. Adopts complex and rigid design Simple and flexible design. 6. Large and random sample Hypotheses based on some personal observation. 7. Large and random sample Small and incidental sample 8. Scientific and standardized tools Self-made sample tools 9. More fund and infrastructure Very less fund required 10. Generalization drawn Generalization cannot be drawn 11. Experts evaluate No expert for evaluation
Based on nature of data
S. No. Quantitative Research Qualitative Research
1. It goes with quantitative data in It goes with qualitative data in the form of numerical form thick description 2. Confined to quantitative Broad and holistic in nature and goes deep analysis into the problem 3. Based on large sample Based on small sample 4. Random sampling technique is Non-random sampling technique used used 5. More objectivity is involved More subjectivity is involved 6. Testing and non-testing Generally Non-testing techniques used. techniques , both used 7. No involvement of researcher Personal involvement of the researcher with participants
