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62 views3 pages

Implies

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brogass13
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84 CHAPTER 3 SEQUENCES AND SERIES

(b) implies (a). Let w ¼ sup S. If e > 0 is given, then there are at most finitely many n with w þ e < x .
Therefore w þ e belongs to V and lim sup ðxn Þ ≤ w þ e. On the other hand, there exists a subsequence of ðxnnÞ
converging to some number larger than w — e, so that w — e is not in V, and hence w — e ≤ lim sup ðxn Þ.
Since e > 0 is arbitrary, we conclude that w ¼ lim sup ðxn Þ. Q.E.D.

As an instructive exercise, the reader should formulate the corresponding theorem for the limit inferior of a
bounded sequence of real numbers.

Theorem A bounded sequence ðxn Þ is convergent if and only if lim sup ðxn Þ ¼
lim inf ðxn Þ.

We leave the proof as an exercise. Other basic properties can also be found in the exercises.

Exercises for Section 3.4

1. Give an example of an unbounded sequence that has a convergent subsequence.


2. Use the method of Example 3.4.3(b) to show that if 0 < c < 1, then limðc1=nÞ ¼ 1.
3. Let ð f nÞ be the Fibonacci sequence of Example 3.1.2(d), and let xn :¼ f nþ1=f n. Given that limðxn Þ ¼ L exists, determine
the value of L.
4. Show that the following sequences are divergent.
. n
(a) 1 — ð—1Þ þ 1=n ; (b) ðsin np=4Þ:
Σ 5. Let X ¼ ðx Þ and Y ¼ ðy Þ be given sequences, and let the ‘‘shuffled’’ sequence Z ¼ ðz Þ be defined by z :¼ x ; z :¼
n
y1; .. . ; z2n—1 n
:¼ xn; z2n :¼ y n ;: . . . Show that Z is convergent if and only if both X andn Y are convergent1 and lim
1 2
X¼
lim Y.
1= x :¼ n
6. Let for n 2 N.
n n
(a) Show that xnþ1 < xn if and only if ð1 þ 1=nÞ n < n, and infer that the inequality is valid for n ≤ 3. (See Example
3.3.6.) Conclude that ðxn Þ is ultimately decreasing and that x :¼ limðxn Þ exists.
(b) Use the fact that the subsequence ðx2n Þ also converges to x to conclude that x ¼ 1.
7. Establish the convergence and find the limits of the following sequences:
. Σ
n2 . n
(a) ð1 þ 1=n2 Þ ; (b) ð1 þ 1=2nÞ ;
. 2 2n
Σ
2 .Σ n
(c) ð1 þ 1=n Þ ; (d) ð1 þ 2=nÞ :
Σ
8. Determine the limits of the following.
. Σ 1=2n
. 3n
(a) Σ ð3nÞ ; (b) ð1 þ 1=2nÞ :
9. Suppose that every subsequence of X ¼ ðxn Þ has a subsequence that converges to 0. Show that lim X ¼ 0.
10. Let ðxn Þ be a bounded sequence and for each n 2 N let sn :¼ supfxk : k ≤ ng and S :¼ inffsn g. Show that there exists a
subsequence of ðxn Þ that converges to S.
n
11. Suppose that xn ≤ 0 for all n 2 N and. that lim ð—1Þ xn exists. Show that ðxn Þ converges.
12. Show that if ðxn Þ is unbounded, then there exists a subsequence ðxnk Þ such that limð1=xnk Þ ¼ 0.
Σ of ðx Þ that is constructed in the second proof of the Bolzano-Weierstrass
n n :¼ ð—1Þ =n, find the subsequence
13. If x
Theorem 3.4.8, when we take I 1 :¼ ½—1; 1]. n
3.5 THE CAUCHY CRITERION 85

14. Let ðxn Þ be a bounded sequence and let s :¼ supfxn : n 2 Ng. Show that if s 2= fxn : n 2 Ng,
then there is a subsequence of ðxn Þ that converges to s.
15. Let ðIn Þbe a nested sequence of closed bounded intervals. For each n 2 N, let xn 2 I n . Use the
Bolzano-Weierstrass Theorem to give a proof of the Nested Intervals Property 2.5.2.
16. Give an example to show that Theorem 3.4.9 fails if the hypothesis that X is a bounded
sequence is dropped.
17. Alternate the terms of the sequences (1 þ 1=n) and (—1=n) to obtain the sequence ðxn Þ given
by ð2; —1; 3=2; —1=2; 4=3; —1=3; 5=4; —1=4; .. .Þ:
Determine the values of lim supðxn Þ and lim infðxn Þ. Also find supfxn g and inffxn g.
18. Show that if ðxn Þ is a bounded sequence, then ðxn Þ converges if and only if lim supðxn Þ ¼
lim infðxn Þ.
19. Show that if ðxn Þ and ðyn Þ are bounded sequences, then
lim supðxn þ yn Þ ≤ lim supðxn Þ þ lim supðyn Þ:
Give an example in which the two sides are not equal.

Section 3.5 The Cauchy Criterion

The Monotone Convergence Theorem is extraordinarily useful and important, but it has
the significant drawback that it applies only to sequences that are monotone. It is
important for us to have a condition implying the convergence of a sequence that does
not require us to know the value of the limit in advance, and is not restricted to monotone
sequences. The Cauchy Criterion, which will be established in this section, is such a
condition.

Definition A sequence X ¼ ðxn Þ of real numbers is said to be a Cauchy sequence if


for every e > 0 there exists a natural number HðeÞ such that for all natural numbers
n; m ≤ HðeÞ, the terms xn; xm satisfy jxn — xmj < e.

The significance of the concept of Cauchy sequence lies in the main theorem of this
section, which asserts that a sequence of real numbers is convergent if and only if it is a
Cauchy sequence. This will give us a method of proving a sequence converges without
knowing the limit of the sequence.
However, we will first highlight the definition of Cauchy sequence in the following
examples.

Examples (a) The sequence (1=n) is a Cauchy sequence.


If e > 0 is given, we choose a natural number H ¼ H(e) such that H > 2=e. Then if
m; n ≤ H, we have 1=n ≤ 1=H < e=2 and similarly 1=m < e=2. Therefore, it follows that
if m; n ≤ H, then
1 1 1 e e
. 1 — . ≤ þ < þ ¼ e:
.n m. n m 2 2
Since e > 0 is arbitrary, we conclude that (1=n) is a Cauchy sequence.
(b) The sequence (1 þ — ( 1)n) is not a Cauchy sequence.
The negation of the definition of Cauchy sequence is: There exists e0 > 0 such that
for every H there exist at least one n > H and at least one m > H such that jxn — x m j ≤ e0.
For
3.5 THE CAUCHY CRITERION 85

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