Q 3) Construct a context free grammar which accepts N(A), where [9] Ans :-

A = ({q0,q1}, {0,1}, {Z0,Z}, , q0, Z0,  }where  is given by

q0, 1, Z0) = {(q0, ZZ0)}

q0, Z0) = {(q0,)}

q0, Z) = {(q0, Z Z)}

q0, Z) = {(q1, Z)}

q1, Z) = {(q1, )}

(q1, Z0) = {(q0, Z0)}

Ans:-

:-

In this DFA, the transi ons correspond to the produc ons of the le -linear grammar. The
accep ng states are \(A\) and \(C\), corresponding to the produc ons \(A0\) and \(C0\). The
start state is \(S\), and the transi ons are labeled with the input symbols \(0\) and \(1\).

Now, let's design a Turing Machine to check the well-formedness of parentheses. The TM will accept if
the input contains a properly nested and balanced set of parentheses.

Now, each produc on is in the form A→a where a is a terminal and \(\text{rest}\) is a string of
variables and terminals. This is the Greibach Normal Form.
b) What are the different ways for extension of TM? Explain.
Design TM for language L = {a^i b^j | i<j [9]
Ans :- The extension of a Turing Machine (TM) refers to enhancing its capabili es or modifying its
behavior to handle addi onal features. There are various ways to extend a TM, and here are some
common ones:

1. **Mul ple Tapes:**

- Extend the TM to have more than one tape. i) **Universal Turing Machine (UTM):**

- Each tape has its own tape head and can move independently. - A UTM is a Turing Machine that can simulate the behavior of any other Turing Machine.
Q5) a) What is a Turing Machine? Give the formal defini on of TM. [9] Design a TM that
replaces every occurrence of abb by baa - Mul ple tapes can be used to simplify certain computa ons or solve problems more efficiently. - It takes as input the descrip on of another TM and an input for that TM.

Ans:- A Turing Machine (TM) is a theore cal computa onal model that consists of an infinite tape, a 2. **Non-determinism:** - The UTM can simulate the computa on of the specified TM on the given input.
read/write head that moves le or right along the tape, and a finite set of states. The tape is divided into
- Allow the TM to have non-determinis c transi ons. - UTM plays a fundamental role in the theory of computa on, showing that there exists a universal
cells, each of which can contain a symbol from a finite alphabet. The machine operates based on
machine capable of emula ng any other Turing Machine.
transi on rules that define how it moves between states, reads and writes symbols on the tape, and - In a non-determinis c TM, there may be mul ple possible next configura ons for a given current
decides the next ac on based on the current state and the symbol being read. configura on. ii) **Recursively Enumerable Languages:**

Defini on of a Turing Machine: - Non-determinism can simplify the design of certain algorithms. - A language is recursively enumerable if there exists a Turing Machine that can enumerate its
members, possibly in an infinite sequence.
A Turing Machine is defined by a 7-tuple (Q, Σ, Γ, δ, q0, q_accept, q_reject), where: 3. **Oracles:**

Recursively enumerable languages are a class of languages within the hierarchy of formal languages, One of the most significant open ques ons in computer science is whether P equals NP, i.e., whether
characterized by their computability proper es. every problem in NP is also in P. This is known as the P vs. NP problem. If P equals NP, then problems for
which solu ons can be quickly verified (NP) could also be quickly found (P). The Clay Mathema cs
- **Defini on:** A language is recursively enumerable if there exists a Turing Machine that can Ins tute recognizes the P vs. NP problem as one of the Millennium Prize Problems, and a solu on would
enumerate its members. In other words, there exists a TM that, when given enough me, will eventually have profound implica ons for the theory of computa on.
list all the strings in the language.
Q8) a) Explain Sa sfiability Problem and SAT Problem and comment on NP Completeness of
- **Enumera on Process:** For a language L to be recursively enumerable, there must be a Turing
the SAT Proble
Machine that, on input w, will eventually halt and accept if w is in L. If w is not in L, the TM may either
Ans :- **Sa sfiability Problem (SAT):**
reject the input, run indefinitely, or reject a er some finite amount of me.

- **Rela onship to Computability:** Recursively enumerable languages are more general than recursive The Sa sfiability Problem (SAT) is a classic decision problem in computer science and logic. It deals with
languages. Not all languages are recursively enumerable, but all recursive languages are recursively Boolean formulas, which are expressions made up of variables, logical connec ves (such as AND, OR, and
enumerable. This hierarchy reflects the different degrees of computability or decidability associated with NOT), and parentheses. The SAT problem is to determine whether there exists an assignment of truth
values (true or false) to the variables in a given Boolean formula such that the en re formula evaluates
these language classes.
to true.
**iii) Hal ng Problem of Turing Machine:**

The Hal ng Problem is a classic problem in the theory of computa on, first formulated by Alan Turing in
1936. It explores the limits of what can be algorithmically decided.

- **Problem Statement:** The Hal ng Problem asks whether it is possible to design a general algorithm
that, given the descrip on of an arbitrary Turing Machine M and an input w, can determine whether M
will halt (i.e., stop its computa on) or run indefinitely on input w.

- **Undecidability Result:** Alan Turing proved that there is no general algorithm that can solve the
Hal ng Problem for all possible Turing Machines and inputs. This means that there is no universal **SAT
procedure that can determine, in every case, whether an arbitrary TM will eventually halt or run forever. Problem:**
The SAT problem specifically refers to the decision problem associated with Boolean sa sfiability. It is a
- **Implica ons:** The undecidability of the Hal ng Problem has profound implica ons for the limits of
decision problem that asks whether a given Boolean formula is sa sfiable, i.e., whether there exists any
computa on. It demonstrates that there are fundamental ques ons about the behavior of Turing truth assignment that makes the formula true.
Machines that cannot be answered algorithmically. This result is a cornerstone in the theory of The SAT problem is NP-complete, which means that it is both in the complexity class NP and among the
computability and is crucial in understanding the concept of undecidability. hardest problems in NP. This complexity class rela onship has significant implica ons for the study of
computa onal complexity.
**NP-Completeness of the SAT Problem:**
Q7) a) Jus fy “Hal ng Problem of Turing machine is undecidable”. [9 A problem is NP-complete if it is in NP and every problem in NP can be reduced to it in polynomial me.
The SAT problem was the first problem shown to be NP-complete, and its significance lies in its role as a
Ans :- he hal ng problem of a Turing machine is undecidable because there is no algorithm that can prototype for NP-completeness.
determine for all possible inputs whether a Turing machine will halt or not. This was proved by Alan **Cook's Theorem:**
Turing in 1936 using a technique called proof by contradic on
To justify this statement, we need to understand the following concepts:
A Turing machine is a mathematical model of computation that can perform any computation that a
computer can do. A Turing machine consists of an infinite tape divided into cells, a tape head that can
read and write symbols on the tape, and a finite set of rules that determine how the machine moves and
changes its internal state34.
A decision problem is a problem that can be answered with a yes or no. For example, given a natural
number n, is it prime? This is a decision problem that can be solved by an algorithm 34.
An undecidable problem is a decision problem that cannot be solved by any algorithm. This means that
there is no Turing machine that can always give the correct answer (yes or no) for any input. For