8/ A good scheduling algorithm for hard real-time tasks attempts to

complete each task in the possibly shortest time. Please give some
comments for this statement
The statement highlights the key feature of a scheduling algorithm for hard real-time tasks:
prioritizing the shortest task completion time. This emphasizes the criticality of timeliness, efficiency,
and deterministic behavior. Achieving the shortest completion time involves trade-offs with
complexity, necessitating a balance between simplicity and efficiency. The algorithm must also
consider overall system load, ensuring stability and preventing overload. Adaptability to diverse task
characteristics is crucial. In essence, the statement encapsulates the expectations for a scheduling
algorithm in hard real-time systems, emphasizing prompt task completion while considering factors
like system efficiency and adaptability. (Chat.openai.com)

9/ Point out the difference between online scheduling algorithm and offline
scheduling algorithm

Batch Processing System Overview (Hệ thống xử lý theo lô):

- Sequential Task Execution:

The system processes tasks in a predetermined order without requiring programming intervention.

- CPU and I/O Operations:

The CPU operates at a much faster speed than peripheral devices. Therefore, two methods are
employed for synchronization: offline processing and spooling.

- Offline Processing (Xử lý offline):

Instead of the CPU directly reading from input devices or writing to output devices, the system uses
an intermediate storage buffer. The CPU interacts only with this buffer, allowing for synchronized
input and output operations.

- Spooling (Simultaneous Peripheral Operation Online):

Spooling involves synchronizing external operations online using a spooler. This mechanism ensures
continuous communication between the CPU and peripheral devices without disrupting CPU usage.
10/ Present a completely non-real time system where no response time
constrain exist
An example of a completely non-real-time system is a batch processing system used for tasks that do
not require immediate or time-sensitive responses. In this type of system, there are no constraints on
response times, and tasks are executed sequentially without the need for immediate feedback. One
common scenario is data processing for large datasets, where the emphasis is on efficiently processing
the entire dataset rather than responding to real-time events. Such systems are often employed for
non-critical background tasks, allowing for optimal resource utilization without the pressure of
meeting stringent response time requirements. (Chat.openai.com)

12/ How many constraints are there in the real-time system in order to
denote the scheduling algorithm

Scheduling is a process of allocating and assigning the execution processes of tasks to a processor in
such a way that each task is completely executed. Several essential parameters of the scheduling
method include:
- Arrival time (ai): When the event occurs and the corresponding task is activated.
- Release time (ri): The earliest time when processing is ready to start.
- Starting time (si): The moment when the task begins its execution.
- Computation time (ci): The time required for the processor to complete the task without interruption.
- Finishing time (fi): The moment when the task completes its execution.
- Worst case time (wi): The longest possible execution time.
- Due time (di): The time by which the task must be completed.

13/ What is the Earliest Deadline Due scheduling algorithm? How about its
advantages and disadvantages?
EDD:
The algorithm developed by Jackson to optimize maximum lateness assumes a set of tasks
synchronized with the given condition of relatively fixed deadlines. The processing sequence will
arrange tasks in a queue in increasing order of their respective deadlines. Tasks are activated
simultaneously, and the algorithm does not consider the priority level of each task.
EDD Advantages:
Deadline Minimization: EDD minimizes the chance of missing deadlines by prioritizing tasks with
the earliest deadlines.
Optimal for Uniprocessor Systems: In uniprocessor systems, EDD is considered optimal for tasks
with arbitrary release times and deadlines.
Flexibility: EDD is adaptable to various task characteristics, making it suitable for diverse real-time
systems.
EDD disadvantages:
Starvation Risk: Shorter-deadline tasks are consistently prioritized, posing a risk of starvation for
tasks with longer deadlines.
Sensitivity to Arrival Times: EDD's scheduling can be sensitive to the order in which tasks arrive,
impacting its effectiveness.
Not Suitable for Multiprocessor Systems: EDD is primarily designed for uniprocessor systems and
may not be ideal for scenarios with multiple processors.
In conclusion, while EDD is effective in meeting deadlines, its sensitivity to task arrival times and
potential for starvation should be considered based on the specific characteristics of the system.

14/ What is the Earliest Deadline First scheduling algorithm? When will we
use this scheduler?
EDF:
The scheduling algorithm based on this method uses task deadlines as priority conditions for
coordinating operations. Tasks with the nearest deadlines will have the highest priority, while tasks
with the farthest deadlines will receive the lowest priority.
When we use it?
The Earliest Deadline First (EDF) scheduling algorithm prioritizes tasks based on their deadlines,
assigning the highest priority to tasks with the nearest deadlines. One notable advantage is its
potential to achieve 100% responsiveness for all task sets, making it suitable for scenarios with
stringent timing requirements. However, a drawback is the challenge of determining which tasks are
not executed during system overload, requiring manual intervention for identification.
EDF scheduling is commonly used in real-time systems where tasks have strict timing constraints and
deadlines. It is particularly effective in environments where tasks may have varying execution times
or dynamic workload conditions. Its adaptability and responsiveness make it well-suited for
applications such as embedded systems, control systems, and other real-time computing scenarios.

15/ Comparing between EDD, EDF, EDF* for claryfying characteristics.

EDD:
The algorithm developed by Jackson to optimize maximum lateness assumes a set of tasks
synchronized with the given condition of relatively fixed deadlines. The processing sequence will
arrange tasks in a queue in increasing order of their respective deadlines. Tasks are activated
simultaneously, and the algorithm does not consider the priority level of each task.
EDF:
The scheduling algorithm based on this method uses task deadlines as priority conditions for
coordinating operations. Tasks with the nearest deadlines will have the highest priority, while tasks
with the farthest deadlines will receive the lowest priority.
One notable advantage of this method is that it can schedule responses for 100% of all task sets.
Furthermore, the priority assigned to each task during operation is dynamic, allowing the task's cycle
to change at any time.
The drawback is the inability to determine which tasks in the system are not being executed in
situations where the system is overloaded. In such cases, manual intervention is required to identify
tasks that were unsuccessful or successfully executed during the overload.
EDF*:
The EDF* (Extended Deadline First) algorithm employs a scheduling approach similar to the EDF
(Earliest Deadline First) method. However, EDF* addresses certain limitations of EDF by adjusting
both the deadline and activation time of tasks.
1. **Adjustment of Deadline:**
- Tasks must complete execution within their respective deadlines.
- Tasks should not finish execution later than the maximum start time of the next task.

Formula:

2. **Adjustment of Activation Time:**

- Tasks must start execution no earlier than their activation time.
- Tasks should not start earlier than the completion time of the preceding task.

These adjustments enhance the scheduling capabilities of the algorithm, ensuring that tasks are
executed within their specified deadlines and without violating the dependencies between tasks.

TÓM TẮT 15/ :

Certainly! Here's a summarized comparison of EDD, EDF, and EDF*:

**EDD (Earliest Due Date):**

- Developed by Jackson to optimize maximum lateness.
- Tasks are synchronized with relatively fixed deadlines.
- Tasks are arranged in a queue based on increasing order of deadlines.
- Tasks are activated simultaneously, with no consideration for task priority levels.

**EDF (Earliest Deadline First):**

- Uses task deadlines as priority conditions for coordination.
- Tasks with nearest deadlines have higher priority; farthest deadlines have lower priority.
- Can schedule responses for 100% of task sets.
- Dynamic priority allows task cycles to change, but cannot identify tasks not executed during system
overload without manual intervention.

**EDF* (Extended Deadline First):**

- Similar to EDF but addresses limitations by adjusting deadlines and activation times.
- **Adjustment of Deadline:**
- Tasks must complete within deadlines.
- Tasks should not finish later than the maximum start time of the next task.
- **Adjustment of Activation Time:**
- Tasks must start execution no earlier than their activation time.
- Tasks should not start earlier than the completion time of the preceding task.
- Enhances scheduling capabilities, ensuring tasks meet deadlines without violating dependencies.

This summary provides a quick overview of the key characteristics of each scheduling algorithm.

16/ The EDF* schedulor is the updated version of the EDF scheduler.
Please give your opinion for this statement
Từ câu 15 “The EDF* (Extended Deadline First) algorithm employs a scheduling approach similar
to the EDF (Earliest Deadline First) method. However, EDF* addresses certain limitations of EDF by
adjusting both the deadline and activation time of tasks.”

The statement "The EDF* scheduler is the updated version of the EDF scheduler" is accurate.
EDF* (Extended Deadline First) is an extension or enhancement of the basic EDF (Earliest
Deadline First) scheduling algorithm. EDF* addresses certain limitations of EDF by
incorporating adjustments to both task deadlines and activation times.

While EDF prioritizes tasks based solely on their deadlines, EDF* introduces refinements to
ensure that tasks are not only scheduled to meet their deadlines but also considers the timing
of task activations and the completion times of adjacent tasks. This additional flexibility and
adjustment make EDF* a more advanced or updated version of the EDF scheduler.

In summary, EDF* builds upon the foundation of EDF, refining its capabilities to better
handle scheduling constraints and improve overall task execution efficiency.

17/ What are the periodic tasks? In order to schedule them, how to do that?
A periodic task 𝜏𝑖 is an infinite sequence of similar activities, often referred to as instances or jobs,
performed regularly at a constant rate within a cycle 𝑇𝑖. The starting time of the task for the first
instance is called the phase Φ.
Depending on the type of tasks, there are two main scheduling methods: cyclic and aperiodic.
Cyclic Scheduling Method (Periodic Scheduling):
- This method involves arranging tasks to be repeated after a certain period of time.
Aperiodic Scheduling Method:
- This method involves arranging tasks to occur only once throughout the operation without a
specific repeating pattern.

ĐÁP ÁN MẠNG:
1. **Periodic Task Characteristics:**
- Periodic tasks, denoted as 𝜏𝑖, have instances or jobs that repeat regularly at a constant rate within a
cycle 𝑇𝑖.
- The starting time of the first instance is called the phase Φ, and subsequent instances follow at
intervals of 𝑇𝑖.
2. **Cyclic (Periodic) Scheduling:**
- Cyclic scheduling involves arranging tasks to be repeated after a specific period, which is the cycle
time 𝑇𝑖.
- Scheduling algorithms aim to allocate resources and determine the order of task execution to meet
deadlines and optimize system performance.
- Common cyclic scheduling algorithms include Rate Monotonic Scheduling (RMS) and Earliest
Deadline First (EDF).
3. **Aperiodic Scheduling:**
- Aperiodic scheduling involves arranging tasks that occur only once without a specific repeating
pattern.
- Aperiodic tasks do not have a fixed time frame for execution and are often handled based on
priority or deadline.
4. **Scheduling Techniques:**
- Rate Monotonic Scheduling (RMS): Assign priorities based on task periods; shorter periods
receive higher priorities.
 - Earliest Deadline First (EDF): Prioritize tasks based on their deadlines; tasks with earlier deadlines
get higher priority.
5. **Real-Time Systems:**
- Periodic tasks and scheduling are crucial in real-time systems where meeting deadlines is essential.
- Hard real-time systems require strict adherence to deadlines, while soft real-time systems allow
some flexibility.
6. **Task Descriptions:**
- Specify the characteristics of a task, such as execution time, deadline, and resource requirements.
7. **Interrupt Handling:**
- In periodic systems, interrupts from external events or aperiodic tasks must be handled without
jeopardizing the scheduled periodic tasks.
8. **Task Synchronization and Communication:**
- In multi-tasking environments, synchronization and communication mechanisms ensure that tasks
operate correctly together.

To schedule periodic tasks effectively, you need to consider the characteristics of the tasks, their
deadlines, and the available scheduling algorithms. Additionally, understanding the system's real-time
requirements is crucial for successful implementation.